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111-600: The Astana International Financial Centre (AIFC) is a financial hub in Astana , Kazakhstan that officially launched on July 5, 2018. The Constitutional Statute "On the Astana International Financial Centre" approved on 7 December 2015 provides a legal framework for the functioning of the AIFC as well as a favourable environment for its participants. The Astana International Financial Centre

222-601: A Berlin in a Eurasian style. He has stated that a purely administrative capital such as Canberra is not one of his goals. Two of the most significant structures in Asatana's developing urban landscape are the Palace of Peace and Reconciliation and the Khan Shatyr Entertainment Center . Their architectural styles are intended to echo features of the nomadic empires that shaped the history of

333-516: A common law court system for the resolution of civil and commercial disputes within the AIFC. It exclusively oversees all legal matters stemming from the AIFC and its activities, as well as other disputes where all involved parties expressly consent in writing to the jurisdiction of the AIFC Court. Inside Kazakhstan, the establishment of a common law court in a civil law system has provoked fierce criticism. The International Arbitration Centre, on

444-570: A fast food complex, temporary storage warehouses and a business center, a furniture factory, and production of military and civil engineering machinery. The new Astana International Financial Centre opened in July 2018. Astana's administration is promoting the development of small and medium-sized businesses through the cooperation of the Sovereign Welfare Fund Samruk-Kazyna and National Economic Chamber. Support

555-429: A 25-meter pool, fitness and wrestling rooms, a football field, as well as a comfortable hotel. The object will be made available to the pupils of the sports school. Astana has many universities and junior colleges. As of the 2013/2014 academic year, Astana had a total enrollment of 53,561 students in its 14 higher educational institutions, a 10% increase from the prior year. The L.N.Gumilyov Eurasian National University

666-837: A branch of the Haileybury and Imperial Service College , an independent school in the United Kingdom. The Astana Kazakh-Turkish High Schools are run by the International KATEV foundation. There are Kazakh-Turkish High Boarding Schools for gifted boys and girls, separately and the Nurorda International School. Astana hosts two Nazarbayev Intellectual Schools (NIS), including the School of Physics and Mathematics and International Baccalaureate world school. The QSI International School of Astana

777-585: A civil code whose interpretations rely on both the civil and common law systems. Because Puerto Rico 's Civil Code is based on the Spanish Civil Code of 1889, available jurisprudence has tended to rely on common law innovations due to the code's age and in many cases, obsolete nature. Several Islamic countries have civil law systems that contain elements of Islamic law . As an example, the Egyptian Civil Code of 1810 that developed in

888-611: A civil law code is the Napoleonic Code (1804), named after French emperor Napoleon . The Napoleonic code comprises three components: Another prominent civil code is the German Civil Code ( Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch or BGB), which went into effect in the German empire in 1900. The German Civil Code is highly influential, inspiring the civil codes in countries such as Japan, South Korea and Switzerland (1907). It

999-638: A large number of construction projects. Tourism becomes one of the factors that drive economic growth in the city. Astana is among the top ten most attractive tourist cities in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Astana has become a platform for high-profile diplomatic talks and summits on critical global issues. Astana has hosted multiple rounds of talks between the Syrian Arab Republic government led by Bashar al-Assad and Syrian opposition . The 12th Ministerial Conference of

1110-579: A mixture of French and German civil law in the 19th century. After the reunification of Poland in 1918, five legal systems (French Napoleonic Code from the Duchy of Warsaw , German BGB from Western Poland, Austrian ABGB from Southern Poland, Russian law from Eastern Poland, and Hungarian law from Spisz and Orawa ) were merged into one. Similarly, Dutch law , while originally codified in the Napoleonic tradition, has been heavily altered under influence from

1221-410: A phenomenal number of reported legal opinions . However, this tends to be uncontrolled, since there is no statutory requirement that any case be reported or published in a law report , except for the councils of state and constitutional courts. Except for the highest courts, all publication of legal opinions is unofficial or commercial. Civil law systems can be divided into: A prominent example of

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1332-524: A population of 339,286 people. Baykonyr District was created on 16 March 2018 by presidential decree. The district's territory encompasses an area of 18,129 ha (44,800 acres; 70.00 sq mi) with a population of 233 351 people. In April 1998, the Government of Kazakhstan asked architects and urban planners of international renown to participate in a design competition for the new capital. On 6 October 1998, Japanese architect Kisho Kurokawa

1443-475: A shared basis. There are three share taxi routes in total. Civil law (legal system) Civil law is a legal system originating in Italy and France that has been adopted in large parts of the world. Modern civil law stems mainly from the Napoleonic Code of the early 19th century, and it is a continuation of ancient Roman law . Its core principles are codified into a referable system, which serves as

1554-531: Is 3.9 °C (39.0 °F). January is the coldest month with an average temperature of −14.5 °C (5.9 °F) and record lowest is in January 1893's cold wave reaching temperatures down to −51.6 °C (−60.9 °F). July is the hottest month with an average temperature of 20.6 °C (69.1 °F). As of January 2020, the population of Astana is 1,136,008; more than double the 2002 population of 493,000. As of 2018, ethnic Kazakhs made up 80.6% of

