Arnold Ventures LLC (formerly known as the Laura and John Arnold Foundation ) is a limited liability company focused on evidence-based philanthropy in a wide range of areas including criminal justice, education, health care, and public finance. The organization was founded by billionaires John D. Arnold and Laura Arnold in 2008.
124-454: The organization has funded a wide range of studies and programs in health care, education reform, criminal justice, and initiatives in open science and metascience . The Laura and John Arnold Foundation was initially created as a philanthropic organization, but was restructured as a limited liability company (LLC) and renamed Arnold Ventures in January 2019. The organization's LLC structure
248-459: A Creative Commons Licence . Increasingly the reproducibility of science is being questioned and for many papers or multiple fields of research was shown to be lacking . This problem has been described as a " reproducibility crisis ". For example, psychologist Stuart Vyse notes that "(r)ecent research aimed at previously published psychology studies has demonstrated – shockingly – that a large number of classic phenomena cannot be reproduced, and
372-515: A "value-neutral approach" which extends to not using the word terrorist in its stories. The practice attracted criticism following the September 11 attacks . Reuters' editorial policy states: "Reuters may refer without attribution to terrorism and counterterrorism in general, but do not refer to specific events as terrorism. Nor does Reuters use the word terrorist without attribution to qualify specific individuals, groups or events." By contrast,
496-588: A $ 5.25 million grant to launch the Center for Open Science , followed by an additional $ 10 million in funding by 2017. The Center has undertaken reproducibility projects to confirm the validity of published scientific research. The foundation also funded the launch of the Meta-Research Innovation Center at Stanford at Stanford University, led by John Ioannidis and Steven Goodman, to study ways to improve scientific research; and supported
620-473: A Democracy". Chubin's essay cited Robert K. Merton 's 1942 proposal of what we now refer to as Mertonian Norms for ideal science practices and scientific modes of communication. The term was used sporadically in the 1970s and 1980s in various scholarship to refer to different things. The open science movement, as presented in activist and institutional discourses at the beginning of the 21st century, refers to different ways of opening up science, especially in
744-622: A U.S. military Apache helicopter in Baghdad. During 2004, cameramen Adlan Khasanov was killed by Chechen separatists, and Dhia Najim was killed in Iraq . In April 2008, cameraman Fadel Shana was killed in the Gaza Strip after being hit by an Israeli tank . While covering China's Cultural Revolution in Peking in the late 1960s for Reuters, journalist Anthony Grey was detained by
868-408: A career of almost 20 years with the company and wrote that "progressively, getting any climate change-themed story published got harder" following comments from then-deputy editor-in-chief Paul Ingrassia that he was a " climate change sceptic ". In his comments, Fogarty stated: By mid-October, I was informed that climate change just wasn't a big story for the present, but that it would be if there
992-420: A continuation of, rather than a revolution in, practices begun in the 17th century with the advent of the academic journal , when the societal demand for access to scientific knowledge reached a point at which it became necessary for groups of scientists to share resources with each other. In modern times there is debate about the extent to which scientific information should be shared. The conflict that led to
1116-575: A founder of the Public Library of Science , has described this system by saying that "taxpayers who already paid for the research would have to pay again to read the results." In December 2011, some United States legislators introduced a bill called the Research Works Act , which would prohibit federal agencies from issuing grants with any provision requiring that articles reporting on taxpayer-funded research be published for free to
1240-454: A group of scholars known for advocating open science published a "manifesto" for open science in the journal Nature. An article published by a team of NASA astrobiologists in 2010 in Science reported a bacterium known as GFAJ-1 that could purportedly metabolize arsenic (unlike any previously known species of lifeform). This finding, along with NASA's claim that the paper "will impact
1364-618: A guide for fair presentation and disclosure of relevant interests, to "maintain the values of integrity and freedom upon which their reputation for reliability, accuracy, speed and exclusivity relies". In May 2000, Kurt Schork , an American reporter , was killed in an ambush while on assignment in Sierra Leone . In April and August 2003, news cameramen Taras Protsyuk and Mazen Dana were killed in separate incidents by U.S. troops in Iraq . In July 2007, Namir Noor-Eldeen and Saeed Chmagh were killed when they were struck by fire from
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#17327724483671488-507: A guide to ease journal editors into open science. Recent arguments in favor of Open Science have maintained that Open Science is a necessary tool to begin answering immensely complex questions, such as the neural basis of consciousness, or pandemics such as the COVID-19 pandemic. The typical argument propagates the fact that these type of investigations are too complex to be carried out by any one individual, and therefore, they must rely on
1612-633: A human-genome-editing technique. Differential technological development aims to decrease risks by influencing the sequence in which technologies are developed. Relying only on the established form of legislation and incentives to ensure the right outcomes may not be adequate as these may often be too slow. In 2009 NASA launched the Kepler spacecraft and promised that they would release collected data in June 2010. Later they decided to postpone release so that their scientists could look at it first. Their rationale
1736-417: A network of open scientists to be accomplished. By default, the nature of these investigations also makes this "open science" as "big science". It is thought that open science could support innovation and societal benefits, supporting and reinforcing research activities by enabling digital resources that could, for example, use or provide structured open data. Arguments against open science tend to focus on
1860-572: A new global normative instrument on Open Science is expected to take two years and to lead to the adoption of a UNESCO Recommendation on Open Science by Member States in 2021. Two UN frameworks set out some common global standards for application of Open Science and closely related concepts: the UNESCO Recommendation on Science and Scientific Researchers, approved by the General Conference at its 39th session in 2017, and
1984-598: A number of electronic brokerage and trading services. Reuters was floated as a public company in 1984, when Reuters Trust was listed on the stock exchanges such as the London Stock Exchange (LSE) and NASDAQ . Reuters later published the first story of the Berlin Wall being breached in 1989. Reuters was the dominant news service on the Internet in the 1990s. It earned this position by developing
