Paleobotany , also spelled as palaeobotany , is the branch of botany dealing with the recovery and identification of plant remains from geological contexts, and their use for the biological reconstruction of past environments ( paleogeography ), and the evolutionary history of plants , with a bearing upon the evolution of life in general. A synonym is paleophytology . It is a component of paleontology and paleobiology . The prefix palaeo- or paleo- means "ancient, old", and is derived from the Greek adjective παλαιός , palaios . Paleobotany includes the study of terrestrial plant fossils , as well as the study of prehistoric marine photoautotrophs , such as photosynthetic algae , seaweeds or kelp . A closely related field is palynology , which is the study of fossilized and extant spores and pollen .
25-613: Arkhangelsky (masculine), Arkhangelskaya (feminine), or Arkhangelskoye (neuter) may refer to: People [ edit ] Arkhangelsky (surname) Places [ edit ] Arkhangelsky District , a district in the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia Arkhangelsky (rural locality) ( Arkhangelskaya , Arkhangelskoye ), name of several rural localities in Russia Arkhangelsk Oblast ( Arkhangelskaya oblast ),
50-617: A crater on Mars named after him See also [ edit ] Arkhangelsk Archangel (disambiguation) Arkhanhelske Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Arkhangelsky . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arkhangelsky&oldid=1222207875 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
75-550: A federal subject of Russia Arkhanhelske, Donetsk Oblast , a village in Ukraine Arkhanhelske, Kherson Oblast , a village in Ukraine Other uses [ edit ] Arkhangelskoye Palace , a historical estate near Moscow, Russia Arkhangelski , a Soviet military design bureau led by Alexander Arkhangelsky Arkhangelsky Ar-2 , a bomber designed by this design bureau Arkhangelsky (crater) ,
100-567: A particular state of preservation to be placed in organ-genera. In addition, a small subset of organ-genera, to be known as form-genera, were recognised based on the artificial taxa introduced by Brongniart mainly for foliage fossils. The concepts and regulations surrounding organ- and form-genera were modified within successive codes of nomenclature, reflecting a failure of the paleobotanical community to agree on how this aspect of plant taxonomic nomenclature should work (a history reviewed by Cleal and Thomas in 2020 ). The use of organ- and fossil-genera
125-401: A plant that has long since died. Such fossils may be prehistoric impressions that are many millions of years old, or bits of charcoal that are only a few hundred years old. Prehistoric plants are various groups of plants that lived before recorded history (before about 3500 BC ). Plant fossils can be preserved in a variety of ways, each of which can give different types of information about
150-529: A wealth of fossils containing arborescent lycopods up to 30 m tall, abundant seed plants , such as conifers and seed ferns , and countless smaller, herbaceous plants . Angiosperms ( flowering plants ) evolved during the Mesozoic , and flowering plant pollen and leaves first appeared during the Early Cretaceous , approximately 130 million years ago. A plant fossil is any preserved part of
175-504: Is an Early Devonian sinter ( hot spring ) deposit composed primarily of silica . It is exceptional due to its preservation of several different clades of plants, from mosses and lycophytes to more unusual, problematic forms. Many fossil animals, including arthropods and arachnids , are also found in the Rhynie chert, and it offers a unique window into the history of early terrestrial life. Plant-derived macrofossils become abundant in
200-815: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Arkhangelsky (surname) Arkhangelsky is a Russian surname. Notable people with the surname include: Aleksei Arkhangelsky (1986-), Russian football player Alexander Arhangelskii (1938–), Russian mathematician Alexander Arkhangelsky (aircraft designer) (1892–1978), Russian Soviet aircraft designer Alexander Arkhangelsky (composer) (1846–1924), Russian composer Andrey Arkhangelsky (1879–1940), Russian Soviet geologist Sergio Archangelsky (1931-2022), Argentine paleobotanist and palynologist Vitaly Arkhangelsky (1975–), Russian shipping and insurance magnate [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with
225-483: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Paleobotany Paleobotany is important in the reconstruction of ancient ecological systems and climate , known as paleoecology and paleoclimatology respectively. It is fundamental to the study of green plant development and evolution . Paleobotany is a historical science much like its adjacent, paleontology. Because of the understanding that paleobotany gives to archeologists, it has become important to
250-408: Is normally lost during fossilization. Plant remains can be preserved in a variety of ways, each revealing different features of the original parent plant. Because of this, paleobotanists usually assign different taxonomic names to different parts of the plant in different modes of preservation. For instance, in the subarborescent Palaeozoic sphenophytes , an impression of a leaf might be assigned to
275-505: Is the science and study of ancient palynomorphs: particles sized between 5 and 500 micrometers. This would be an inclusion of pollen and spores and any other micro-organic matter. Paleopalynology is simply paleobotany on a much smaller scale, the two in close association with each other. Similar to paleobotany, we can tell a great deal of information about the environment and biome at the time these particles existed prehistorically. These particles also help geologists identify and date