1665-824: Is a magnet for young professionals seeking to build a career. Islam and Christianity (primarily Russian Orthodoxy , Roman Catholicism , and Protestantism ) are the predominant religions of the city. Other religions practiced are Judaism , Lutheranism , and Buddhism . The Palace of Peace and Reconciliation was specially constructed in 2006 to host the Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions. It contains accommodations for different religions: Judaism, Islam, Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism , Taoism and other faiths. Central Asia's largest mosque , as well as Central Asia's largest synagogue are found in Astana. The metropolitan area centered upon Astana includes

1776-652: Is a member of the Kazakhstan First Division. They were founded in 2012, to develop youth football . The FC Astana-1964 is based in the Kazhymukan Munaitpasov Stadium and plays in the Astana Municipal Football League. The club's most successful years were 2000s, when they won 3 league titles. Astana is home to several professional ice hockey teams. The Barys Astana , a founding member of

1887-716: Is a part of the Belt and Road Initiative 's financial infrastructure. It increases financial connectivity among Central Asia, China, Russia, and the Arab world. As of August 2024, over 3 000 companies are registered with AIFC, reaching a historical maximum of over 600 new registrations in 2023 alone, including leading financial firms, global service providers, cryptocurrency exchanges, venture capital companies and regional development banks. Prominent firms such as KPMG, EY, PwC, Deloitte, Binance, Bybit, Most Ventures, Amicorp, China Construction Bank Corporation, and China Development Bank are part of

1998-405: Is also called left bank of the city, was created on 5 August 2008 by presidential decree. The district's territory encompasses an area of 31,179 ha (77,040 acres; 120.38 sq mi) with a population of 119,929 people. Saryarka District was created on 6 May 1998 by presidential decree. The district's territory encompasses an area of 19,202 ha (47,450 acres; 74.14 sq mi) with

2109-628: Is an international school that provides an American curriculum to its students. The school is a branch of the Quality Schools International that started in the Middle East. The city transport in Astana consists of buses and taxis. Over 720,000 people use public transport daily. There are over 60 bus lines served by more than 1000 vehicles, with over 3000 people working in the public transport sector. Just like buses, share taxis have their own predefined routes and work on

2220-729: Is based heavily on the French and Spanish codes, as opposed to English common law . In Louisiana, private law was codified into the Louisiana Civil Code . Current Louisiana law has converged considerably with American law, especially in its public law , judicial system, and adoption of the Uniform Commercial Code (except for Article 2) and certain legal devices of American common law. In fact, any innovation, whether private or public, has been decidedly common law in origin. In theory, codes conceptualized in

2331-585: Is considered mainly influenced by the German civil code and partly influenced by the French civil code. The civil code of the Republic of Turkey is a slightly modified version of the Swiss code, adopted in 1926 during Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 's presidency as part of the government's progressive reforms and secularization. Some systems of civil law do not fit neatly into this typology, however. Polish law developed as

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2442-447: Is creeping into civil law jurisprudence , and is generally seen in many nations' highest courts. Some authors consider civil law the foundation for socialist law used in communist countries, which in this view would basically be civil law with the addition of Marxist-Leninist ideals. Even if this is so, civil law was generally the legal system in place before the rise of socialist law, and some Eastern European countries reverted to

2553-445: Is divided into five parts: Civil law takes as its major inspiration classical Roman law ( c . AD 1–250), and in particular Justinian law (6th century AD), and further expanded and developed in the late Middle Ages under the influence of canon law . The Justinian Code's doctrines provided a sophisticated model for contracts , rules of procedure, family law , wills, and a strong monarchical constitutional system. Roman law

2664-519: Is expanding to the territory of ancient Bozok. The settlement of Akmoly was established on the Ishim River in 1830 as the seat of an okrug . In 1832, the settlement was granted town status and named Akmolinsk . The advantages of the position of the town were clear as early as 1863. It describes how picket roads and lines connected this geographic center to Kargaly in the East, Aktau Fort in

2775-417: Is located in central Kazakhstan on the Ishim River in a very flat, semi-arid steppe region which covers most of the country's territory. It is at 51° 10' north latitude and 71° 26' east longitude. The city encompasses 722.0 square kilometres (278.8 sq mi). The elevation of Astana is 347 metres (1,138 ft) above sea level . Astana is in a spacious steppe landscape, in the transitional area between

2886-596: Is not universally accepted. In 1832, it was granted town status and renamed Akmolinsk. In 1961, under Nikita Khrushchev , it was renamed Tselinograd, Russian for "City of Virgin Lands ". In 1991, following Kazakhstan's independence, the name was changed to Akmola. In December 1997, the city replaced Almaty as the capital of Kazakhstan, and in May 1998, it was renamed Astana, which means "capital city" in Kazakh. In March 2019,

2997-549: Is not unusual between mid-December and early March. Typically, the city's river is frozen over between the second week of November and the beginning of April. Astana has a well-deserved reputation among Kazakhs for its frequent high winds, the effects of which are felt particularly strongly on the fast-developing but relatively exposed Left Bank area of the city. Overall, Astana has a continental climate classification in Köppen scheme ( Dfb ). The average annual temperature in Astana

