Armänum , was a city-state in the ancient Near East whose location is still unknown. It was once thought to be in the same general area as Mari and Ebla . It is known from texts of the Akkadian period, during the reign of Naram-Sin of Akkad . There is a question of whether or not Armanum should be identified with Armi (Syria) , that is also mentioned in many texts of this period. One proposed site of Armanum is Tall Bazi in Syria. According to Adelheid Otto, it was "... generally accepted that Armanum should be identified with Armi/Armium of the Ebla texts ...", as opposed to the site of Aleppo. In practice Armi and Armium were two different towns in the Ebla texts. Alfonso Archi disagreed with the attribution of the Akkadian Armanum to those towns of the north Syrian Ebla. Another analysis supports the view that the Ebla referred to by Naram-Sin is the Transtigridian Ebla and not the north Syrian Ebla .
15-403: Armanum is mentioned in three contemporary sources: Year Name of Naram-Sin - Rulers of that period named the years of their reign after major events that occurred in them, in this case "The year in which Naram-Sin conquered Armanum and tore d[own its] walls". Royal Tutelary - Afterwards, Naram-Sin added "conqueror of Armanum and Ebla" to his tutelary. The phrase "Smiter of Armanum and Ebla."
30-619: A woman, with copper bracelets coated in gold and a fragment of a stone lion carved dish with a partial Sumerian inscription. In 1879 the site was visited by Hormuzd Rassam . Excavations continued under Abbé Henri de Genouillac in 1929–1931 and under André Parrot in 1931–1933. It was at Girsu that the fragments of the Stele of the Vultures were found. The site has suffered from poor excavation standards and also from illegal excavations. About 50,000 cuneiform tablets have been recovered from
45-460: Is the height of the wall. From the quay wall to the fortification wall: 180 cubits is the height of the hill (and) 30 cubits is the height of the wall. Total: 404 cubits in height, from ground (level) to the top of the wall. He undermined the city Armanum. ..." Tulul al-Baqarat text - In 2009, an Akkadian Period inscription fragment (IM 221139) was found during excavations by Iraqi archaeologists at Tulul al-Baqarat which also carried part of
60-572: The (work) basket of Ilʾaba , his god and took full control of the Amanus, the cedar mountain." Gula-AN and the Seventeen Kings against Naram-Sin - In the much later literary composition "Gula-AN and the Seventeen Kings against Naram-Sin", among the list of rulers defeated by Naram-Sin is "Madagina, king of the Land of Armanum". The same source refers to a "Ris-Adad" as the king of Apisal while
75-547: The Naram-Sin Syrian military campaign and permitted a more complete reconstruction including the capture of 80,508 prisoners. One passage reads "[Indeed,] with the weapon of Dagan, the one who magnifies his kingship, Naram-Sin the mighty conquered Armanum and Ebla. (120–230) Moreover, from the edge of the Euphrates as far as Ulisum, he smote the peoples whom Dagan had newly bestowed upon him so that they (now) carry
90-456: The contemporary historical record lists him as the king of Armanum that Naram-Sin defeated. It has been proposed that Hamran, Armuti(um) and Armanum are all names for the same city. Another proposal is that Armarnum was the 3rd Millenium BC name of Halpa ( Aleppo ). Telloh Girsu ( Sumerian Ĝirsu ; cuneiform ĝir 2 -su 𒄈𒋢𒆠 ) was a city of ancient Sumer , situated some 25 km (16 mi) northwest of Lagash , at
105-434: The discovery of a 5,000-year-old cultic area filled with more than 300 broken ceremonial ceramic cups, bowls, jars, animal sacrifices, and ritual processions dedicated to Ningirsu . One of the remains was a duck-shaped bronze figurine with eyes made from bark which is thought to be dedicated to Nanshe . An Indus Valley weight was also found. In February 2023, archaeologists from British Museum and Getty Museum revealed
120-422: The people whom the god Dagan had given to him for the first time ... Thus says Naram-Sin, the mighty, king of the four quarters: 'The god Dagan gave me Armanum and Ebla and I captured Rid-Adad, king of Armanum." It includes a detailed description of Armanum as being on a high hill with three concentric city walls: "From the fortification wall to the great wall: 130 cubits is the height of the hill (and) 44 cubits
135-596: The remains of the 4,500 year-old Sumerian Lord Palace of the Kings alongside more than 200 cuneiform tablets containing administrative records of Girsu. The E-ninnu temple (Temple of the White Thunderbird), the primary sanctuary of the Sumerian warrior god Ningirsu was also identified during the excavations. In 2023, British Museum experts have suggested the possibility that a Hellenistic shrine at Girsu
150-607: The site of what is now Tell Telloh in Dhi Qar Governorate , Iraq . As the religious center of the kingdom of Lagash, it contained significant temples to the god Ningirsu ( E-ninnu ) and his wife Bau and hosted multi-day festivals in their honor. Girsu was possibly inhabited in the Ubaid period (5300-4800 BC), but significant levels of activity began in the Early Dynastic period (2900-2335 BC). At
165-586: The site. Excavations at Telloh resumed in 2016 as part of a training program for Iraqi archaeologists organized by the British Museum. A foundation tablet and a number of inscribed building cones have been found. In the 5th season, in autumn 2019, work concentrated on the Mound of the Palace where E-ninnu , a temple to Ningirsu, had been found in earlier seasons. In March 2020, archaeologists announced
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#1732775586374180-618: The time of Gudea , during the Second Dynasty of Lagash, Girsu became the capital of the Lagash kingdom and continued to be its religious center after political power had shifted to the city of Lagash. During the Ur III period , Girsu was a major administrative center for the empire. After the fall of Ur , Girsu declined in importance, but remained inhabited until c. 200 BC . A 4th century BC bilingual Greek/ Aramaic inscription
195-620: Was defeated. The text begins: "As to the fact that from immemorial time, since the creation of mankind, no king among kings had plundered Armanum and Ebla with the axes of Nergal, he (= Dagan) opened the path of Naram-Sin the mighty and gave him Armanum and Ebla. Further, he gave to him the Amanus, the Cedar Mountain, and the Upper Sea. ... Further, from the side of the Euphrates River as far as (the city of) Ulisum, he smote
210-569: Was found on a polychrome marble lamp and a slate plague found at Telloh and a copper bowl found in Luristan. Statue Inscription - A Old Babylonian tablet fragment (UET 1 275) was found in Ur which was a copy of an inscription on a statue of Naram-Sin which at that time stood in the Temple of Sin next to a statue of Sin-Eribam , a ruler of Larsa. It described the military campaign during which Armanum
225-480: Was found there. The site consists of two main mounds, one rising 50 feet above the plain and the other 56 feet. A number of small mounds dot the site. Telloh was the first Sumerian site to be extensively excavated, at first under the French vice-consul at Basra, Ernest de Sarzec , in eleven campaigns between 1877 and 1900, followed by his successor Gaston Cros from 1903–1909. Finds included an alabaster statue of
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