2108-574: A partnership with ClariNet and Pointcast , two early Internet-based news providers. Reuters' share price grew during the dotcom boom , then fell after the banking troubles in 2001. In 2002, Britannica wrote that most news throughout the world came from three major agencies: the Associated Press , Reuters, and Agence France-Presse . Until 2008, the Reuters news agency formed part of an independent company, Reuters Group plc . Reuters
2232-593: A pioneering act. In 1925, the Press Association (PA) of Great Britain acquired a majority interest in Reuters, and full ownership some years later. During the world wars, The Guardian reported that Reuters: "came under pressure from the British government to serve national interests. In 1941, Reuters deflected the pressure by restructuring itself as a private company." In 1941, the PA sold half of Reuters to
2356-471: A range of publication types as well as social media web coverage of a scientific contribution to arrive at a complete evaluation of how impactful the science contribution was. The gist of the argument for this school is that hidden uses like reading, bookmarking, sharing, discussing and rating are traceable activities, and these traces can and should be used to develop a newer measure of scientific impact. The umbrella jargon for this new type of impact measurements
2480-492: A researcher's reputation, funding opportunities, and career development. Hence, the authors argue, that any discourse about Open Science is pivoted around developing a robust measure of scientific impact in the digital age. The authors then discuss other research indicating support for the measurement school. The three key currents of previous literature discussed by the authors are: Hence, this school argues that there are faster impact measurement technologies that can account for
2604-530: A significant portion of their giving toward high-risk efforts with the potential to drive long-term change, while also supporting established institutions to sustain their ongoing work. As of 2021, Arnold Ventures allocated $ 316 million in grants for its criminal justice initiative. An overview of criminal justice reform in the United States by GiveWell listed the Arnold Foundation as one of
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#17327724483672728-484: A team of specialist reporters at Point Carbon and a columnist. There has been no change in our editorial policy." Subsequently, climate blogger Joe Romm cited a Reuters article on climate as employing " false balance ", and quoted Stefan Rahmstorf, co-chair of Earth System Analysis at the Potsdam Institute that "[s]imply, a lot of unrelated climate sceptics nonsense has been added to this Reuters piece. In
2852-680: A then-total of 18 partner agencies. Reuters president Michael Friedenberg said he was "delighted that TASS and Reuters are building upon our valued partnership". Two years later, TASS's membership in Reuters Connect came under scrutiny in the wake of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine ; Politico reported that Reuters staff members were "frustrated and embarrassed" that their agency had not suspended its partnership with TASS. On 23 March 2022, Reuters removed TASS from its "content marketplace". Matthew Keen, interim CEO of Reuters said "we believe making TASS content available on Reuters Connect
2976-409: Is accomplished through a distributed computer network. Moreover, the grid provides the necessary tools that the scientists can use to facilitate this process. 2. Social and Collaboration Networks of Scientists: This trend encapsulates the development of software that makes interaction with other researchers and scientific collaborations much easier than traditional, non-digital practices. Specifically,
3100-483: Is an umbrella term for various assumptions about the development and dissemination of knowledge. To show the term's multitudinous perceptions, they differentiate between five Open Science schools of thought: The infrastructure school is founded on the assumption that "efficient" research depends on the availability of tools and applications. Therefore, the "goal" of the school is to promote the creation of openly available platforms, tools, and services for scientists. Hence,
3224-522: Is broadly understood as collecting, analyzing, publishing, reanalyzing, criticizing, and reusing data. Proponents of open science identify a number of barriers that impede or dissuade the broad dissemination of scientific data. These include financial paywalls of for-profit research publishers, restrictions on usage applied by publishers of data, poor formatting of data or use of proprietary software that makes it difficult to re-purpose, and cultural reluctance to publish data for fears of losing control of how
3348-429: Is called altmetrics, coined in a 2011 article by Priem et al., (2011). Markedly, the authors discuss evidence that altmetrics differ from traditional webometrics which are slow and unstructured. Altmetrics are proposed to rely upon a greater set of measures that account for tweets, blogs, discussions, and bookmarks. The authors claim that the existing literature has often proposed that altmetrics should also encapsulate
3472-709: Is headquartered in Toronto , and provides financial information to clients while also maintaining its traditional news-agency business. In 2012, Thomson Reuters appointed Jim Smith as CEO. In July 2016, Thomson Reuters agreed to sell its intellectual property and science operation for $ 3.55 billion to private equity firms. In October 2016, Thomson Reuters announced expansions and relocations to Toronto . As part of cuts and restructuring, in November 2016, Thomson Reuters Corp. eliminated 2,000 jobs worldwide out of its estimated 50,000 employees. On 15 March 2020, Steve Hasker
3596-546: Is imposed to ensure some basic quality of standards are met by all publications. For Philip Mirowski open science runs the risk of continuing a trend of commodification of science which ultimately serves the interests of capital in the guise of platform capitalism . Reuters Reuters ( / ˈ r ɔɪ t ər z / ROY -terz ) is a news agency owned by Thomson Reuters . It employs around 2,500 journalists and 600 photojournalists in about 200 locations worldwide writing in 16 languages. Reuters
3720-539: Is intended to allow it to operate more efficiently and cohesively. The Arnolds were among the first to sign the Giving Pledge in 2008, a commitment by high-net-worth individuals to donate a significant portion of their wealth to philanthropic causes during their lifetimes. Since 2010, the organization has invested more than $ 1 billion in philanthropic efforts, focusing on using expert research and statistical analysis to drive systemic social change. In August 2012,
3844-514: Is journalism 101. The fact that the blather was all inserted without attribution suggests it was added at the insistence of an editor." According to Ynetnews , Reuters was accused of bias against Israel in its coverage of the 2006 Israel–Lebanon conflict after the wire service used two doctored photos by a Lebanese freelance photographer, Adnan Hajj. In August 2006, Reuters announced it had severed all ties with Hajj and said his photographs would be removed from its database. In 2010, Reuters
