The Asian Boyz , also known as ABZ , AB-26 , or ABZ Crips , are a street gang based in Southern California . They were founded in the late 1980s to protect Cambodian refugees from other American gangs. The gang has about 2,000 member to 5,000 active members in Long Beach, who are Southeast Asian, predominantly Cambodian . Many Asian Boyz are also members of the U.S. military, some of whom use their position to traffic drugs. According to the FBI's 2009 National Gang Threat Assessment, the Asian Boyz are active in 28 different cities in 14 different states across the U.S.
101-545: The first Asian Boyz gang was formed in Long Beach, California in the late 1980s, drawing members from immigrant communities from Southeast Asia. The founders of Long Beach Asian Boyz were originally Cambodian refugees who the East Side Longos were harassing during the 1980s. Controversy lies mostly around the official origin of the gang, as it was a unification of multiple gangs or founding gangsters rather than
202-605: A de facto maximum of life in prison since no maximum is specified. Some civil law jurisdictions, such as the French Code , use murder (intentional homicide) or manslaughter (culpable homicide), and a Felony-Murder (homicide praeter-intentionnel ). Italian criminal law also provides for murder (intentional homicide, art. 575 c.p.), Felony-Murder (homicide " preterintenzionale " art. 584 c.p.) and manslaughter (homicide "colposo" art. 589 c.p.): A legal distinction between intentional and unintentional homicide
303-480: A high rate of death , particularly among children, attributed to many factors like diseases that spread quickly in the close quarters of the mission's walls, as well as torture, malnourishment, and overworking. In 1843, Juan Temple bought Rancho Los Cerritos , having arrived in California in 1827 from New England . He built what is now known as the " Los Cerritos Ranch House ", a still-standing adobe which
404-523: A 15-year-old boy named Chino Vu to death in Utica, New York . Richie Nguyen, who was 16, was sentenced to 5 to 15 years of prison for manslaughter . Samnang Chou was sentenced to 10 years of prison for second-degree assault. In March 2008, four men followed 24-year-old Vutha Au from Santa Rosa and stopped at a gas station near Jenner, California , where they fatally shot him in public. Quentin Russell, who
505-578: A D or F grade on beach water quality during rainy periods in the Beach Report Card published by Heal the Bay . However, during dry periods the water may have an A or B rating in the same reports. The Los Angeles River discharges directly into the Long Beach side of San Pedro Bay, meaning a large portion of all the urban runoff from the entire Los Angeles metropolitan area pours directly into
606-496: A dragon head with crystal globes, a symbol of high rank and original Status. Also common are Sak Yant tattoos that are supposed to offer power, protection, fortune, charisma and other benefits for the bearer. Hereafter they are also known to have members in Indiana Indianapolis and Fort Wayne, Minnesota , Omaha , New York , Texas , and Massachusetts as well as within the U.S. Armed Forces . Many members of
707-526: A fire, and January 1991 when the factory was demolished partially due to air quality remediation efforts . Ford had earlier opened a factory in Los Angeles at 12th Street and Olive, with a later factory built at East Seventh Street and Santa Fe Avenue after 1914. Come 1938, the creation of Housing Authorities for both the City and County of Los Angeles were complete — and North Long Beach was to be home to
808-646: A general term for homicide was in use in medieval England by the late 1200s, during which time a distinction was forming between homicide committed in necessary self-defence (pardoned without culpability) and homicide committed by accident (pardoned but with moral blame). From 1390, homicide in necessary self-defence or by misadventure became "pardons of course", meaning that the Chancery would issue them by default. Homicide in necessary self-defence would later be acquitted, rather than pardoned. The use of "manslaughter" to cover homicides other than murder emerged by 1547, in
909-456: A high risk that death or grievous bodily harm would follow that the doing of the act merited criminal punishment. Canadian law distinguishes between justifiable (e.g., self-defence), accidental, and culpable homicide. If a death is deemed a culpable homicide, it generally falls under one of four categories (first-degree murder, second-degree murder, manslaughter, and infanticide). Canadian law defines manslaughter as "a homicide committed without
