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49-707: Based in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina , ARO competitively selects and sponsors basic research proposals from educational institutions, nonprofit organizations, and private industry, principally in the form of single investor efforts, university-affiliated research centers, and specially tailored outreach programs. The directorate also manages the Army’s Small Business Technology Transfer Program and Historically Black Colleges and Universities/Minority Serving Institutions Programs. ARO's research mission concentrates on

98-607: A Research Applications District in the Wake County portion, and a Scientific Research Park in the Durham County portion. As of October 2012, both zoning areas are in the process of being revised to allow higher density development. The zoning changes are coupled with legislative changes allowing for Urban Research Service Districts (URSD) within the Park, which can include a mix of retail and residential usages. The URSDs have

147-492: A competency-based organizational structure that reassigned ARO as one of the laboratory’s three directorates. This three-directorate structure was designed to support a competency-based organizational structure that realigned the laboratory’s intramural and extramural research efforts to underscore the Army’s targeted priorities in science and technology. By this point, ARO’s operations were consigned to planning, organizing, and managing

196-410: A four-building complex totaling 774,000 square feet. The park hosts one of GlaxoSmithKline 's largest R&D centers with about 5,000 employees. Cisco Systems ' campus in the park, with about 5,000 employees, is its second-largest location, after its Silicon Valley corporate headquarters. The National Institutes of Health has its National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences in the park and

245-509: A nonprofit. The park is an unincorporated area , and state law prohibits municipalities from annexing areas within the park. Some local government functions are served by the Durham-Wake Counties Research and Production Service District, a special tax district created in 1986 that is conterminous with the park, wherein the property tax rate is limited to 10 cents per $ 100 valuation. The park has special zoning as

294-717: A result of land purchases and site work provided by the Research Triangle Foundation of North Carolina. The redevelopment plans also include exploring partnerships with regional transit groups. The hope of the Research Triangle Foundation is to broaden public transportation to and from the area. In 2019, the Research Triangle Foundation announced a re-brand of the site to "Hub RTP." The 100-acre site broke ground in September 2020 and will include 125,000 SF of office over retail, 1200 residential apartments, 16 acres of green space, at least one hotel, and 1M SF of

343-620: A study on heat flow by a Wayne State University researcher, and initiated a total of 88 projects by the end of the year. The early success of OOR soon prompted the Army Scientific Advisory Panel , a committee of 12 advisors formed by then–Secretary of the Army Frank Pace Jr. , to lobby for the creation of an agency that applied OOR’s practices to all Army-sponsored research. As a result, the Army relocated

392-696: Is inspired by a similar development called The Boxyard Tulsa, located in downtown Tulsa 's East Village district. Frank Pace Jr. Frank Pace Jr. (July 5, 1912 – January 8, 1988) was the 3rd United States Secretary of the Army and a business executive. Pace was born in Little Rock , Arkansas , and attended The Hill School , Pottstown, Pennsylvania . In 1933 he graduated from Princeton University , and in 1936 from Harvard Law School . Pace entered public service in 1936 as an assistant district attorney in Arkansas . He moved onto

441-444: Is owned and managed by the Research Triangle Foundation, a private non-profit organization. North Carolina's Research Triangle region is named for the facility, which sits within the geographic triangle formed by three nearby research universities: North Carolina State University , Duke University , and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill . The park is bounded by the cities of Raleigh , Durham , and Chapel Hill and

490-511: The Department of Health, Education, and Welfare announced new facilities in the park. The latter move was attributed to the efforts of Governor Terry Sanford , an ally of President John F. Kennedy . From then until the late 2000s, the park averaged six new companies and 1,800 new employees per year. IBM remained the largest employer at RTP for decades, with 11,000 workers at the site as of 2013. The RTP facility handled products including

539-615: The IBM 1050 terminal, Selectric typewriters, PC and accounting operations, and BladeCenter servers. In 1976, the three major area universities formed a consortium, the Triangle Universities Center for Advanced Studies (TUCASI), to develop joint research facilities and think tanks at RTP. This led to the foundation of the National Humanities Center , Microelectronics Center of North Carolina,

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588-578: The North Carolina Biotechnology Center , and the National Institute for Statistical Sciences. In their article "The Growth of Research Triangle Park", Link and Scott posit that entrepreneurial culture and leadership contributed the most to its success as a cluster. Archie Davis promoted a culture of innovation and entrepreneurship by locating the park near universities, actively recruiting organizations (like