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3968-631: Is not aligned with the Thomson Reuters Trust Principles". An investigation by the Intercept , the Nation , and DeSmog found that Reuters is one of the leading media outlets that publishes advertising for the fossil fuel industry. Journalists who cover climate change for Reuters are concerned that conflicts of interest with the companies and industries that caused climate change and obstructed action will reduce
4092-421: Is not guaranteed by preprint servers, the veracity of papers will be difficult to assess by individual readers. This will lead to rippling effects of false science, akin to the recent epidemic of false news, propagated with ease on social media websites. Common solutions to this problem have been cited as adaptations of a new format in which everything is allowed to be published but a subsequent filter-curator model
4216-638: Is one of the largest and most trusted news agencies in the world. The agency was established in London in 1851 by the German baron Paul Reuter . It was acquired by the Thomson Corporation of Canada in 2008 and now makes up the news media division of Thomson Reuters. Paul Reuter worked at a book-publishing firm in Berlin and was involved in distributing radical pamphlets at the beginning of
4340-447: Is transparent and accessible knowledge that is shared and developed through collaborative networks . It encompasses practices such as publishing open research , campaigning for open access , encouraging scientists to practice open-notebook science (such as openly sharing data and code ), broader dissemination and engagement in science and generally making it easier to publish, access and communicate scientific knowledge . Usage of
4464-613: The EconTalk podcast. This led to a $ 4.7 million seed grant to the Nutrition Science Initiative (NuSI), a nonprofit co-founded by Taubes and Peter Attia to investigate the causes of obesity. The foundation later promised an additional $ 35.5 million. It also funds The Nutrition Coalition, which advocates for changes in how the Dietary Guidelines for America are formulated. The foundation provided
4588-473: The AllTrials initiative co-led by Ben Goldacre . As of 2017, Arnold Ventures had given around $ 80 million in grants under its "Research Integrity" initiative. Open science Open science is the movement to make scientific research (including publications, data, physical samples, and software) and its dissemination accessible to all levels of society, amateur or professional. Open science
4712-593: The Associated Press does use the term terrorist in reference to non-governmental organizations who carry out attacks on civilian populations. In 2004, Reuters asked CanWest Global Communications, a Canadian newspaper chain, to remove Reuters' bylines , as the chain had edited Reuters articles to insert the word terrorist . A spokesman for Reuters stated: "My goal is to protect my reporters and protect our editorial integrity." In July 2013, David Fogarty, former Reuters climate change correspondent in Asia, resigned after
4836-586: The Berlin Declaration in 2003. In 2007, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) published a report on access to publicly funded research data, in which it defined it as the data that validates research results. Beyond its democratic virtues, open science aims to respond to the replication crisis of research results, notably through the generalization of the opening of data or source code used to produce them or through
4960-616: The Far East , followed by South America in 1874. Both expansions were made possible by advances in overland telegraphs and undersea cables. In 1878, Reuter retired as managing director, and was succeeded by his eldest son, Herbert de Reuter . In 1883, Reuter's began transmitting messages electrically to London newspapers. Reuter's son Herbert de Reuter continued as general manager until his death by suicide in 1915. The company returned to private ownership in 1916, when all shares were purchased by Roderick Jones and Mark Napier; they renamed
5084-577: The Internet age. Its first pillar is free access to scientific publications . The Budapest conference organised by the Open Society Foundations in 2001 was decisive in imposing this issue on the political landscape. The resulting declaration calls for the use of digital tools such as open archives and open access journals, free of charge for the reader. The idea of open access to scientific publications quickly became inseparable from
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5208-796: The Newspaper Proprietors' Association , and co-ownership was expanded in 1947 to associations that represented daily newspapers in New Zealand and Australia . The new owners formed the Reuters Trust. The Reuters Trust Principles were put in place to maintain the company's independence. At that point, Reuters had become "one of the world's major news agencies, supplying both text and images to newspapers, other news agencies, and radio and television broadcasters." Also at that point, it directly or through national news agencies provided service "to most countries, reaching virtually all
5332-589: The Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting for their work on Elon Musk and misconduct at his businesses, including SpaceX , Tesla , and Neuralink , as well as the Pulitzer Prize for Breaking News Photography for coverage of the Israel–Hamas war . Reuters employs some 2,500 journalists and 600 photojournalists in about 200 locations worldwide. Reuters journalists use the Standards and Values as
5456-762: The Revolutions of 1848 . These publications brought much attention to Reuter, who in 1850 developed a prototype news service in Aachen using homing pigeons and electric telegraphy from 1851 on, in order to transmit messages between Brussels and Aachen, in what today is Aachen's Reuters House. Reuter moved to London in 1851 and established a news wire agency at the London Royal Exchange . Headquartered in London, Reuter's company initially covered commercial news, serving banks, brokerage houses, and business firms. The first newspaper client to subscribe
5580-677: The UK Foreign Office released archive documents confirming that it had provided funding to Reuters during the 1960s and 1970s so that Reuters could expand its coverage in the Middle East. An agreement was made between the Information Research Department (IRD) and Reuters for the UK Treasury to provide £350,000 over four years to fund Reuters' expansion. The UK government had already been funding
5704-571: The University of California, Irvine (UCI) to study the sources and consequences of prison violence in seven states. The goal of the three-year study is to develop evidence-based strategies to reduce and prevent violence. The participating states are Arizona, Colorado, Massachusetts, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, and Texas. As of April 2021, the organization had committed $ 7.8 million to COVID-19 -related criminal justice grants, supporting initiatives such as alternatives to arrest, pretrial reforms, and