3108-482: Is often paired with the inquisitorial system , but the terms are not synonymous. There are key differences between a statute and a code. The most pronounced features of civil systems are their legal codes , with concise and broadly applicable texts that typically avoid factually specific scenarios. The short articles in a civil law code deal in generalities and stand in contrast with ordinary statutes, which are often very long and very detailed. The civil law system

3219-406: Is provided by a special programme of crediting. As a result, the number of small and medium-sized businesses increased by 13.7% to over 96,000 compared to the previous year as of 1 July 2015. In addition, the number of people employed in small and medium-sized business increased by 17.8% to over 234,000 people as of 1 April 2015. Astana was included in the list of top 21 intelligent communities of

3330-576: Is the Saryarka Velodrome , which is mainly used for track cycling events. The Saryarka Velodrome hosted the UCI Track Cycling World Cup stage in 2011. The Astana Presidential Sports Club was founded in 2012, to combine the main sports teams in Astana. The organization is supported by Sovereign Wealth Fund Samruk-Kazyna . The 2011 Asian Winter Games were partly held in the capital. The Alau Ice Palace , hosted

3441-689: Is the biggest university in Astana with 16,558 students and 1,678 academic staff. It was founded as the result of merging the Akmola Civil Engineering Institute with the Akmola Pedagogical Institute on 23 May 1996. The oldest university in Astana is the S. Seifullin Kazakh Agro Technical University founded in 1957. Nazarbayev University is an autonomous research university founded in 2010 in partnership with some of

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3552-464: Is the comprehensive codification of received Roman law, i.e., its inclusion in civil codes. The earliest codification known is the Code of Hammurabi , written in ancient Babylon during the 18th century BC. However, this, and many of the codes that followed, were mainly lists of civil and criminal wrongs and their punishments. The codification typical of modern civilian systems did not first appear until

3663-418: Is the most widespread system of law in the world, in force in various forms in about 150 countries. Civil law is sometimes referred to as neo-Roman law, Romano-Germanic law or Continental law. The expression "civil law" is a translation of Latin jus civile , or "citizens' law", which was the late imperial term for its legal system, as opposed to the laws governing conquered peoples ( jus gentium ); hence,

3774-416: Is the premier music school and has provided Astana with highly qualified professional specialists in the field of Arts. Astana schools enrolls about 103,000 students across 83 schools, including 71 state schools and 12 private schools . The Miras International School , established 1999, was the first private high school established in Astana. The Haileybury Astana school was established in 2011, as

3885-440: Is widely recognized as the financial institution and a hub for finance in the region encompassing Central Asia and Eastern Europe. Specially designed conditions, such as regulation in accordance with the highest international standards, a robust financial infrastructure, an autonomous judicial system, and an emphasis on innovation and expertise, are employed to enable businesses to attract capital. Nursultan Nazarbayev announced

3996-632: The Corpus Juris Civilis , but heavily overlain by Napoleonic , Germanic , canonical , feudal, and local practices, as well as doctrinal strains such as natural law , codification, and legal positivism . The Napoleonic Code is the most widespread system of law in the world, in force in various forms in about 120 countries. Conceptually, civil law proceeds from abstractions, formulates general principles, and distinguishes substantive rules from procedural rules . It holds case law secondary and subordinate to statutory law . Civil law

4107-483: The 2015 World Sprint Speed Skating Championships . The President's Cup tennis tournament is annually held at the Daulet National Tennis Centre . The martial art palace was opened on 6 July 2019. Sports facilities for five thousand spectators can take part in international competitions in boxing, wrestling, judo, weightlifting, and other Olympic and non-Olympic disciplines. The palace has

4218-457: The Arshaly , Shortandy , Tselinograd and (partially) Akkol districts of Akmola Region . The area contains 1.2 million people. Astana's economy is based on trade , industrial production , transport , communication and construction . The city's industrial production is mainly focused on producing building materials , foodstuff and mechanical engineering . Astana is a major hub of

4329-650: The Belt and Road Initiative , including for financial services and legal services connected to BRI projects. Astana is the leader in the CIS region on Global Financial Centers Index rank in 2022. The Astana International Financial Center (AIFC) opened in July 2018 to become a hub for financial services in Central Asia. Astana is the headquarters of state-owned corporations such as Samruk-Kazyna , Kazakhstan Temir Zholy , KazMunayGas , KazTransOil , Kazatomprom , KEGOC , Kazpost and Kazakhtelecom . The shift of

4440-556: The Bordeaux trade. Consequently, neither of the two waves of Roman influence completely dominated in Europe. Roman law was ultimately a secondary source that was applied only when local customs and laws were found lacking on a certain subject. However, after a time, even local law came to be interpreted and evaluated primarily on the basis of Roman law, since it was a common European legal tradition of sorts, and thereby in turn influenced

4551-808: The Kontinental Hockey League in 2008 and based in the Barys Arena . The Nomad Astana and HC Astana play in the Kazakhstan Hockey Championship . The Snezhnye Barsy of the Junior Hockey League is a junior team of the Barys Astana. Astana annually hosts the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan's Cup ice hockey tournament. The Astana Pro Team , founded in 2007, participates in

