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33-542: The town was founded by one nobleman from Rome, Arrone, in the 9th century, first as wooden castle, which was later rebuilt in stone. The Arroni family was ousted by the commune of Spoleto in the 13th century. In 1799, the town was sacked and set on fire by the French troops . The church of Santa Maria Assunta has canvases by Giuseppe Bastiani , Francesco Cozza , Vincenzo Tamagni , Giovanni di Pietro da Spoleto, and Jacopo Siculo . This Umbria location article

66-601: A letter to the bishop Caecilianus , from Pope Liberius in 354 constitutes its first historical mention. Owing to its elevated position, Spoleto was an important stronghold during the Vandal and Gothic wars; its walls were dismantled by Totila . Under the Lombards , Spoleto became the capital of an independent duchy, the Duchy of Spoleto (from 570), and its dukes ruled a considerable part of central Italy. On 29 April 801, it

99-744: A third parallel festival was also held in Melbourne, Australia. In 1992, the Spoleto Arts Symposium was initiated with the purpose of bringing talented people from all around the world to study in Spoleto. The program apparently ceased in 2009, to be replaced by a similar program, started by the College-Conservatory of Music (CCM) of the University of Cincinnati in 2010. Spoleto gained its main results in sport with

132-686: A unsuccessful defence, Spoleto was taken by the troops fighting for the unification of Italy. Giovanni Pontano , founder of the Accademia Pontaniana of Naples, was born in the town; as was Francis Possenti, who was educated in the Jesuit school and whose father was the Papal assessor. Francis later entered the Passionists and became Saint Gabriel of Our Lady of Sorrows . The Festival dei Due Mondi ( lit.   ' Festival of

165-436: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Spoleto 42°45′23″N 12°41′08″E  /  42.7564791°N 12.68547°E  / 42.7564791; 12.68547 Spoleto ( / s p ə ˈ l eɪ t oʊ / , also US : / s p oʊ ˈ l eɪ t oʊ , s p oʊ ˈ l iː t oʊ / , UK : / s p oʊ ˈ l ɛ t oʊ / , Italian: [spoˈleːto] ; Latin : Spoletium )

198-509: Is an ancient city in the Italian province of Perugia in east-central Umbria on a foothill of the Apennines . It is 20 km (12 mi) south of Trevi , 29 km (18 mi) north of Terni , 63 km (39 mi) southeast of Perugia ; 212 km (132 mi) southeast of Florence ; and 126 km (78 mi) north of Rome . Spoleto was situated on the eastern branch of

231-467: Is not often mentioned in history. Martial speaks of its wine. Aemilianus , who had been proclaimed emperor by his soldiers in Moesia , was slain by them here on his way from Rome (AD 253), after a reign of three or four months. Rescripts of Constantine (326) and Julian (362) are dated from Spoleto. The foundation of the episcopal see dates from the 4th century: early martyrs of Spoleto are legends, but

264-502: The Via Flaminia , which forked into two roads at Narni and rejoined at Forum Flaminii , near Foligno . An ancient road also ran hence to Nursia . The Ponte Sanguinario of the 1st century BC still exists. The forum lies under today's marketplace. Located at the head of a large, broad valley, surrounded by mountains, Spoleto has long occupied a strategic geographical position. It appears to have been an important town to

297-555: The absence of the papal court in Avignon , it was prey to the struggles between Guelphs and Ghibellines , until in 1354 Cardinal Albornoz brought it once more under the authority of the Papal States . In 1809, following Napoleon 's conquest of Italy, Spoleto became capital of the short-lived French department of Trasimène . It returned to Papal States control within five years of Napoleon's subsequent defeat. In 1860, after

330-543: The Christian world had yet seen, and its decisions were of permanent significance to the church. Its 22 canons dealing with various abuses that had crept into ecclesiastical life since the Diocletian Persecution are among the most important documents of early ecclesiastical legislation. The temper displayed by the victors was not calculated to soothe the conquered, and an appeal was at once made from