5828-711: The Washington, D.C. public school system. On June 26, 2012, the foundation launched the ERIN Project, a tool for analyzing the national K-12 education landscape. Arnold Ventures partnered with other organizations to create The City Fund in 2018, a nonprofit focused on improving public schools using the portfolio model. Under this model, school systems invest in schools that deliver good results and close or change those that do not. The City Fund raised nearly $ 200 million in its first year. In March 2020, Arnold Ventures gave $ 3 million to The City Fund to help schools during
5952-532: The 1660s and 1670s, but did not publish until 1693. Leibniz published " Nova Methodus pro Maximis et Minimis ", a treatise on calculus, in 1684. Debates over priority are inherent in systems where science is not published openly, and this was problematic for scientists who wanted to benefit from priority. These cases are representative of a system of aristocratic patronage in which scientists received funding to develop either immediately useful things or to entertain. In this sense, funding of science gave prestige to
6076-689: The Chinese government in response to the jailing of several Chinese journalists by the colonial British government of Hong Kong . He was released after being imprisoned for 27 months from 1967 to 1969 and was awarded an OBE by the British Government. After his release, he went on to become a best-selling historical novelist. In May 2016, the Ukrainian website Myrotvorets published the names and personal data of 4,508 journalists, including Reuters reporters, and other media staff from all over
6200-731: The Foreign Press Association Media Award and the Pulitzer Prize for International Reporting , and were named as part of the Time Person of the Year for 2018 along with other persecuted journalists. After 511 days in prison, Wa Lone and Kyaw Soe Oo were freed on 7 March 2019 after receiving a presidential pardon. In February 2023, a team of Reuters journalists won the Selden Ring Award for their investigation that exposed human-rights abuses by
6324-608: The Latin American department of Reuters through a shell company; however, this method was discounted for the Middle East operation due to the accounting of the shell company looking suspicious, with the IRD stating that the company "already looks queer to anyone who might wish to investigate why such an inactive and unprofitable company continues to run." Instead, the BBC was used to fund the project by paying for enhanced subscriptions to
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#17327724483676448-521: The Nigerian military. In 1977, Rolling Stone and The New York Times said that according to information from CIA officials, Reuters cooperated with the CIA. In response to that, Reuters' then-managing director, Gerald Long, had asked for evidence of the charges, but none was provided, according to Reuters' then-managing editor for North America, Desmond Maberly. Reuters has a policy of taking
6572-472: The Open Science movement is between the desire of scientists to have access to shared resources versus the desire of individual entities to profit when other entities partake of their resources. Additionally, the status of open access and resources that are available for its promotion are likely to differ from one field of academic inquiry to another. The six principles of open science are: Science
6696-541: The Royal Society , the first academic journal devoted to science, and the foundation for the growth of scientific publishing. By 1699 there were 30 scientific journals; by 1790 there were 1052. Since then publishing has expanded at even greater rates. The first popular science periodical of its kind was published in 1872, under a suggestive name that is still a modern portal for the offering science journalism: Popular Science. The magazine claims to have documented
6820-500: The UNESCO Strategy on Open Access to scientific information and research, approved by the General Conference at its 36th session in 2011. Arguments in favor of open science generally focus on the value of increased transparency in research, and in the public ownership of science, particularly that which is publicly funded. In January 2014 J. Christopher Bare published a comprehensive "Guide to Open Science". Likewise, in 2017,
6944-409: The access of the research process to the masses, whereas the other argues for increased access to the scientific product to the public. The democratic school concerns itself with the concept of access to knowledge . As opposed to focusing on the accessibility of research and its understandability, advocates of this school focus on the access of products of research to the public. The central concern of
7068-453: The advantages of data ownership and concerns about the misuse of data, but see In 2011, Dutch researchers announced their intention to publish a research paper in the journal Science describing the creation of a strain of H5N1 influenza which can be easily passed between ferrets , the mammals which most closely mimic the human response to the flu. The announcement triggered a controversy in both political and scientific circles about
7192-482: The bankruptcy filings of two cities in California and Michigan. In July 2014, the Arnold Foundation donated $ 2.8 million to the Center for Public Integrity to support a project focused on state campaign finance. The foundation has also funded think tanks and research institutes focused on public pension issues, including the libertarian Reason Foundation and Boston College’s Center for Retirement Research. In 2016,
7316-511: The benefit to any single institution of holding technology is not as great as the cost of withholding it from all other research institutions. Steve Mann claimed to have coined the term "Open Science" in 1998. He also registered the domain names openscience.com and openscience.org in 1998, which he sold to degruyter.com in 2011. The term was previously used in a manner that refers to today's 'open science' norms by Daryl E. Chubin in his 1985 essay "Open Science and Closed Science: Tradeoffs in
7440-507: The coded text. Their intent was to develop their discovery into something off which they could profit, then reveal their discovery to prove ownership when they were prepared to make a claim on it. The system of not publicizing discoveries caused problems because discoveries were not shared quickly and because it sometimes was difficult for the discoverer to prove priority. Newton and Gottfried Leibniz both claimed priority in discovering calculus . Newton said that he wrote about calculus in
7564-502: The company "Reuters Limited", dropping the apostrophe. In 1919, a number of Reuters reports falsely described the anti-colonial March 1st Movement protests in Korea as violent Bolshevik uprisings. South Korean researchers found that a number of these reports were cited in a number of international newspapers and possibly negatively influenced international opinion on Korea. In 1923, Reuters began using radio to transmit news internationally,