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4662-564: The Napoleonic Code expressly forbade French judges to pronounce general principles of law. There is no doctrine of stare decisis in the French civil law tradition. There are regular, good quality law reports in France, but it is not a consistent practice in many of the existing civil law jurisdictions. In French-speaking colonial Africa there were no law reports and what little is known of those historical cases comes from publication in journals. Civil law codes must be changed constantly because

4773-526: The Netherlands (1838), Serbia (1844), Italy and Romania (1865), Portugal (1867) and Spain (1888). Germany (1900), and Switzerland (1912) adopted their own codifications. These codifications were in turn imported into colonies at one time or another by most of these countries. The Swiss version was adopted in Brazil (1916) and Turkey (1926). Louisiana is the only U.S. state whose private civil law

4884-696: The UCI World Tour . The team is one of the most successful road cycling teams of recent years, winning several grand tours . The BC Astana of the VTB United League and the Kazakhstan Basketball League is the only professional basketball team in Astana. It is the most successful basketball team in Kazakhstan with three Kazakhstan Basketball League titles and four Kazakhstan Basketball Cups . Its home arena

4995-691: The World Trade Organization (WTO) was originally scheduled to take place in June 2020 in then Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, but was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In May 2020, WTO members discussed Kazakhstan's offer to reschedule the conference to June 2021 but postponed taking a decision due to the ongoing pandemic. In April 2021, members agreed that MC12 would take place in Geneva from 30 November to 3 December. Since 2003, Astana has hosted

5106-533: The government of Kazakhstan , Astana is the site of the Parliament House , Supreme Court , Ak Orda Presidential Palace and numerous government departments and agencies. It is home to a range of futuristic buildings, including many skyscrapers . The settlement of Akmoly was founded in 1830, possibly named after a local landmark— Ақ мола literally means white grave in Kazakh —although this theory

5217-752: The legal system of Japan , beginning in the Meiji Era , European legal systems—especially the civil law of Germany and France—were the primary models for emulation. In China, the German Civil Code was introduced in the later years of the Qing dynasty , emulating Japan. In addition, it formed the basis of the law of the Republic of China , which remains in force in Taiwan. Furthermore, Taiwan and Korea, former Japanese colonies, have been strongly influenced by

5328-432: The AIFC increased by 82% from USD 585 million at the beginning of 2023 to USD 1 billion at the end of the same year. The number of registered funds increased in 2023 from 20 to 37. The volume of investment funds’ assets under management amounted to USD 616 million. Astana Astana , formerly known as Nur-Sultan , Akmolinsk , Tselinograd , and Akmola , is the capital city of Kazakhstan . The city lies on

5439-543: The AIFC’s ecosystem. AIFC has steadily emerged as a significant platform, not only for Kazakhstan but for the entire Central Asian region, establishing itself as a dynamic hub for finance and investment. In particular, as of the latest Global Financial Centres Index (GFCI) 35, the AIFC ranked first in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, solidifying its position as a leading financial centre in the region. Additionally, topping

5550-562: The AIX, while 60% of these funds were accumulated by direct investments of AIFC participants. The AIFC provides structural framework for the advancement of green finance. To that end, the centre launched the AIFC Green Finance Centre to develop and promote green finance in Kazakhstan and neighboring countries. In 2023, GFC verified around 60% of green bonds and loans in Kazakhstan, demonstrating its significant influence in

5661-535: The Academy enhances professional skills through various initiatives and collaborates with universities both domestically and internationally to foster continuous learning and develop a highly skilled workforce for the AIFC ecosystem and beyond. English is the official language on the AIFC territory. The AIFC has partnered with NASDAQ and the Shanghai Stock Exchange. The AIFC is the shareholder of

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5772-641: The Akmolinsk Oblast. In 1893, Akmolinsk was an uyezd with a 6,428 strong population, 3 churches , 5 schools and colleges and 3 factories . During World War II , Akmolinsk served as a route for the transport of engineering tools and equipment from evacuated plants in the Ukrainian SSR , Byelorussian SSR , and Russian SFSR located in the oblasts of the Kazakh SSR . Local industries were appointed to respond to war needs, assisting

5883-488: The Astana International Exchange (AIX) that was established in 2017. AIX's first trading session was held on November 14, 2018, coinciding with the 25th anniversary of tenge, the national currency of Kazakhstan. The session was opened by Nursultan Nazarbayev. As of 2024 the AIFC has successfully attracted more than $ 11,9 billion to the Kazakh economy. Approximately 40% of these funds were raised on

5994-468: The Congress on World and Traditional Religions, which is a diverse gathering of religious leaders to discuss religious harmony and ending terrorism and extremism. Astana is subdivided into four districts. Almaty District was created on 6 May 1998 by presidential decree. The district's territory encompasses an area of 21,054 hectares (52,030 acres; 81.29 square miles) with a population of 375,938 people. The district has five villages. Yesil District , which

6105-454: The Dutch native tradition of Roman-Dutch law (still in effect in its former colonies). Scotland 's civil law tradition borrowed heavily from Roman-Dutch law. Swiss law is categorized as Germanistic, but it has been heavily influenced by the Napoleonic tradition, with some indigenous elements added in as well. Quebec law, whose private law is also of French civil origin, has developed along