1010-466: A household was $ 80,493, with family households having a median income of $ 96,970 and non-family households $ 56,245. The per capita income was $ 41,896. Out of the 443,634 people with a determined poverty status, 13.8% were below the poverty line . Further, 17.9% of minors and 16.2% of seniors were below the poverty line. In the survey, residents self-identified with various ethnic ancestries. People of German descent made up 6.0% of
1111-448: A male householder with no partner present, and 32.5% had a female householder with no partner present. The median household size was 2.57 and the median family size was 3.34. The age distribution was 20.0% under 18, 10.2% from 18 to 24, 30.7% from 25 to 44, 25.6% from 45 to 64, and 13.6% who were 65 or older. The median age was 36.7 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.5 males. The median income for
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#17327917558971212-419: A maximum penalty of life imprisonment . On the mens rea , or state of mind, or the circumstances under which the killing occurred ( mitigating factors ), manslaughter is usually broken down into two distinct categories: voluntary manslaughter and involuntary manslaughter . However, this is not the case in all jurisdictions, for example, in the U.S. state of Florida. In some jurisdictions, such as
1313-534: A patient's oxygen supply has disconnected and the patient dies ( R v Adomako and R v Perreau ). Another example could be leaving a child locked in a car on a hot day. In some jurisdictions, such as some U.S. States, there exists the specific crime of vehicular or intoxication manslaughter . An equivalent in Canada is causing death by criminal negligence under the Criminal Code , punishable by
1414-471: A people from which their lives began. In 1784, the Spanish Empire 's King Carlos III granted Rancho Los Nietos to Spanish soldier Manuel Nieto . The Rancho Los Cerritos and Rancho Los Alamitos were divided from this territory. The boundary between the two ranchos ran through the center of Signal Hill on a southwest to northeast diagonal. A portion of western Long Beach was originally part of
1515-484: A popular annual event in Long Beach until the 1960s. Another Bixby cousin, John W. Bixby, was influential in the city. After first working for his cousins at Los Cerritos, J.W. Bixby leased land at Rancho Los Alamitos . He put together a group: banker I.W. Hellman , Llewellyn and Jotham Bixby, and him, to purchase the rancho. In addition to bringing innovative farming methods to the Alamitos (which under Abel Stearns in
1616-658: A population of 462,257. The population density was 9,191.3 inhabitants per square mile (3,548.8/km ). The racial makeup of Long Beach was 213,066 (46.1%) White , 62,603 (13.5%) Black or African American , 3,458 (0.7%) Native American , 59,496 (12.9%) Asian (4.5% Filipino , 3.9% Cambodian , 0.9% Vietnamese , 0.6% Chinese , 0.6% Japanese , 0.4% Indian , 0.4% Korean , 0.2% Thai , 0.1% Laotian , 0.1% Hmong ), 5,253 (1.1%) Pacific Islander (0.8% Samoan , 0.1% Guamanian , 0.1% Tongan ), 93,930 (20.3%) from other races , and 24,451 (5.3%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 188,412 persons (40.8%). 32.9% of
1717-520: A reasonable person in the position of the accused would have known that by their act, they were exposing the victim to an "appreciable risk of serious injury". Criminally negligent manslaughter is variously referred to as criminally negligent homicide in the United States , and gross negligence manslaughter in England and Wales . In Scotland and some Commonwealth of Nations jurisdictions
1818-567: A reasonable person in the position of the accused would have realised or recognised that the act carried an appreciable risk of serious injury. Manslaughter by criminal negligence, on the other hand, finds its authority in the Victorian case of Nydam v R , confirmed by the High Court of Australia in R v Lavender and Burns v R . In Nydam v R , the Court described the office at [445] in
1919-489: Is a Mexican American / Chicano community in Long Beach. Cambodian people and Hmong Americans also settled in Long Beach. There is a Buddhist community in Long Beach. As of the 2022 American Community Survey estimates, there were 451,319 people and 170,965 households. The population density was 8,906.7 inhabitants per square mile (3,438.9/km ). There were 181,251 housing units at an average density of 3,576.9 per square mile (1,381.0/km ). The racial makeup of