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#17327724483677688-480: The coronavirus pandemic. The money was distributed among the 14 cities where the group has active grants. In 2016 and 2018, the foundation joined other donors in providing $ 40 million to end gerrymandering and implement open primaries and ranked choice voting. In 2018, Arnold Ventures partnered with six organizations to sponsor an independent committee of scholars to conduct research on Facebook’s role in elections and democracy. The Social Science Research Council oversaw
7812-637: The criminal justice system. The Council's initial projects included exploring incarceration trends by race and gender and examining the impact of the 1994 Crime Bill. In July 2019, Arnold Ventures provided $ 9.8 million for 17 research grants awarded by the National Collaborative on Gun Violence Research. These grants are funding studies on topics such as background check laws, the role of firearms in domestic violence, gun-carrying by high-risk youth, and police training for high-stakes situations. In June 2020, Arnold Ventures donated $ 2.7 million to
7936-490: The current version of the text. This had the effect of confusing readers, and suggests that the former president was involved in corruption and the comment was attributed to him. Reuters later confirmed the error, and explained that the comment, originating from one of the local editors, was actually intended for the journalist who wrote the original text in English, and that it should not have been published. In November 2019
8060-566: The dissemination of methodological articles. The open science movement inspired several regulatory and legislative measures. Thus, in 2007, the University of Liège made the deposit of its researchers’ publications in its institutional open repository (Orbi) compulsory. The next year, the NIH Public Access Policy adopted a similar mandate for every paper funded by the National Institutes of Health. In France,
8184-407: The ethical implications of publishing scientific data which could be used to create biological weapons . These events are examples of how science data could potentially be misused. It has been argued that constraining the dissemination of dual-use knowledge can in certain cases be justified because, for example, "scientists have a responsibility for potentially harmful consequences of their research;
8308-594: The foundation and unions in Arizona supported a ballot measure that reduced cost-of-living payments to retired police and firefighters. By 2020, Arnold Ventures had donated $ 347 million to health care initiatives, including $ 5.67 million to the Center for Healthcare Transparency, $ 23.19 million to the Nutrition Science Initiative, and $ 1.67 million to the Research Triangle Institute. Arnold Ventures
8432-579: The foundation announced $ 4.1 million in grants to help communities address the needs of "frequent utilizers"—individuals who frequently cycle between jails and hospitals. In 2011, the Vice President of Criminal Justice at the then-LJAF, former New Jersey Attorney General Anne Milgram , led the development of a risk assessment tool called the Public Safety Assessment (PSA) for use in pretrial release decisions. The PSA has been
8556-578: The foundation launched the Giving Library to assist other philanthropists in making their donations more effective. Arnold Ventures has published guidelines based on the Open Science Framework that researchers seeking funding must follow. In 2018, the organization donated $ 204.3 million. As of 2021, Arnold Ventures had made over $ 1 billion in grants. The Arnolds apply an investment management approach to philanthropy, targeting
8680-527: The heterogeneity of science, it provides an opportunities for different communities to learn from other communities. For example preregistration in quantitative sciences can benefit qualitative researchers to reduce researcher degrees of freedom , whereas positionality statements have been used to contextual researcher and research environment in qualitative can be used in order to combat reproducibility crisis in quantitative research. In addition, journals should be open to publishing these behaviours, using
8804-562: The idea, tended to dominate the Ring Combination. Its influence was greatest because its reserved territories were larger or of greater news importance than most others. It also had more staff and stringers throughout the world and thus contributed more original news to the pool. British control of cable lines made London itself an unrivalled centre for world news, further enhanced by Britain's wide-ranging commercial, financial and imperial activities. In 1872, Reuter's expanded into
8928-482: The information is used. According to the FOSTER taxonomy Open science can often include aspects of Open access , Open data and the open source movement whereby modern science requires software to process data and information. Open research computation also addresses the problem of reproducibility of scientific results. The term "open science" does not have any one fixed definition or operationalization. On
9052-416: The infrastructure school is concerned with the technical infrastructure that promotes the development of emerging and developing research practices through the use of the internet, including the use of software and applications, in addition to conventional computing networks. In that sense, the infrastructure school regards open science as a technological challenge. The infrastructure school is tied closely with
9176-479: The infrastructure school: 1. Distributed computing : This trend encapsulates practices that outsource complex, process-heavy scientific computing to a network of volunteer computers around the world. The examples that the sociologists cite in their paper is that of the Open Science Grid , which enables the development of large-scale projects that require high-volume data management and processing, which
9300-434: The invention of the telephone, the phonograph, the electric light and the onset of automobile technology. The magazine goes so far as to claim that the "history of Popular Science is a true reflection of humankind's progress over the past 129+ years". Discussions of popular science writing most often contend their arguments around some type of "Science Boom". A recent historiographic account of popular science traces mentions of
9424-562: The knowledge of local authorities, leading to legal challenges and public outcry. In 2019, the foundation committed $ 17 million in grants to study the effectiveness of prisons in the U.S. as part of the criminal justice system. As of 2020, Arnold Ventures had spent $ 425 million on education-related grants. In May 2012, Reuters reported that the Laura and John Arnold Foundation had committed $ 20 million over five years to an initiative called StudentsFirst , led by Michelle Rhee , former head of
9548-613: The law for a digital Republic enacted in 2016 creates the right to deposit the validated manuscript of a scientific article in an open archive, with an embargo period following the date of publication in the journal. The law also creates the principle of reuse of public data by default. In many countries, governments fund some science research. Scientists often publish the results of their research by writing articles and donating them to be published in scholarly journals, which frequently are commercial. Public entities such as universities and libraries subscribe to these journals. Michael Eisen ,