6216-840: The Eurasian steppes. The city has a variety of sports teams. The major association football team is the FC Astana of the Kazakhstan Premier League . Founded in 2009, the FC Astana won six league titles, three Kazakh Cups and five Kazakh Super Cups . Their home stadium is the Astana Arena , which also serves as a home for the Kazakhstan national football team and the FC Bayterek . The FC Bayterek

6327-478: The Japanese legal system. Civil law is primarily contrasted with the English common law that influenced the legal traditions of the English-speaking countries. The primary contrast between the two systems is the role of written decisions and precedent as a source of law (one of the defining features of common law legal systems). While common law systems place great weight on precedent, civil law judges tend to give less weight to judicial precedent. For example,

6438-478: The Justinian Code's title Corpus Juris Civilis . Civil law practitioners, however, traditionally refer to their system in a broad sense as jus commune . It draws heavily from Roman law, arguably the most intricate known legal system before the modern era. In civil law legal systems where codes exist, the primary source of law is the law code , a systematic collection of interrelated articles, arranged by subject matter in some pre-specified order. Codes explain

6549-452: The Justinian Code. Germanic codes appeared over the 6th and 7th centuries to clearly delineate the law in force for Germanic privileged classes versus their Roman subjects and regulate those laws according to folk-right . Under feudal law, a number of private custumals were compiled, first under the Norman empire ( Très ancien coutumier , 1200–1245), then elsewhere, to record the manorial —and later regional—customs, court decisions, and

6660-406: The Shanghai stock exchange, and China's Silk Road Fund . Nasdaq NDAQ is behind the AIX trading platform. An independent regulator of the AIFC that was established under the Constitutional Statute of the Republic of Kazakhstan “On the Astana International Financial Centre” to regulate financial services and related activities in the AIFC. The AFSA's purpose is to facilitate business by maintaining

6771-429: The South and through Atbasar to Kokshetau in the West. In 1838, at the height of the great national and liberation movement headed by Kenesary Khan , the Akmolinsk Fortress was burned. After the repression of the liberation movement, the fortress was rebuilt. On 16 July 1863, Akmolinsk was officially declared an uyezd town. In 1869, Akmolinsk's external district and department were cancelled, and Akmolinsk became

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6882-420: The United States, U.S. states began codification with New York's 1850 Field Code (laying down civil procedure rules and inspired by European and Louisiana codes). Other examples include California's codes (1872), and the federal revised statutes (1874) and the current United States Code (1926), which are closer to compilations of statute than to systematic expositions of law akin to civil law codes. For

6993-425: The administrative seat of the new Virgin Lands economic region. On 14 March 1961, Khrushchev suggested the city should have a name corresponding to its role in the Virgin Lands Campaign. On 20 March 1961, the Supreme Soviet of the Kazakh SSR renamed Akmolinsk to Tselinograd . On 24 April 1961, the region was reconstituted as Tselinograd Oblast . In the 1960s, Tselinograd was completely transformed. In 1963, work on

7104-405: The assistance in the development of the favourable conditions for the formation of a leading financial centre. AIFC Development strategy was determined by the Management Council during its first meeting on 26 May 2016. The AIFC Authority was established on 28 December 2015 and is responsible for the development of the overall strategic plan, promotion of the AIFC in the global markets, attraction of

7215-495: The banks of the Ishim River in the north-central part of Kazakhstan, within the Akmola Region , though administered as a city with special status separately from the rest of the region. A 2022 official estimate reported a population of 1,350,228 within the city limits, making it the second-largest city in the country , after Almaty , which had been the capital until 1997. The city became the capital of Kazakhstan in 1997; since then it has grown and developed economically into one of

7326-530: The broader Central Asian region. GFC is the only company in Central Asia accredited by the International Capital Markets Association (ICMA) and the Climate Bonds Initiative. FinTech Lab is a tailored live environment, where firms can offer innovative financial and RegTech services without being immediately subject to the full set of regulatory requirements. FinTech Lab allows: The AIFC provides legal framework for Islamic Finance, including Islamic Banking Business and other activities carried out in accordance with

7437-423: The capital city with the most name changes in modern times. Many centuries ago, the Bozok settlement was located on the territory of modern Astana. It was a military fortress of the Steppe section of the Great Silk Road . The etymology of the Turkic word "Boz" carries several meanings such as 'untouched earth', 'virgin soil' and 'feather grass'. It was a large settlement of the 12-14th centuries. At present, Astana

7548-426: The capital has given it a powerful boost to Astana's economic development. The city's high economic growth rate has attracted numerous investors. In the 16 years since Astana became the capital, the volume of investments has increased by almost 30 times, the gross regional product has increased by 90 times, and industrial output has increased by 11 times. The city's Gross Regional Product makes up about 8.5 per cent of

7659-413: The capital was renamed to Nur-Sultan ( / ˌ n ʊər s ʊ l ˈ t ɑː n / ; Kazakh : Нұр-Сұлтан / Nūr-Sūltan [ˌnʊrsʊɫˈtɑn] ) in honor of the long-ruling President Nursultan Nazarbayev , shortly after his resignation. In September 2022, President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev signed a constitutional amendment to revert to the name Astana. As of 2022 , it holds the Guinness World Record for