2020-613: Is a National Historic Landmark . Temple created a thriving cattle ranch and prospered, becoming the wealthiest man in Los Angeles County. Both Temple and his ranch house played important local roles in the Mexican–American War . On an island in the San Pedro Bay , Mormon pioneers made an abortive attempt to establish a colony (as part of Brigham Young 's plan to establish a continuous chain of settlements from
2121-637: Is a coastal city in southeastern Los Angeles County, California , United States. It is the 44th-most populous city in the United States, with a population of 451,307 as of 2022. A charter city , Long Beach is the 7th-most populous city in California , the 2nd-most populous city in Los Angeles County, and the largest city in California that is not a county seat . Incorporated in 1897, Long Beach lies in Southern California , in
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#17327917558972222-401: Is a less serious offence than murder . In England and Wales , the usual practice is to prefer a charge of murder, with the judge or defence able to introduce manslaughter as an option (see lesser included offence ). The jury then decides whether the defendant is guilty or not guilty of either murder or manslaughter. Manslaughter may be either voluntary or involuntary, depending on whether
2323-777: Is affiliated with a California gang called the West Side Asian Boyz and high-ranking members have recently been arrested for murder. In December 2018, a high-ranking member named Derek Pires was arrested in Fall River, Massachusetts following a shooting that left no injuries. Gang activity involving the ABZ gang and a rival Sureno gang has occurred in Monterey Park , California, in 2019, although it resulted in no life threatening injuries or death. This set has more Chinese American and Vietnamese members. According to
2424-423: Is an omission to act when there is a duty to do so, or a failure to perform a duty owed, which leads to a death. The existence of the duty is essential because the law does not impose criminal liability for a failure to act unless a specific duty is owed to the victim. It is most common in the case of professionals who are grossly negligent in the course of their employment. An example is where a doctor fails to notice
2525-408: Is distinguished from voluntary manslaughter by the absence of intention. It is normally divided into two categories, constructive manslaughter and criminally negligent manslaughter. Constructive manslaughter is also referred to as "unlawful act" manslaughter. It is based on the doctrine of constructive malice, whereby the malicious intent inherent in the commission of a crime is considered to apply to
2626-756: Is known for its waterfront attractions, including the permanently docked RMS Queen Mary and the Aquarium of the Pacific . Long Beach also hosts the Grand Prix of Long Beach , an IndyCar race and the Long Beach Pride Festival and Parade . California State University, Long Beach , one of the largest universities in California by enrollment, is within the city. Indigenous people have lived in coastal Southern California for over 10,000 years, and several successive cultures have inhabited
2727-418: Is no intent to kill, and a resulting death would not be considered murder, but would be considered involuntary manslaughter. The accused's responsibility for causing death is constructed from the fault in committing what might have been a minor criminal act. Reckless driving or reckless handling of a potentially lethal weapon may result in a death that is deemed manslaughter. The DPP v Newbury case had redefined
2828-573: Is now known as West Side Asian Boyz (WS ABZ). Another Asian gang that integrated with Long Beach Asian Boyz was called Van Nuys Asian Boys or Asian Boy Style (ABS) , which hailed from Van Nuys . The Asian Boy Style gang was formed in the late 1980s by Sothi "Playa One" Menh, the Mercado brothers, and others. Asian Boy Style established itself in the Valerio Garden apartments and had members spread out in other parts of Los Angeles County. By
2929-450: Is suicide committed with the aid of another person, sometimes a physician. In some places, including parts of the United States, assisted suicide is punishable as manslaughter. In other countries such as Switzerland and Canada, and in some U.S. states, as long as legal safeguards are observed, assisted suicide is legal. Involuntary manslaughter is the killing of a human being without intent of doing so, either expressed or implied. It