9672-502: The most vocal critics of the NASA team's research, also submitted a draft of a research report of a study that she and colleagues conducted which contradicted the NASA team's findings; the draft report appeared in arXiv , an open-research repository, and Redfield called in her lab's research blog for peer review both of their research and of the NASA team's original paper. Researcher Jeff Rouder defined Open Science as "endeavoring to preserve
9796-556: The name Reuter's Telegram Company Limited; Reuter was appointed managing director of the company. In 1870 the press agencies French Havas (founded in 1835), British Reuter's (founded in 1851) and German Wolff (founded in 1849) signed an agreement (known as the Ring Combination) that set 'reserved territories' for the three agencies. Each agency made its own separate contracts with national agencies or other subscribers within its territory. In practice, Reuters, who came up with
9920-647: The news organisation, for which the Treasury would reimburse the BBC at a later date. The IRD acknowledged that this agreement would not give them editorial control over Reuters, although the IRD believed it would give them political influence over Reuters' work, stating "this influence would flow, at the top level, from Reuters' willingness to consult and to listen to views expressed on the results of its work." On 1 June 2020, Reuters announced that Russian news agency TASS had joined its "Reuters Connect" programme, comprising
10044-421: The notion of "cyberscience", which describes the trend of applying information and communication technologies to scientific research, which has led to an amicable development of the infrastructure school. Specific elements of this prosperity include increasing collaboration and interaction between scientists, as well as the development of "open-source science" practices. The sociologists discuss two central trends in
10168-445: The one hand, it has been referred to as a "puzzling phenomenon". On the other hand, the term has been used to encapsulate a series of principles that aim to foster scientific growth and its complementary access to the public. Two influential sociologists, Benedikt Fecher and Sascha Friesike, have created multiple "schools of thought" that describe the different interpretations of the term. According to Fecher and Friesike ‘Open Science’
10292-641: The organization helped fund the Action Collaborative on Countering the U.S. Opioid Epidemic, formed by the National Academy of Medicine and the Aspen Institute to address the risks posed by the COVID-19 pandemic to people with substance use disorders and chronic pain. One of the first projects funded by the foundation was research into obesity , inspired by John Arnold's interest after hearing an interview with Gary Taubes on
10416-559: The patron in the same way that funding of artists, writers, architects, and philosophers did. Because of this, scientists were under pressure to satisfy the desires of their patrons, and discouraged from being open with research which would bring prestige to persons other than their patrons. Eventually the individual patronage system ceased to provide the scientific output which society began to demand. Single patrons could not sufficiently fund scientists, who had unstable careers and needed consistent funding. The development which changed this
10540-511: The popularity of p-hacking is thought to be one of the culprits." Open Science approaches are proposed as one way to help increase the reproducibility of work as well as to help mitigate against manipulation of data. There are several components to impact in research, many of which are hotly debated. However, under traditional scientific metrics parts Open science such as Open Access and Open Data have proved to outperform traditional versions. Open science needs to acknowledge and accommodate
10664-410: The possibility to make knowledge creation and dissemination more efficient by increasing the collaboration throughout the research process. Proponents argue that science could be optimized by modularizing the process and opening up the scientific value chain. 'Open' in this sense follows very much the concept of open innovation . Take for instance transfers the outside-in (including external knowledge in
10788-420: The potential to generate commercial revenue, and in hope of capitalizing on these products, many research institutions withhold information and technology which otherwise would lead to overall scientific advancement if other research institutions had access to these resources. It is difficult to predict the potential payouts of technology or to assess the costs of withholding it, but there is general agreement that
10912-705: The pragmatic school as it enables researchers to use other researchers' data to pursue new research questions or to conduct data-driven replications. The widespread adoption of the institution of the scientific journal marks the beginning of the modern concept of open science. Before this time societies pressured scientists into secretive behaviors. Before the advent of scientific journals, scientists had little to gain and much to lose by publicizing scientific discoveries. Many scientists, including Galileo , Kepler , Isaac Newton , Christiaan Huygens , and Robert Hooke , made claim to their discoveries by describing them in papers coded in anagrams or cyphers and then distributing
11036-427: The production process) and inside-out (spillovers from the formerly closed production process) principles to science. Web 2.0 is considered a set of helpful tools that can foster collaboration (sometimes also referred to as Science 2.0 ). Further, citizen science is seen as a form of collaboration that includes knowledge and information from non-scientists. Fecher and Friesike describe data sharing as an example of
11160-575: The production, dissemination and reception of knowledge from a research-based point-of-view. As Tennant et al. (2020) note, the term open science "implicitly seems only to regard ‘scientific’ disciplines, whereas open scholarship can be considered to include research from the Arts and Humanities, as well as the different roles and practices that researchers perform as educators and communicators, and an underlying open philosophy of sharing knowledge beyond research communities." Open science can be seen as
11284-460: The public need not always know of all scientific discoveries [or all its details]; uncertainty about the risks of harm may warrant precaution; and expected benefits do not always outweigh potential harm". Scientists have collaboratively agreed to limit their own fields of inquiry on occasions such as the Asilomar conference on recombinant DNA in 1975, and a proposed 2015 worldwide moratorium on
11408-436: The public online. Darrell Issa , a co-sponsor of the bill, explained the bill by saying that "Publicly funded research is and must continue to be absolutely available to the public. We must also protect the value added to publicly funded research by the private sector and ensure that there is still an active commercial and non-profit research community." One response to this bill was protests from various researchers; among them