7770-436: The center of the newly established Akmolinsk Oblast . In 1879, Major General Dubelt proposed to build a railway between Tyumen and Akmolinsk to the Ministry of Communications of Russia. In the course of the first 30 years of its existence, the population of Akmola numbered a trifle more than 2,000 people. However, over the next 30 years the city's population increased by three times according to volosts and settlements of

7881-451: The city centre, where at present intense building activity is occurring. To the west and east are more elevated residential areas with parks and the new area of government administration to the south of the Ishim River. Here many large building projects are under way; for example, the construction of a diplomatic quarter, and government buildings. By 2030, these quarters are to be completed. Astana's chief planner, Vladimir Laptev, wants to build

7992-558: The city population, representing a significant increase from only 17% at the time of the country's independence. Ethnic groups (2020): In 1989, Tselinograd had a population of 281,000. The ethnic mix was about 17.7% Kazakh , 54.1% Russian and 28.2% other ethnic groups. By 2007, Astana's population had more than doubled since becoming the capital, to over 600,000, and it topped 1 million in 2017. Migrant workers—legal and illegal—have been attracted from across Kazakhstan and neighbouring states such as Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan, and Astana

8103-507: The city's original name was restored in the modified form Akmola . On 6 July 1994, the Supreme Council of Kazakhstan adopted the decree "On the transfer of the capital of Kazakhstan". After the capital of Kazakhstan was moved from Almaty to Akmola on 10 December 1997, the city was consequently renamed Astana in 1998. On 10 June 1998, Astana was presented as the capital internationally. Due to several determined advantages, Astana

8214-655: The civil law system should go beyond the compilation of discrete statutes, and instead state the law in a coherent, and comprehensive piece of legislation, sometimes introducing major reforms or starting anew. In this regard, civil law codes are more similar to the Restatements of the Law , the Uniform Commercial Code (which drew from European inspirations), and the Model Penal Code in the United States. In

8325-562: The code sets out general principles as rules of law. While the typical French-speaking supreme court decision is short, concise and devoid of explanation or justification, in Germanic Europe , the supreme courts can and do tend to write more verbose opinions, supported by legal reasoning. A line of similar case decisions, while not precedent per se , constitute jurisprudence constante . While civil law jurisdictions place little reliance on court decisions, they tend to generate

8436-467: The codification of Continental European private laws moved forward. Codifications were completed by Denmark (1687), Sweden (1734), Prussia (1794), France (1804), and Austria (1811). The French codes were imported into areas conquered by Napoleon and later adopted with modifications in Poland ( Duchy of Warsaw / Congress Poland ; Kodeks cywilny 1806/1825), Louisiana (1807), Canton of Vaud (Switzerland; 1819),

8547-548: The country to provide the battle and home fronts with all materials needed. In the post-war years, Akmolinsk became a beacon of economic revival in the west of the Soviet Union ruined by the war. Additionally, many Russian-Germans were resettled here after being deported under Joseph Stalin 's rule. In 1954, Northern Kazakh SSR oblasts became a territory of the Virgin Lands Campaign , in order to turn

8658-704: The country's outgoing long-term authoritarian president, Nursultan Nazarbayev . In September 2022, after a number of controversies and unrest resulting in Nazarbayev's resignation from the Security Council of Kazakhstan , the name of the capital was changed back to Astana. Astana is almost 1,000 km (620 mi) from the country's largest city and former capital, Almaty . The nearest big cities are Karaganda (200 km [120 mi]) and Omsk in Russia (450 km [280 mi]). Astana

8769-599: The early 19th century—which remains in force in Egypt is the basis for the civil law in many countries of the Arab world where the civil law is used— is based on the Napoleonic Code, but its primary author Abd El-Razzak El-Sanhuri attempted to integrate principles and features of Islamic law in deference to the unique circumstances of Egyptian society. Japanese Civil Code is considered a mixture drawing roughly 60% from

8880-554: The field of Shari’ah and Islamic fintech (Al Saqr Islamic Bank, Alif Islamic Bank, Kazakhstan Islamic Finance Company, etc.). The AIFC has created a legal framework for asset management in various formats. Asset management includes, among other things, collective investment management, investment management, fund management support, investment advisory services, investment transaction management, and management of multilateral and organised trading platforms. This sector demonstrates rapid growth. The volume of assets under management (AUM) in

8991-629: The first three new high-rise housing districts began. In addition, the city received a number of new monumental public buildings, including the Virgin Lands Palace, a Palace of Youth, a House of Soviets, a new airport, and several sports venues. In 1971, the Tselinniy Krai was abolished and Tselinograd became the oblast's new capital. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the consequent independence of Kazakhstan,

9102-577: The judiciary was not empowered to adjudicate under the established principles of the common law of contracts - they could only apply the code as written. Codification , however, is by no means a defining characteristic of a civil law system. For example, the statutes that govern the civil law systems of Sweden and other Nordic countries and the Roman-Dutch countries are not grouped into larger, expansive codes like those in French and German law. In actual practice, an increasing degree of precedent