3030-481: Is water. Long Beach completely surrounds the city of Signal Hill . Long Beach has a climate that can either be described as a hot semi-arid climate or a hot-summer Mediterranean climate . In general, the city features hot summers and mild to warm winters with occasional rainfall. Days in Long Beach are mostly sunny, as in Southern California in general. Temperatures recorded at the weather station at
3131-523: The actus reus (literally guilty act ) and mens rea (literally guilty mind ) for murder are proven but the defendant has a partial defence, such as extreme provocation or diminished responsibility. In cases of involuntary manslaughter, the actus reus for murder is present but there is insufficient mens rea to establish such a charge. There are two categories of involuntary manslaughter at common law: manslaughter by unlawful and dangerous act and manslaughter by criminal negligence. The authority for
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3232-525: The Long Beach Airport , 4.0 miles (6.4 km) inland from the ocean, range more greatly than those along the immediate coast. During the summer months, low clouds and fog occur frequently, developing overnight and blanketing the area on many mornings. This fog usually clears by the afternoon, and a westerly sea breeze often develops, keeping temperatures mild. Heat and high humidity can sometimes coincide in summer, which may cause discomfort due to
3333-840: The Midwest and on the East Coast , along with blue and navy, the gang also dons forest green , black , and white . Their style of dress leans more towards hip-hop casual . In the Midwest, members are known to be of Hmong , Burmese , Karen and Karenni descent while on the East Coast, from Virginia to Georgia, there are a lot more members of Korean and Chinese descent. In Utica there are many members of Karen descent, and many Cambodians , Vietnamese Americans , and Laotians in Massachusetts. Asian Boyz gang tattoos include
3434-543: The Rancho San Pedro . Its boundaries were in dispute for years, due to flooding changing the Los Angeles River boundary between Rancho San Pedro and Rancho Los Nietos. By 1805, what had been the major Tongva village of Puvunga was thoroughly depleted of villagers, most of whom were brought to Mission San Gabriel for conversion and as a labor force. Many villagers died at the mission, which had
3535-572: The West Coast , the Asian Boyz gang colors are blue and navy . These colors are similar to the Crips who the Asian Boyz learned from and were heavily influenced by. While their speech and mannerisms are similar to those of Crips, they are known to dress in the fashion of West Coast trends, dated to the 1980s and 1990s. Younger members are known to dress along with current fashion trends. In
3636-594: The Westside , San Fernando Valley , or San Gabriel Valley . While overall regional pollution in the Los Angeles metropolitan area has declined in the last decade, pollution levels remain dangerously high in much of Long Beach due to the port pollution, with diesel exhaust from ships, trains, and trucks as the largest sources. Additionally, Long Beach is directly downwind of several of the South Bay oil refineries . Any refinery process or chemical upset that results in
3737-419: The actus reus and mens rea of involuntary manslaughter by an unlawful and dangerous act is the High Court of Australia case of Wilson v R . This case determined that the act that caused the death must breach the criminal law and that the act must carry an appreciable risk of serious injury ( actus reus ). Regarding the mens rea , the court held that the accused must intend to commit the unlawful act and that
3838-574: The 1950s. (see also: History of Retail in Southern California ) Oil was discovered in 1921 on Signal Hill, which split off as a separately incorporated city shortly afterward. The discovery of the Long Beach Oil Field , brought in by the gusher at the Alamitos oil well#1 , made Long Beach a major oil producer; in the 1920s the field was the most productive in the world. In 1932, the even larger Wilmington Oil Field , fourth-largest in
3939-694: The Asian Boyz have been in a long conflict with the Wah Ching gang. One of the first shootouts between the two gangs occurred in December 1993 in an El Monte pool hall. An Asian Boyz gang member, Lea Mek , was killed by Wah Ching gang member Chieu Luong Yang. Another shootout between the two gangs that occurred the same year was in San Marino that caused the deaths of two youths at a San Marino High School graduation party in June. After an investigation by