11532-711: The question of free licenses to guarantee the right to disseminate and possibly modify shared documents, such as the Creative Commons licenses, created in 2002. In 2011, a new text from the Budapest Open Initiative explicitly refers to the relevance of the CC-BY license to guarantee free dissemination and not only free access to a scientific document. The openness promise by the Internet is then extended to research data, which underpins scientific studies in different disciplines, as mentioned already in
11656-538: The release of vulnerable inmates. The foundation funded Data-Driven Justice, a program initiated by the Obama administration in 2016 to identify repeat low-level offenders with substance abuse or mental health issues and provide targeted interventions. In 2018, the foundation pledged $ 1.6 million for pilot programs in Middlesex County, Massachusetts; Long Beach, California; and Johnson County, Iowa. In May 2018,
11780-633: The report of the inaccurate reporting trickled out to the public, Reuters' senior director of communication Heather Carpenter contacted media outlets asking them to take down their posts. In March 2015, the Brazilian affiliate of Reuters released an excerpt from an interview with Brazilian ex-president Fernando Henrique Cardoso about Operation Car Wash ( Portuguese : Operação Lava Jato ). In 2014, several politicians from Brazil were found to be involved in corruption, by accepting bribes from different corporations in exchange for Government contracts. After
11904-411: The report, and the man whose image was wrongly used was invited and interrogated for nine hours by Indian police. Reuters admitted to the error, but Raphael Satter claimed that they had mistaken the man for the suspected hacker Sumit Gupta because both men share same business address. A check by local media, however, showed that both men were in different buildings and not as claimed by Raphael Satter. As
12028-472: The research proposal selection and peer-review process. The foundation has funded various politically-oriented 501(c)4 organizations . Many focus on tax and retirement policies. LJAF’s pension reform efforts have been controversial. However, the foundation's goal has been to identify failed systems and propose viable alternatives. Even critics acknowledge the need for reform. In 2014, public pension systems faced shortfalls exceeding $ 1 trillion, contributing to
12152-433: The rights of others to reach independent conclusions about your data and work". Public funding of research has long been cited as one of the primary reasons for providing Open Access to research articles. Since there is significant value in other parts of the research such as code, data, protocols, and research proposals a similar argument is made that since these are publicly funded, they should be publicly available under
12276-400: The scandal, the excerpt from Brazil's president Fernando Henrique's interview was released. One paragraph by a former Petrobras manager mentioned a comment, in which he suggested corruption in the company may date back to Cardoso's presidency. Attached, was a comment between parenthesis: " Podemos tirar se achar melhor " ("we can take it out if 'you' think better"), which was removed from
12400-414: The school is to make science accessible to a wider audience. The inherent assumption of this school, as described by the authors, is that the newer communication technologies such as Web 2.0 allow scientists to open up the research process and also allow scientist to better prepare their "products of research" for interested non-experts. Hence, the school is characterized by two broad streams: one argues for
12524-460: The school is with the legal and other obstacles that hinder the access of research publications and scientific data to the public. Proponents assert that any research product should be freely available. and that everyone has the same, equal right of access to knowledge, especially in the instances of state-funded experiments and data. Two central currents characterize this school: Open Access and Open Data. The pragmatic school considers Open Science as
12648-419: The scientific process, and measure the process of research and collaboration to create an overall metric. However, the authors are explicit in their assessment that few papers offer methodological details as to how to accomplish this. The authors use this and the general dearth of evidence to conclude that research in the area of altmetrics is still in its infancy. According to the authors, the central concern of
12772-404: The search for evidence of extraterrestrial life", met with criticism within the scientific community . Much of the scientific commentary and critique around this issue took place in public forums, most notably on Twitter, where hundreds of scientists and non-scientists created a hashtag community around the hashtag #arseniclife. University of British Columbia astrobiologist Rosie Redfield, one of
12896-565: The subject of controversy, including a 2017 lawsuit brought by a family whose son was allegedly murdered by a man granted pretrial release based on the PSA. In 2020, a U.S. Appellate Court upheld the dismissal of the complaint. In 2016, the foundation donated $ 360,000 to a trial of continuous aerial surveillance in Baltimore, Maryland, using drones. The project, funded by the LLC, was implemented without
13020-400: The term "science boom" to Daniel Greenberg's Science and Government Reports in 1979 which posited that "Scientific magazines are bursting out all over. Similarly, this account discusses the publication Time, and its cover story of Carl Sagan in 1980 as propagating the claim that popular science has "turned into enthusiasm". Crucially, this secondary account asks the important question as to what
13144-461: The term varies substantially across disciplines, with a notable prevalence in the STEM disciplines. Open research is often used quasi-synonymously to address the gap that the denotion of "science" might have regarding an inclusion of the Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences. The primary focus connecting all disciplines is the widespread uptake of new technologies and tools, and the underlying ecology of
13268-548: The top foundations in this field. In March 2019, Arnold Ventures announced the creation of the National Partnership for Pretrial Justice, aimed at bringing together stakeholders from various sectors affected by pretrial policies. By November 2020, the organization had committed $ 48 million to the partnership. Arnold Ventures also supports the Council on Criminal Justice, a bipartisan group formed in 2019 to improve
13392-469: The trend is focused on implementing newer Web 2.0 tools to facilitate research related activities on the internet. De Roure and colleagues (2008) list a series of four key capabilities which they believe define a Social Virtual Research Environment (SVRE): The measurement school, in the view of the authors, deals with developing alternative methods to determine scientific impact . This school acknowledges that measurements of scientific impact are crucial to
13516-528: The versions of the pictures published by Reuters. Reuters said it is standard operating procedure to crop photos at the margins, and replaced the cropped images with the original ones after it was brought to the agency's attention. On 9 June 2020, three Reuters journalists (Jack Stubbs, Raphael Satter and Christopher Bing) incorrectly used the image of an Indian herbal medicine entrepreneur in an exclusive story titled "Obscure Indian cyber firm spied on politicians, investors worldwide". Indian local media picked up