9213-616: The land for their realms, as when Charles VII of France in 1454 commissioned an official custumal of Crown law. Two prominent examples include the Coutume de Paris (written 1510; revised 1580), which served as the basis for the Napoleonic Code, and the Sachsenspiegel (c. 1220) of the bishoprics of Magdeburg and Halberstadt which was used in northern Germany, Poland, and the Low Countries . The concept of codification

9324-708: The late medieval period, its laws became widely implemented in the West. It was first received in the Holy Roman Empire partly because it was considered imperial law , and it spread in Europe mainly because its students were the only trained lawyers. It became the basis of Scots law , though partly rivaled by received feudal Norman law . In England, it was taught academically at the universities of Oxford and Cambridge , but underlay only probate and matrimonial law insofar as both were inherited from canon law, and maritime law , adapted from lex mercatoria through

9435-400: The legal principles underpinning them. Custumals were commissioned by lords who presided as lay judges over manorial courts in order to inform themselves about the court process. The use of custumals from influential towns soon became commonplace over large areas. In keeping with this, certain monarchs consolidated their kingdoms by attempting to compile custumals that would serve as the law of

9546-508: The main source of law. Eventually, the work of civilian glossators and commentators led to the development of a common body of law and writing about law, a common legal language, and a common method of teaching and scholarship, all termed the jus commune , or law common to Europe, which consolidated canon law and Roman law, and to some extent, feudal law . An important common characteristic of civil law, aside from its origins in Roman law,

9657-495: The minimum authorised capital requirements for Islamic banks and financial organisations have been reduced until May 2026. Additionally, financial companies licensed by the AIFC regulator are exempt from paying CIT and VAT, including Islamic banking, non-banking, Islamic insurance, and reinsurance companies. The AIFC’s initiatives aimed at the development and promotion of the Islamic finance industry have allowed Kazakhstan to enter

9768-463: The most modern cities in Central Asia . In 2021, the government selected Astana as one of the 10 priority destinations for tourist development. Modern Astana is a planned city , following the process of other planned capitals . After it became the capital of Kazakhstan, the city dramatically changed shape with its master-plan designed by Japanese architect Kisho Kurokawa . As the seat of

9879-897: The north of Kazakhstan and the extremely thinly settled national centre, because of the Ishim River. The older boroughs lie north of the river, whilst the new boroughs are located south of the Ishim. The time offset from the UTC used by Astana is 5 hours ahead of UTC, or UTC+5:00 . Astana is the second-coldest national capital in the world after Ulaanbaatar , Mongolia, a position formerly held by Canada's capital, Ottawa , until Astana attained capital city status in 1997. Astana has an extreme continental climate with warm summers (featuring occasional brief rain showers) and long, very cold, dry winters. Summer temperatures occasionally reach 35 °C (95 °F) while −30 to −35 °C (−22 to −31 °F)

9990-407: The notion of a nation-state implied recorded law that would be applicable to that state. There was also a reaction to law codification. The proponents of codification regarded it as conducive to certainty, unity and systematic recording of the law; whereas its opponents claimed that codification would result in the ossification of the law. In the end, despite whatever resistance to codification,

10101-557: The original one of 1865, introducing German elements as a result of its World War II Axis alliance. This approach has been imitated by other countries, including Portugal (1966), the Netherlands (1992), Brazil (2002) and Argentina (2014). Most of them have innovations introduced by the Italian legislation, including the unification of the civil and commercial codes . Germanistic to Napoleonic influence : The Swiss civil code

10212-742: The other hand, offers an alternative to court litigation and offers arbitration, mediation, and other dispute resolution methods. It shall review disputes which the parties have agreed shall be settled by arbitration. The opening ceremony of the AIFC International Arbitration Centre (IAC) was held in July 2019 during the Astana Finance Days conference in Astana. The AIFC Academy focuses on human capital development in Kazakhstan's financial industry. It provides specialized training and certification programs in finance, business, and international law. Additionally,

10323-496: The potential participants to the AIFC. The Astana International Exchange (AIX) was established in 2017 as part of the AIFC. AIX was created to develop the public equity and debt capital markets in Kazakhstan and Central Asian region. AIX is regulated by the Astana Financial Services Authority, an independent regulator established within the AIFC. AIX shareholders include the AIFC, Goldman Sachs GS,

10434-683: The pre-socialist civil law following the fall of socialism, while others continued using a socialist legal systems. The term civil law comes from English legal scholarship and is used in English-speaking countries to lump together all legal systems of the jus commune tradition. However, legal comparativists and economists promoting the legal origins theory prefer to subdivide civil law jurisdictions into distinct groups: However, some of these legal systems are often and more correctly said to be of hybrid nature: Napoleonic to Germanistic influence : The Italian civil code of 1942 replaced

10545-478: The precedent of courts is not binding and because courts lack authority to act if there is no statute. In some civil law jurisdictions the judiciary does not have the authority to invalidate legislative provisions . For example, after the fall of the Soviet Union , the Armenian Parliament , with substantial support from USAID , adopted new legal codes. Some of the codes introduced problems which

10656-738: The prestigious global rankings in this area. According to the Global Islamic Finance Report (GIFR), in 2022 Kazakhstan ranked 18th in the index, ahead of countries such as the UK, the USA, Singapore, China, as well as 14th position in the Global Report on the Islamic Economy (GIEI) index. Currently in the AIFC are registered several companies which provide services in the field of Islamic banking and financing, consulting in