4040-713: The County Authority's first order of business: the Carmelitos Housing Project, Southern California's first affordable housing complex. Long Beach, as a port city, had a relationship with the U.S. Navy even before the war. The city was part of the Battle of Los Angeles during World War II when observers for the United States Army Air Forces reported shells being fired from the sea. Anti-aircraft batteries fired into
4141-591: The FBI's 2009 National Gang Threat Assessment, membership is estimated at 5,000-10,000 members. Originally, most members were Cambodian , with a small portion of other Southeast Asian members. In the 1980s, the Asian Boyz expanded across the United States. Many factions remained in California , where they are still concentrated. Other factions spread throughout the Midwest and into New England . Factions have their own regional differences, which may include distinctions in culture, identity, structure and ethnic exclusivity. On
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4242-558: The Greater Long Beach area. Manslaughter Note: Varies by jurisdiction Note: Varies by jurisdiction Manslaughter is a common law legal term for homicide considered by law as less culpable than murder . The distinction between murder and manslaughter is sometimes said to have first been made by the ancient Athenian lawmaker Draco in the 7th century BC. The definition of manslaughter differs among legal jurisdictions . For voluntary manslaughter,
4343-440: The Los Angeles metropolitan area coastal communities to the northwest and southeast of Long Beach, which largely have west facing coastlines. The 1200 ft Palos Verdes hills block west to east airflow and a significant amount of the coastal moisture that marks other coastal cities, such as Manhattan Beach , Santa Monica , and Newport Beach . As in most locations in Southern California, most rainfall in Long Beach occurs during
4444-796: The Pacific to Salt Lake ). Following the U.S. Conquest of California , Temple had his Rancho Los Cerritos deeded to him by the Public Land Commission . In 1866, Temple sold Rancho Los Cerritos for $ 20,000 to the Northern California sheep-raising firm of Flint, Bixby & Company , which consisted of brothers Thomas and Benjamin Flint and their cousin Llewellyn Bixby . Two years previous Flint, Bixby & Co had also purchased along with Northern California associate James Irvine , three ranchos which would later become
4545-516: The Rancho Los Cerritos to William E. Willmore , who subdivided it in hopes of creating a farm community, Willmore City . He failed and was bought out by a Los Angeles syndicate that called itself the "Long Beach Land and Water Company". They changed the name of the community to Long Beach at that time. The City of Long Beach was officially incorporated in 1897. The town grew as a seaside resort with light agricultural uses. The Pike
4646-754: The Tiny Rascal Gang, and members left to form the Long Beach Asian Boyz. The Long Beach Asian Boyz subset would be the first of many. One of the Asian gang that integrated with Long Beach Asian Boyz during the early 1990s was the Asian Boys Insanity (ABI) . Asian Boys Insanity was an independent gang that operated in Chinatown Los Angeles and parts of San Gabriel Valley in the late-1980s. Asian Boy's Insanity
4747-656: The U.K., Canada, and some Australian states, "adequate provocation" may be a partial defense to a charge of murder, which, if accepted by the jury, would convert what might otherwise have been a murder charge into manslaughter. In Australia, specifically New South Wales, manslaughter is referred to, however not defined, in the Crimes Act 1900 (NSW). Manslaughter exists in two forms in New South Wales: Voluntary or Involuntary Manslaughter. In New South Wales, in cases of voluntary manslaughter, both
4848-529: The United States after fleeing the country in the preceding January. He was wanted for committing five gang-related murders in the San Fernando Valley in 1995. In September 1998, Asian Boyz members were charged with three murders and five attempted murders. In 1996, the parents of three children in south-central Kentucky were herded into their bathroom and shot in the head. They were found dead hours later along with their 12-year-old daughter, who