13640-553: The words of the late Steve Schneider, this is like adding some nonsense from the Flat Earth Society to a report about the latest generation of telecommunication satellites. It is absurd." Romm opined: "We can't know for certain who insisted on cramming this absurd and non-germane 'climate sceptics nonsense' into the piece, but we have a strong clue. If it had been part of the reporter's original reporting, you would have expected direct quotes from actual sceptics, because that
13764-551: The world's leading newspapers and many thousands of smaller ones", according to Britannica . In 1961, Reuters scooped news of the erection of the Berlin Wall . Reuters was one of the first news agencies to transmit financial data over oceans via computers in the 1960s. In 1973, Reuters "began making computer-terminal displays of foreign-exchange rates available to clients." In 1981, Reuters began supporting electronic transactions on its computer network and afterwards developed
13888-487: The world, who were accredited by the self-proclaimed authorities in the separatist -controlled regions of eastern Ukraine . In 2018, two Reuters journalists were convicted in Myanmar of obtaining state secrets while investigating a massacre in a Rohingya village. The arrest and convictions were widely condemned as an attack on press freedom . The journalists, Wa Lone and Kyaw Soe Oo, received several awards, including
14012-422: The years 2021–2024. There is currently no global normative framework covering all aspects of Open Science. In November 2019, UNESCO was tasked by its 193 Member States, during their 40th General Conference, with leading a global dialogue on Open Science to identify globally-agreed norms and to create a standard-setting instrument. The multistakeholder, consultative, inclusive and participatory process to define
14136-764: Was a boycott of commercial publisher Elsevier called The Cost of Knowledge . The Dutch Presidency of the Council of the European Union called out for action in April 2016 to migrate European Commission funded research to Open Science. European Commissioner Carlos Moedas introduced the Open Science Cloud at the Open Science Conference in Amsterdam on 4–5 April. During this meeting also The Amsterdam Call for Action on Open Science
14260-487: Was a significant shift in global policy, such as the US introducing an emissions cap-and-trade system. Very soon after that conversation I was told my climate change role was abolished. Ingrassia, formerly Reuters' managing editor, previously worked for The Wall Street Journal and Dow Jones for 31 years. Reuters responded to Fogarty's piece by stating: "Reuters has a number of staff dedicated to covering this story, including
14384-611: Was a trend to pool research by multiple scientists into an academy funded by multiple patrons. In 1660 England established the Royal Society and in 1666 the French established the French Academy of Sciences . Between the 1660s and 1793, governments gave official recognition to 70 other scientific organizations modeled after those two academies. In 1665, Henry Oldenburg became the editor of Philosophical Transactions of
14508-720: Was acquired by Thomson Corporation in Canada in 2008, forming Thomson Reuters. In 2009, Thomson Reuters withdrew from the LSE and the NASDAQ, instead listing its shares on the Toronto Stock Exchange (TSX) and the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). The last surviving member of the Reuters family founders, Marguerite, Baroness de Reuter , died at age 96 on 25 January 2009. The parent company Thomson Reuters
14632-402: Was appointed president and CEO. In April 2021, Reuters announced that its website would go behind a paywall , following rivals who have done the same. In March 2024, Gannett , the largest newspaper publisher in the United States, signed an agreement with Reuters to use the wire service's global content after cancelling its contract with the Associated Press . In 2024, Reuters staff won
14756-493: Was considered as popular "science" to begin with. The paper claims that any account of how popular science writing bridged the gap between the informed masses and the expert scientists must first consider who was considered a scientist to begin with. In modern times many academies have pressured researchers at publicly funded universities and research institutions to engage in a mix of sharing research and making some technological developments proprietary. Some research products have
14880-511: Was criticised again by Haaretz for "anti-Israeli" bias when it cropped the edges of photos, removing commandos' knives held by activists and a naval commando's blood from photographs taken aboard the Mavi Marmara during the Gaza flotilla raid , a raid that left nine Turkish activists dead. It has been alleged that in two separate photographs, knives held by the activists were cropped out of
15004-809: Was one of three organizations that invested in Civica RX, a nonprofit focused on reducing drug costs. Fifty large hospital systems partnered with Civica RX. Arnold Ventures donated $ 27.6 million to the Institute for Clinical and Economic Review (ICER), accounting for 69% of its funding. ICER conducts cost analyses of prescription drugs and medical procedures using metrics like the quality-adjusted life year (QALY) and Equal Value of Life Years Gained (evLYG). Arnold Ventures’ work through ICER has been praised for standardizing drug pricing but has faced criticism for potentially limiting investment in treatments for elderly patients or those with rare diseases. In January 2021,
15128-640: Was presented, a living document outlining concrete actions for the European Community to move to Open Science. The European Commission continues to be committed to an Open Science policy including developing a repository for research digital objects, European Open Science Cloud (EOSC) and metrics for evaluating quality and impact. In October 2021, the French Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation released an official translation of its second plan for open science spanning
15252-438: Was that non-scientists might unintentionally misinterpret the data, and NASA scientists thought it would be preferable for them to be familiar with the data in advance so that they could report on it with their level of accuracy. Post-publication peer review, a staple of open science, has been criticized as promoting the production of lower quality papers that are extremely voluminous. Specifically, critics assert that as quality
15376-667: Was the London Morning Advertiser in 1858, and more began to subscribe soon after. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica : "the value of Reuters to newspapers lay not only in the financial news it provided but in its ability to be the first to report on stories of international importance." It was the first to report Abraham Lincoln 's assassination in Europe , for instance, in 1865. In 1865, Reuter incorporated his private business, under
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