637-570: The U.S. Army Research Laboratory emerged as a successor to LABCOM, ARO officially joined ARL in 1998. This realignment led to the ARO Director becoming the ARL Deputy Director for basic research and adopting the responsibility of coordinating all basic research at ARL, including those in-house. In 2022, ARL (redesignated as U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Army Research Laboratory, or DEVCOM ARL, in 2020) adopted

686-572: The University of Southern California . ARO also manages DEVCOM ARL’s Foundational Research Centers, which foster research and collaboration in specific areas of strategic importance to U.S. national security. The Army Center for Synthetic Biology promotes basic research in specific areas of synthetic biology, the Army Ultra-Wide Bandgap RF Electronics Center specializes in basic research that accelerates

735-675: The ARO Core Research Program, ARO manages University Affiliated Research Centers (UARCs) for the U.S. Army. ARO is the primary sponsor for the Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies at the University of California, Santa Barbara , as well as a co-manager for the Institute for Creative Technologies at

784-579: The American Academy of Arts and Sciences), and used his vision to raise funding for the park. Davis strongly believed that profits could not be the only driver for creating the park and that the betterment of the community should be the key goal. "The love of this state … was the motivation for the Research Triangle idea," he said. "Research Triangle is a manifestation of what North Carolina is all about." Research Triangle Park remains

833-835: The Arkansas Revenue Department in 1938. In 1942 he was commissioned into the United States Army Air Forces as a second lieutenant where he served until 1945 in the Air Transport Command , Army Air Corps , reaching the rank of Major . After leaving the Army in 1945 he returned to public service as an assistant to the United States Attorney General , then later as executive assistant to the Postmaster General . He then moved in 1948 to

882-641: The Arlington office in Virginia managed Army interests in the life sciences, psychology, the social sciences, and earth science. In addition, the Army had established research and development offices outside of the United States during the 1950s to broaden its research base to the international scientific community. The U.S. Army R&D Group (Europe) was stationed at Frankfort, Germany , in April 1956, and

931-597: The Army transferred OOR from the jurisdiction of the Chief of Ordnance to the Chief of Research and Development and renamed it the U.S. Army Research Office–Durham (ARO-D) in January 1961. In July 1961, ARO became responsible for all external basic research in the Army and its technical services. The Durham office in North Carolina managed Army interests in mathematics, chemistry, physics, engineering, and metallurgy, and

980-668: The Army’s extramural basic research through DEVCOM ARL. ARO executes its extramural basic research in the following scientific disciplines: chemical sciences, computing sciences, electronics, life sciences, material science, mathematical sciences, mechanical sciences, network sciences, and physics. The ARO Core Research Program represents the primary mechanism that the directorate uses to solicit and conduct long-term basic research. This mechanism seeks out research proposals from educational institutions, nonprofit organizations, and commercial organizations that support one or multiple DEVCOM ARL Competencies and advance Army priorities. In addition to

1029-498: The Army’s funding for basic research was also channeled to the AMC laboratories and Research, Development, and Engineering (RDE) centers. ARO directed most of the funding it received for basic research toward short- and long-term programs with universities. The ARO research program consisted of the following divisions: Electronics, Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Engineering, Material Science, Mathematics, and Geosciences. Several years after

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1078-595: The Bureau of the Budget, first as assistant director and then as director. On April 12, 1950, he was appointed Secretary of the Army , where he served until January 20, 1953. In August 1950, to avert a threatened strike during the Korean War , President Truman ordered Pace to seize control of the nation's railroads. He went on to serve as chief executive officer of General Dynamics Corporation from 1953 until 1962. He

1127-621: The Durham office ARO’s official headquarters. Furthermore, the Army set into motion the plan to relocate ARO from the campus of Duke University to a newly constructed building in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina . ARO formally left the Duke University campus and moved to Research Triangle Park in the spring of 1975. When the U.S. Army Materiel Command (AMC) officially activated the U.S. Army Laboratory Command (LABCOM) in July 1985, ARO

1176-749: The Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative (MURI) program, as well as facilitate the conferment of awards for the Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and Engineers (PECASE) program and the Defense University Research Implementation Program (DURIP). Army funding provided by ARO’s extramural research programs contributed to numerous scientific and technological achievements that later received global acclaim through

1225-460: The Park's 300 companies are housed in the Frontier campus. On October 1, 2015, former President and CEO of the Research Triangle Foundation, Bob Geolas, announced RTP's plans for a $ 50,000,000 redevelopment involving the formation of "Park Center." $ 20,000,000 will be allocated from Durham County, $ 10,000,000 from the Durham-Wake Counties Research and Production Service District, and $ 20,000,000 as