4949-642: The United States and the British Empire , President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued United States Executive Order 9066 which allowed military commanders to designate areas "from which any or all persons may be excluded". Under this order, all Japanese and Americans of Japanese ancestry were categorically removed from Western coastal regions and sent to internment camps , without regard for due process . 24,000 Jews live in Long Beach. Jews are concentrated in Rossmor, Los Alamitos, Seal Beach, and Lakewood in
5050-420: The United States, and which is mostly in Long Beach, was developed, contributing to the city's fame in the 1930s as an oil town. The M6.4 1933 Long Beach earthquake caused significant damage to the city and surrounding areas, killing a total of 120 people. Most of the damage occurred in unreinforced masonry buildings , especially schools. Pacific Bible Seminary (now known as Hope International University )
5151-488: The accused has the required mens rea for murder. The Homicide Act 1957 and Coroners and Justice Act 2009 are relevant acts. Voluntary manslaughter occurs when the defendant avails themself of two statutory defences described in the Homicide Act 1957 (diminished responsibility and a suicide pact; provocation was a third but this was replaced by loss of control in 2010). Involuntary manslaughter occurs when
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#17327917558975252-456: The age of 18 living in them, 61,850 (37.8%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 26,781 (16.4%) had a female householder with no husband present, 10,598 (6.5%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 12,106 (7.4%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships , and 3,277 (2.0%) same-sex married couples or partnerships . Of the households, 46,536 (28.5%) were made up of individuals, and 11,775 (7.2%) had someone living alone who
5353-401: The agent has no intention ( mens rea ) of committing murder but caused the death of another through recklessness or criminal negligence . The crime of involuntary manslaughter can be sub-divided into two main categories; constructive manslaughter and gross negligence manslaughter. Manslaughter is a crime in the United States . Definitions can vary among jurisdictions, but the U.S. follows
5454-471: The atmospheric release of refinery by-products (commonly sulfur dioxide ) will usually impact air quality in Long Beach due to the west-south-westerly prevailing wind. Similarly, the water quality in the Long Beach portion of San Pedro Bay , which is enclosed by the Federal Breakwater , commonly ranks among the poorest on the entire West Coast during rainy periods. Long Beach beaches average
5555-458: The authorities, police claimed that when the Asian Boyz gang members arrived at the party, they noticed that Wah Ching gang members were there, prompting them to leave and return with weapons. At least nine gang members were arrested, and police seized five weapons from homes searched in conjunction with the arrests. The shootouts between the two gangs were called "Summer Madness" by the Asian Boyz gang. Long Beach, California Long Beach
5656-474: The city that bears Irvine's name. To manage Rancho Los Cerritos, the company selected Llewellyn's brother Jotham Bixby, the "Father of Long Beach". Three years later, Bixby bought into the property and would later form the Bixby Land Company. In the 1870s, as many as 30,000 sheep were kept at the ranch and sheared twice yearly to provide wool for trade. In 1880, Bixby sold 4,000 acres (16 km ) of
5757-579: The city was 34.6% White, 20.1% some other race, 12.5% Asian, 11.8% Black or African American, 1.8% Native American or Alaskan Native, and 1.0% Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, with 18.2% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 44.0% of the population. Of the 170,965 households, 27.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 25.9% had seniors 65 years or older living with them, 35.6% were married couples living together, 9.7% were couples cohabitating, 22.3% had
5858-493: The city's population was of Mexican heritage. Non-Hispanic Whites were 29.4% of the population in 2010, down from 86.2% in 1970. The ethnic Cambodian population of approximately 20,000 is the largest outside of Asia. The Census reported 453,980 people (98.2% of the population) lived in households, 5,321 (1.2%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 2,956 (0.6%) were institutionalized. There were 163,531 households, out of which 58,073 (35.5%) had children under