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#1732787715350300-430: Is the study of all once-living organisms and the interactions held in the environments they once existed in, before becoming extinct . Paleoecology is a similar study to that of paleontology , but paleoecology uses more methodology from the biological sciences and geological sciences rather than from an anthropological standpoint as paleontologists do. Paleopalynology , more commonly known as palynology ,
325-400: The rock strata of sedimentary rocks . It is also used to find natural oils and gas within these rock layers for extraction . Besides uncovering documentation of our past environmental conditions, palynology can also tell us about animal diets, historical standings of human allergies , and reveal evidence in crime cases. Macroscopic remains of true vascular plants are first found in
350-464: The surname Arkhangelsky . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arkhangelsky_(surname)&oldid=1242618949 " Categories : Surnames Russian-language surnames Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description
375-541: The Late Devonian including tree trunks, fronds , and roots . The earliest tree was once thought to be Archaeopteris , which bears simple, fern -like leaves spirally arranged on branches atop a conifer -like trunk , although it is now known to be the recently discovered Wattieza . Widespread coal swamp deposits across North America and Europe during the Carboniferous Period contain
400-484: The field of archaeology as a whole. primarily for the use of phytoliths in relative dating and in paleoethnobotany . The study and discipline of paleobotany was seen as far back as the 19th century. Known as the “Father of Paleobotany”, French botanist Adolphe-Theodore Brongniart was a sufficient figure in this emergence of Paleobotany, known for his work on the relationship between the living and extinct plant life. This work not only progressed paleobotany but also
425-788: The fossil record during the Silurian Period of the Paleozoic era. Some dispersed, fragmentary fossils of disputed affinity, primarily spores and cuticles , have been found in rocks from the Ordovician Period in Oman , and are thought to derive from liverwort - or moss -grade fossil plants. An important early land plant fossil locality is the Rhynie chert , found outside the village of Rhynie in Scotland . The Rhynie chert
450-473: The genus Annularia , a compression of a cone assigned to Palaeostachya , and the stem assigned to either Calamites or Arthroxylon depending on whether it is preserved as a cast or a petrifaction. All of these fossils may have originated from the same parent plant but they are each given their own taxonomic name. This approach to naming plant fossils originated with the work of Adolphe-Théodore Brongniart . For many years this approach to naming plant fossils
475-413: The original parent plant. These modes of preservation may be summarised in a paleobotanical context as follows. Plant fossils almost always represent disarticulated parts of plants; even small herbaceous plants are rarely preserved whole. The few examples of plant fossils that appear to be the remains of whole plants are in fact incomplete as the internal cellular tissue and fine micromorphological detail
500-418: The same species. It appeared that morphotaxa offered no real advantage to paleobotanists over normal fossil-taxa and the concept was abandoned with the 2011 botanical congress and the 2012 International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants . Some plants have remained almost unchanged throughout earth's geological time scale. Horsetails had evolved by the Late Devonian, early ferns had evolved by
525-435: The taxon) is defined by the taxonomist who uses the name. Such a change in circumscription could result in an expansion of the range of plant parts or preservation states that could be incorporated within the taxon. For instance, a fossil-genus originally based on compressions of ovules could be used to include the multi-ovulate cupules within which the ovules were originally borne. A complication can arise if, in this case, there
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#1732787715350550-414: The understanding of the earth and its longevity in actuality and the organic matter that existed over the earth’s timeline. Paleobotany also succeeded in the hands of German paleontologist Ernst Friedrich von Schlothiem , and Czech nobleman and scholar, Kaspar Maria von Sternberg . As paleobotany is the specification of fossilized plant life and the environment in which they thrived in, paleoecology
575-530: Was abandoned with the St Louis Code , and replaced by "morphotaxa". The situation in the Vienna Code of 2005 was that any plant taxon whose type is a fossil, except diatoms , can be described as a morphotaxon , a particular part of a plant preserved in a particular way. Although the name is always fixed to the type specimen, the circumscription (i.e. range of specimens that may be included within
600-470: Was accepted by paleobotanists but not formalised within the International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature . Eventually, Thomas (1935) and Jongmans, Halle & Gothan (1935) proposed a set of formal provisions, the essence of which was introduced into the 1952 International Code of Botanical Nomenclature . These early provisions allowed fossils representing particular parts of plants in
625-415: Was an already named fossil-genus for these cupules. If paleobotanists were confident that the type of the ovule fossil-genus and of the cupule fossil-genus could be included in the same genus, then the two names would compete as to being the correct one for the newly emended genus. In general, there would be competing priority whenever plant parts that had been given different names were discovered to belong to
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