1274-832: The Studies and Analysis Division, the Science and Technical Information Division, the Research Programs Office, the Research Plans Office, and the Operations Research Group. In 1973, the Army disestablished the Army Research Office in Arlington (sometimes referred to by the misnomer Army Research Office–Washington, or ARO-W) and redesignated ARO-D as simply the Army Research Office (ARO). This change effectively made

1323-768: The U.S. Army Far East Research Office was stationed at Camp Zama, Japan , in March 1959. Upon the designation of ARO’s new responsibility, the former was renamed ARO–Frankford and the latter was renamed ARO–Tokyo. By 1968, ARO consisted of nine organizational elements: the Physical and Engineering Sciences Division, the Life Sciences Division, the Environment Sciences Division, the Behavioral Sciences Division,

1372-545: The U.S. Army Research and Development Field Office to Arlington, Virginia , and formally reestablished it as the U.S. Army Research Office in March 1958, less than a year after the field office was originally established at Fort Belvoir, Virginia . Positioned under the Office of the Chief of Research and Development, ARO became responsible for planning and directing the Army’s research program, coordinating research plans with other U.S. military and government agencies, and acting as

1421-422: The area's strengths, and keep graduates in the state. The "Research Triangle" name is first known to have been used by Romeo Guest in 1953. Guest began advocating the project after unsuccessfully attempting to bring pharmaceutical giant Merck to Aberdeen, North Carolina in the early 1940s. The project was officially greenlit by Governor Luther Hodges in 1956, but the three universities were initially wary of

1470-438: The beginning of the 19th century, the Army’s production facilities served as the primary source of technological innovation for the Army. With few exceptions, weapons research and development took place alongside arms production within the network of manufacturing arsenals owned by the Army. The close proximity of Army research and development to Army production suddenly came to an end when the United States entered World War II, and

1519-615: The bestowal of the Nobel Prize. Nobel Prize laureates whose pivotal research received funding from ARO include the following recipients: Research Triangle Park 35°54′29″N 78°51′46″W  /  35.90806°N 78.86278°W  / 35.90806; -78.86278 Research Triangle Park ( RTP ) is the largest research park in the United States, occupying 7,000 acres (2,833 ha) in North Carolina and hosting more than 300 companies and 65,000 workers. It

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1568-555: The campus of Duke University and designated as a Class II military installation, OOR functioned as the central office for handling basic research programs sponsored by the Ordnance Corps. The agency consisted of four main divisions pertaining to chemistry , mathematics , engineering , and physics , and focused on five principal areas: exploratory, ballistics, materials and construction, combustion, and friction and wear. In September 1951, OOR sponsored its first technical paper,

1617-404: The city of Durham . In August 2017, Scott Levitan was named the foundation's new president and CEO, making him the 9th leader since the foundation was established. After World War II, North Carolina's economy was hurt as its agriculture, textile, and furniture industries lost market share. Academics at UNC, NCSU and Duke proposed a park to allow the universities to do research together, harness

1666-589: The communities of Morrisville and Cary . Most of its territory lies within Durham County , with about one-quarter in Wake County . Research Triangle Park is one of the most prominent high-tech research and development parks in the United States . It was created in 1959 by state and local governments, nearby universities , and local business interests. Karl Robbins bought the land where

1715-492: The days following. The complex held its grand opening on November 18, 2021, with several anchor tenants open for business. Initial tenants include restaurants, a brewery, a cocktail bar, a coffee shop, a beauty shop, a CBD vendor, and an escape room. The complex also features a dog park named the Barkyard RTP, pop-up yoga classes, live music, and both standalone and roof-mounted heaters in the outdoor pavilion. Boxyard RTP

1764-785: The development of advanced RF electronics, and the Army Energetics Basic Research Center generates knowledge in novel energetic materials. Furthermore, under the oversight of the Office of the Secretary of Defense , ARO co-manages the University Research Initiative alongside the Air Force Office of Scientific Research and the Office of Naval Research . ARO can award funding to multidisciplinary research teams as part of

1813-589: The first high rise office towers in RTP. In March 2019, RTF announced plans to construct Boxyard RTP , an 15,000-square-foot shipping container complex of retail, dining, and other amenities. The $ 9M project, which is set on 12 acres of the Frontier RTP campus, delayed its launch for a year because of the impacts of the pandemic and soft-launched in June 2021 with a few of the planned tenants opening for business in