5959-571: The city's population, arrived during the Department of the Interior 's Bureau of Indian Affairs urban relocation programs in the 1950s. Long Beach once had a sizable Japanese American population, which largely worked in the fish canneries on Terminal Island and on small truck farms in the area. In 1942, not long after the Attack on Pearl Harbor and subsequent Japanese declaration of war on
6060-479: The city. The population density was 9,149.8 inhabitants per square mile (3,532.8 inhabitants/km ). There were 171,632 dwelling units at an average density of 3,402.6 per square mile (1,313.8/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 45.2% White , 14.9% Black or African American (U.S. Census), 0.8% Native American , 12.1% Asian , 1.2% Pacific Islander , 20.6% from other races , and 5.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 35.8% of
6161-551: The closure of the manufacturing facility in 2015. Long Beach also saw an instance of the Chicano(a) movement in 1968. Long Beach is about 21 miles (34 km) south of downtown Los Angeles . According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 80.35 square miles (208.1 km ), of which 50.70 square miles (131.3 km ) is land and 29.64 square miles (76.8 km ) (36.8%)
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#17327917558976262-454: The consequences of that crime. It occurs when someone kills, without intent, in the course of committing an unlawful act. The malice involved in the crime is transferred to the killing, resulting in a charge of manslaughter. For example, a person who fails to stop at a red traffic light while driving a vehicle and hits someone crossing the street could be found to intend or be reckless as to assault or criminal damage (see DPP v Newbury ). There
6363-616: The door on December 23, 1941. The plant produced C-47 Skytrain transports, B-17 Flying Fortress bombers, and A-20 Havoc attack bombers simultaneously. Douglas merged with the McDonnell Aircraft Company in 1967 where the Douglas DC-8 and the McDonnell Douglas DC-9 were built. In 1997 McDonnell Douglas merged with Boeing , which made C-17 Globemaster transport planes in Long Beach until
6464-429: The following terms: In order to establish manslaughter by criminal negligence, it is sufficient if the prosecution shows that the act which caused the death was done by the accused consciously and voluntarily, without any intention of causing death or grievous bodily harm but in circumstances which involved such a great falling short of the standard of care which a reasonable man would have exercised and which involved such
6565-552: The formation of one. Their identity also attracts notable controversy, being that the Cambodian sets are notoriously influential and decorated as their faction of Crips that is, among other things, racially or ethnically distinct. During the mid-1980s in Long Beach, a group of Cambodian refugees formed the Tiny Rascal Gang to defend themselves from the East Side Longos. In the late 1980s, internal dispute happened within
6666-471: The general principle that manslaughter involves causing the death of another person in a manner less culpable than murder , and observes the distinction between voluntary and involuntary manslaughter. Manslaughter is a crime in Japan under the title of "injury causing death". It is defined as "causing another person to suffer injury resulting in death". The minimum penalty for manslaughter is three years, with
6767-450: The harbor water. This runoff contains most of the debris, garbage, chemical pollutants, and biological pathogens washed into storm drains in every upstream city each time it rains. Because the breakwater prevents tidal flushing and wave action , these pollutants build up in the harbor. The water enclosed by the breakwater, along most of the city's beaches, can be subject to red tides due to this stagnation as well. Because of these factors,
6868-498: The heat index. According to data analysis provided by the NWS , The annual average temperature of Long Beach is 64.9 °F (18.3 °C), of which August is the hottest month with an average temperature of 74.3 °F (23.5 °C), while December is the coldest month with an average temperature of 56.7 °F (13.7 °C). In terms of temperature, Long Beach and other California cities such as Los Angeles and San Francisco have
6969-552: The hottest month of the year usually in August and the coolest month in December. Long Beach has 23 days of afternoon temperatures above 90 °F (32.2 °C) each year, and about two days a year are above 100 °F (37.8 °C). Long Beach's location directly east of the Palos Verdes Peninsula , paired with its south facing coastline, results in the city sometimes experiencing different weather patterns than