363-1346: The Lega Italiana Rugby Football League) played against the British-Asian Rugby League Association (BARA). BARA won the match. Various suburbs and small villages surrounding the city of Spoleto (collectively referred to as Frazioni ) include: Acquaiola, Acquacastagna, Ancaiano, Azzano , Baiano, Bazzano Inferiore, Bazzano Superiore, Beroide, Camporoppolo, Campo Salese, Cerqueto, Cese, Collerisana, Collicelli, Cortaccione, Crocemaroggia, Eggi, Fogliano, Forca di Cerro, Madonna di Baiano, Maiano, Messenano, Milano, Montebiblico, Monteluco , Monte Martano, Morgnano, Morro, Ocenelli, Palazzaccio, Perchia, Petrognano, Pompagnano, Pontebari, Poreta, Protte, Rubbiano, San Brizio, San Giacomo, San Giovanni di Baiano, San Martino in Trignano, San Nicolò, San Silvestro, Santa Croce, Sant'Anastasio, Sant'Angelo in Mercole, San Venanzo, Silvignano, Somma, Strettura, Terraia, Terzo la Pieve, Terzo San Severo, Testaccio, Uncinano, Valdarena, Valle San Martino, Vallocchia, Aloha. Caecilianus Caecilianus , or Caecilian ,

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396-634: The Menotti family and the Spoleto Festival USA board, in the early 1990s a separation was consummated. However, following Menotti's death in February 2007, the city administrations of Spoleto and Charleston started talks to re-unite the two festivals which would climax in Spoleto mayor Massimo Brunini's attending the opening ceremony of Spoleto Festival USA in May 2008. For a short period of time,

429-557: The Two Worlds ' ) was founded in 1958. Because Spoleto was a small town, where real estate and other goods and services were at the time relatively inexpensive, and also because there are two indoor theatres, a Roman theatre and many other spaces, it was chosen by Gian Carlo Menotti as the venue for an arts festival. It is also fairly close to Rome, with good rail connections. It is an important cultural event, held annually in late June-early July. The festival has developed into one of

462-480: The council by bishops or proxies; the bishops of London, York, and Lincoln were there. Pope Sylvester I sent legates. It confirmed the findings of the Council of Rome and recognized the validity of the election of Caecilian of Carthage, and confirmed the excommunication of Donatus of Casae Nigrae. The charge raised against his consecrator, Felix, was proved baseless. It was the most important ecclesiastical assembly

495-445: The council to the emperor. Constantine was irritated, but after some delay he ordered the discussion of the question before himself personally. This occurred at Milan in 316. The emperor confirmed the previous decisions of Rome and Arles, and he followed up his judgment by laws and edicts confiscating the goods of the party of Majorinus, depriving them of their churches and threatening to punish their rebellion with death. From this time

528-466: The death of Mensurius (c.311), Caecilianus was nominated as his successor. The religious world of Carthage divided itself broadly into two sections, the moderate and rigoristic parties, or the supporters and opponents of the principles of Caecilianus. At the head of the latter was a devout and wealthy woman named Lucilla, who had been severely rebuked by the archdeacon for superstitious veneration of martyrs' relics . The rigoristic party wished to fill

561-408: The emperor Maxentius . Mensurius was said to have concealed his deacon in his house and was summoned to Rome. Mensurius was acquitted but died on his return journey. Before his departure from Africa, he had given the gold and silver ornaments of the church to the care of certain old men and had also consigned an inventory of these effects to an aged woman, who was to deliver it to the next bishop. On

594-457: The emperor, who responded by convening the Council of Arles . Constantine convened a Council of Arles in 314 A.D. Jurists went to Carthage, collected documents, tabulated the statements of witnesses, and laid their report before the bishops assembled. The council, presided over by Marinus, bishop of Arles , was composed of about 200 persons. Between 40 and 50 episcopal sees were represented at

627-598: The local volleyball team, Olio Venturi Spoleto, who classified in the quarter finals of the Italian championship in sport . The town's football team, A.D. Voluntas Calcio Spoleto , play in Serie D. ASD Spoleto Rugby, is the Rugby Union club of the town. They affiliated with FIR in 2014 and they play at Serie C2. The Stadio Communale hosted an international Rugby League match, in 2018. The Italy national team (of

660-465: The matter to Miltiades , the bishop of Rome. Miltiades was a native of Africa and a Roman citizen. Miltiades, unwilling to jeopardise his relationship with the emperor but also unwilling to preside over a council with an uncertain outcome, changed the proceedings into a regular church synod and appointed 15 Italian bishops, above the three Gallic bishops recommended by the emperor. The Council in Rome

693-690: The most important cultural manifestations in Italy, with a three-week schedule of music, theater and dance performances. For some time it became a reference point for modern sculpture exhibits, and works of art left to the city by Alexander Calder and others are a testimony to this. In the United States, a parallel festival — Spoleto Festival USA — held in Charleston, South Carolina was founded in 1977 with Menotti's involvement. The twinning only lasted some 15 years and, after growing disputes between