1862-719: The growth of private enterprise. Pace went on to serve as president of the IESC. Pace was the first chairman of the Corporation for Public Broadcasting , from 1968 until 1972. Pace appeared on the cover of Time magazine on January 20, 1958. Pace worked for the International Executive Service Corps. In the early 1970s he worked for the first Executive Service Corps (ESC) as a Management Support Organization (MSO) in New York. Pace died from

1911-400: The main Army point of contact for the nation’s scientific community. Despite the introduction of ARO in this capacity, the Ordnance Corps retained control over how it allocated its resources for research and development to the private sector through its command of the Office of Ordnance Research. In a prelude to the Army reorganization of 1962, however, this institutional leverage was lost when

1960-498: The park is now built. The park covers 7,000 acres (2,833 ha) and is situated in a pine forest with 22,500,000 square feet (2,090,318 m ) of built space. The park is traversed by Interstate 40 , the Durham Freeway , and NC 540 . The park is home to more than 300 companies that employ 55,000 workers and an additional 10,000 contractors. IBM has long been among the largest corporate tenants at RTP, with

2009-561: The potential in outsourcing research and development to universities and other private-sector institutions. In 1946, Major General Gladeon Barnes , the Ordnance Corps’ director of research and development, supported a plan that allocated only one-third of the funds for research and development requested annually from Congress to the Army’s arsenals and proving grounds and allotted the remaining two-thirds to contracts with outside research institutions. The success of OSRD in mobilizing

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2058-583: The power to levy taxes at the same rate as a neighboring city. The Research Triangle Foundation operates several subsidiaries within the park. These include: the Frontier RTP startup campus, Boxyard RTP, and Hub RTP. Frontier RTP first opened as a free coworking space in a single building in January 2015. Since its inception, the Foundation has expanded the Frontier RTP concept to three additional buildings, creating an affordable campus for growing tech, life science and nonprofit organizations; as of 2021, 100 of

2107-440: The pressure to accelerate the mass production of weapons forced the arsenals to relinquish most of their long-range basic research to the private sector. In 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt signed an executive order that established the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD), which promptly administered federal funds for military-relevant basic research to universities and industrial laboratories. Although OSRD

2156-550: The private sector to develop critical wartime inventions like the atomic bomb and the microwave radar also swayed key leaders in the armed services to establish new organizations that served a similar purpose. Shortly after the U.S. Navy founded the Office of Naval Research in 1946, the Ordnance Corps established the Office of Ordnance Research (OOR) in Durham, North Carolina , in June 1951. Situated in Faculty House 2 on

2205-522: The project. Although RTP was initially envisioned as a for-profit business, its strategy shifted at the direction of Archibald "Archie" Davis, a former Wachovia Bank chairman, state senator, and president of the United States Chamber of Commerce , who shifted to a non-profit model to purchase the RTP site, and successfully raised $ 1.425 million in donations from North Carolinians. The surge in RTP's growth began in 1965, when IBM and

2254-469: The pursuit of scientific discoveries that uncover new Army capabilities with the transition of system applications often envisioned 20 to 30 years in the future, representing the Army’s most long-range view. Prior to its assignment under DEVCOM ARL, ARO existed as a separate U.S. Army agency for over 40 years. Its creation was largely influenced by a prevailing military policy following World War II to separate research and development from production. Since

2303-481: Was among the eight major Army elements placed under LABCOM operational control. ARO, however, not only kept its traditional role under LABCOM, but it also retained its ability to interact directly with AMC Headquarters and the Assistant Secretary of the Army for Research, Development, and Acquisition. While ARO managed the majority of the basic research program for the Army during this period, a portion of

2352-514: Was closed down after the war, OSRD director and President Roosevelt’s wartime science advisor Vannevar Bush strongly endorsed the continued organizational separation of research and development from production. Bush believed that the private sector represented the future of scientific advancement and that the primary source of technological innovation for the nation should reside in universities and research institutes instead of government agencies. Several senior Army officials held similar views and saw

2401-674: Was selected as the administrator-designate of the Emergency Transport Agency; part of a secret group created by President Eisenhower in 1958 that would serve in the event of a national emergency that became known as the Eisenhower Ten . In 1964, Pace joined David Rockefeller to launch the International Executive Service Corps , which was established to help bring about prosperity and stability in developing nations through

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