10767-446: The primary source of law. The civil law system is often contrasted with the common law system, which originated in medieval England . Whereas the civil law takes the form of legal codes, the common law comes from uncodified case law that arises as a result of judicial decisions, recognising prior court decisions as legally binding precedent . Historically, a civil law is the group of legal ideas and systems ultimately derived from

10878-471: The principles of Shari’ah. In February 2024, the AIFC expanded the list of financial services which its resident companies can provide to clients in Kazakhstan. Now Islamic finance services can be provided to individuals and legal entities in any currency not only by Islamic banks and Islamic insurance companies, but also by Islamic financial institutions for consumer finance, installment financing, Islamic leasing, trade finance. To attract companies to AIFC,

10989-404: The principles of law, rights and entitlements, and how basic legal mechanisms work. The purpose of codification is to provide all citizens with manners and written collection of the laws which apply to them and which judges must follow. Law codes are laws enacted by a legislature , even if they are in general much longer than other laws. Rather than a compendium of statutes or catalog of case law ,

11100-615: The region in the Global Green Finance Index (GGFI) 12 showcases our commitment to sustainable finance and environmental responsibility. It is a supreme authority that includes high-profile leaders of global financial corporations and is chaired by the President of Kazakhstan. The main objectives of the Management Council include the determination of the strategic directions for the AIFC development and

11211-492: The region into a second grain producer for the Soviet Union . In December 1960, Central Committee made a resolution to create the Tselinniy Krai, which comprised five regions of the Northern Kazakh SSR oblasts. Akmolinsk Oblast was ceased to exist as a separate administrative entity. Its districts were directly subordinated to the new krai administration, and Akmolinsk became the krai capital, as well as

11322-471: The republic's Gross domestic product . The Astana – New City special economic zone was established in 2001 to help develop industry and increase the attractiveness of the city to investors. The SEZ plans to commission five projects worth 20 billion KZT (around $ 108 million) in the Industrial Park No. 1 in 2015. The projects include construction of a plant for production of diesel engines ,

11433-467: The safety and robustness of the AIFC financial system, ensuring that financial markets in the AIFC are fair, efficient, and transparent. The AFSA's regulatory remit includes financial and market services in banking, insurance, capital markets, Islamic finance, fintech, as well as ancillary services.   Similar to International Commercial Courts in Dubai , Qatar and Singapore , the AIFC Court provides

11544-539: The same lines, adapting in the same way as Louisiana to the public law and judicial system of Canadian common law . By contrast, Quebec private law has innovated mainly from civil sources. To a lesser extent, other states formerly part of the Spanish Empire, such as Texas and California, have also retained aspects of Spanish civil law into their legal system, for example community property . The legal system of Puerto Rico exhibits similarities to that of Louisiana:

11655-442: The world's top universities. The Kazakh University of Economics, Finance and International Trade is an economic institution in Astana. The Kazakh Humanities and Law Institute is a law university founded by initiative of Ministry of Justice in 1994. The Astana Medical University was the only medical school in Astana until the opening of the School of Medicine at Nazarbayev University in 2014. The Kazakh National University of Arts

11766-542: The world, according to the report released by the Intelligent Community Forum in October 2016. The rating list includes the cities, regions and communities which use digital instruments for the construction of local economy and society. In 2018, Astana attracted more than three trillion tenge (US$ 7.91 billion) in foreign direct investment, a record amount for the city. The growth was achieved due to

11877-649: The “100 Concrete Steps” Plan of the Nation to implement the five institutional reforms, designed to provide a strong national platform needed to achieve country's ambition of joining the top 30 developed countries by 2050. As part of the Plan of the Nation, the AIFC was established with a special legal status to be based on the EXPO-2017 International Specialized Exhibition infrastructure. The Astana International Financial Centre

11988-626: Was awarded the First Prize. Kurokawa's proposal aimed to preserve and redevelop the existing city, and create a new city at the south and the east sides of the Ishim River , enabling the Symbiosis of the History and the Future. North of the railway line, which crosses Astana in an east–west direction, are industrial and poorer residential areas. Between the railway line and the Ishim river is

12099-521: Was chosen as the capital: large urban areas, favorable geographical position, proximity to the major economic centers of the region, considerable demographic capacity, good transportation facilities, and a relatively favorable climate. On 16 July 1999, Astana was awarded the medal and title of the City of Peace by UNESCO . In March 2019, the Kazakhstani government renamed the city Nur-Sultan to honour

12210-478: Was further developed during the 17th and 18th centuries AD, as an expression of both natural law and the ideas of the Enlightenment . The political ideals of that era was expressed by the concepts of democracy , protection of property and the rule of law . Those ideals required certainty of law; recorded, uniform law. So, the mix of Roman law and customary and local law gave way to law codification. Also,

12321-638: Was received differently in different countries. In some it went into force wholesale by legislative act, i.e., it became positive law , whereas in others it was diffused into society by increasingly influential legal experts and scholars. Roman law continued without interruption in the Eastern Roman Empire until its final fall in the 15th century. However, given the empire's influence on the continent in Late Antiquity and then multiple incursions and occupations by Western European powers in

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