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726-463: The original Umbri tribes, who built walls around their settlement in the 5th century BC, some of which are visible today. The first historical mention of Spoletium is the notice of the foundation of a colony there in 241 BC; and it was still, according to Cicero " colonia latina in primis firma et illustris ": a Latin colony in 95 BC. After the Battle of Lake Trasimene (217 BC), Spoletium

759-481: The schism of the Northern African church lost its purely personal aspect, and became a stern religious contest on questions of discipline. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain :  Wace, Henry ; Piercy, William C., eds. (1911). " Caecilianus (2), archdeacon and bishop of Carthage ". Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to

792-416: The scriptures which they would not relinquish. Some of these he claimed were criminals and debtors to the state, who thought they might by this means rid themselves of a burdensome life, or wipe away the remembrance of their misdeeds, or at least gain money and enjoy in prison the luxuries supplied by the kindness of Christians . A deacon of Carthage, Felix, was accused of writing a defamatory letter against

825-701: The support of the state; but Constantine , who was then in Gaul , took the side of the Caecilianus. In his largesse to the Christians of the province, and in his edicts favourable to the church there, he expressly stipulated that the party of Majorinus should be excluded: their views were, in his opinion, the "madness" of men of "unsound mind." The rigoristic party appealed to the justice of the emperor and courted full inquiry to be conducted in Gaul. Constantine referred

858-436: The treasure of the church were obliged to give it up; they joined with Botrus and Caelestius in refusing to acknowledge Caecilian as bishop. Secundus , primate of Numidia and bishop of Tigisis , was presently invited to Carthage by the rigorist party. He came, attended by 70 bishops, and cited Caecilianus before them. Felix was denounced as a traditor , and consequently it was claimed that any ordination performed by him

891-412: The vacancy with one of their own followers. Two priests, Botrus and Caelestius, who each expected to be elected, had managed that only a small number of bishops should be present. Caecilian was duly chosen by the whole people, placed in the chair of Mensurius, and consecrated by Bishop Felix of Aptunga . Whether this was in the presence of any Numidian bishops seems uncertain. The old men who had charge of

924-778: Was archdeacon and then bishop of Carthage in 311 AD. His appointment as bishop led to the Donatist controversy of the Late Roman Empire . He was also one of only five Western bishops at the First Council of Nicea . Caecilianus was an archdeacon of Carthage, who supported his bishop Mensurius in opposing the fanatical cult of martyrdom led by the Circumcellions . Mensurius forbade any to be honoured as martyrs who had given themselves up of their own accord or who had boasted that they possessed copies of

957-424: Was struck by a severe earthquake . Several of its dukes, mainly during the late 9th century, rose to wear the crown of that empire. Together with other fiefs, it was bequeathed to Pope Gregory VII by the powerful countess Matilda of Tuscany , but for some time struggled to maintain its independence. In 1155 it was destroyed by Frederick Barbarossa . In 1213 it was definitively occupied by Pope Gregory IX . During

990-473: Was attacked by Hannibal , who was repulsed by the inhabitants. During the Second Punic War the city was a useful ally to Rome. It suffered greatly during the civil wars of Gaius Marius and Sulla . The latter, after his victory over Marius, confiscated the territory of Spoletium (82 BC). From this time forth it was a municipium . Under the empire it seems to have flourished once again, but

1023-716: Was held for three days from 2–4 October 313. Each side appeared with 10 bishops; Donatus Magnus , bishop of Casae Nigrae in Numidia, headed the party of Majorinus. The process was modeled on Roman civil proceedings, with Miltiades insisting on strict rules of evidence and argument. This frustrated the Donatists who left the council without presenting their case, which led Miltiades to rule in favour of Caecilianus by default. The council thus ended after only three sessions. The pope retained Caecilianus as bishop of Carthage and condemned Donatus' teachings. The Donatists again appealed to

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1056-452: Was invalid. Caecilianus was charged with unnecessary and heartless severity to those who had visited the confessors in prison; he was denounced as a "tyrannus" and a "carnifex" ("butcher".) Caecilian had possession of the basilica and the cathedra of Cyprian , and the people were with him, so that he refused to appear before an assembly so prejudiced; but professed his willingness to satisfy them on all personal matters, and offered, if right

1089-573: Was on their side, to lay down his episcopal office, and submit to re-ordination. Secundus and the Numidian bishops answered by excommunicating Caecilianus and his party, and ordaining as bishop the lector Majorinus , a member of Lucilla's household. The church of Northern Africa went into schism . The party of Caecilianus broke off from that of Majorinus, and the Christian world was scandalized by fulminations, excommunications, invectives, charges and countercharges. Both parties confidently anticipated

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