7070-453: The intention to cause death, although there may have been an intention to cause harm". There are two broad categories of manslaughter: unlawful act, and criminal negligence. Unlawful act is when a person commits a crime that unintentionally results in the death of another person. Criminal negligence is when the homicide was the result of an act that showed wanton or reckless disregard for the lives of others. In English law , manslaughter
7171-527: The late 1850s and early 1860s was once the largest cattle ranch in the US), J.W. Bixby began the development of the oceanfront property near the city's picturesque bluffs. Under the name Alamitos Land Company, J.W. Bixby named the streets and laid out the parks of his new city. This area would include Belmont Heights, Belmont Shore and Naples; it soon became a thriving community of its own. J.W. Bixby died in 1888 of apparent appendicitis . The Rancho Los Alamitos property
7272-564: The meaning of murder in the Australian constitution, and reformed in order to include a mens rea assessment. Involuntary manslaughter may be distinguished from accidental death. A person who is driving carefully, but whose car nevertheless hits a child darting out into the street, has not committed manslaughter. A person who pushes off an aggressive drunk, who then falls and dies, has probably not committed manslaughter, although in some jurisdictions it may depend on whether "excessive force"
7373-416: The mid-1990s, Van Nuys Asian Boy Style merged with Van Nuys Asian Boyz (a branch of Long Beach Asian Boyz) and became one gang. A notable difference emerged within the Asian Boyz organization, with the S and Z sides sparring. The S side was composed predominantly of ethnic Vietnamese, whereas, the Z side was composed predominantly of Cambodians. Most notably, that ethnic difference created a rift from within
7474-502: The night sky, although no planes were ever sighted. Long Beach's population grew substantially during and after the war, with workers being needed for wartime manufacturing and G.I. bill recipients seeking out homes in California. Suburbs were built by the Bixby land companies and others. Douglas Aircraft Company 's largest facility was its Long Beach plant, totaling 1,422,350 square feet (132,141 m ). The first plane rolled out
7575-473: The offence of culpable homicide might apply. It occurs where death results from serious negligence , or, in some jurisdictions, serious recklessness . A high degree of negligence is required to warrant criminal liability. A related concept is that of willful blindness , which is where a defendant intentionally puts themselves in a position where they will be unaware of facts which would render them liable. Criminally negligent manslaughter occurs where there
7676-444: The offender had intent to kill or seriously harm, but acted "in the moment" under circumstances that could cause a reasonable person to become emotionally or mentally disturbed. There are mitigating circumstances that reduce culpability, such as when the defendant kills only with an intent to cause serious bodily harm. Voluntary manslaughter in some jurisdictions is a lesser included offense of murder. The traditional mitigating factor
7777-638: The organization that remains. In 1990–1991, Pierre Mercado was responsible for four murders, in an attempt to intimidate other gangs. He fled to the Philippines and remained there for 11 years until he was extradited to the United States in 2012. In 2013, Mercado was sentenced to 218 years to life in prison. In August 1997, the leader of the Asian Boyz Van Nuys set, Sothi Menh, was arrested in Phnom Penh, Cambodia and extradited to
7878-428: The party and allegedly started throwing bottles and other objects. Billeoum Phan, 14, began firing at the Asian Boyz members. One of the shots hit Asian Boyz member Samnang Oth, killing him. Phan was convicted of manslaughter and sentenced to incarceration until the age of 21, with an additional requirement to serve a 5-year probation after his release. In December 2006, three members of the gang were charged with beating
7979-448: The population of the town, followed by English at 5.2%, Irish at 5.0%, Italian at 3.1%, American at 1.8%, Polish at 1.3%, French at 1.1%, Scottish at 1.1%, Sub-Saharan African at 0.8%, Swedish at 0.7%, Greek at 0.6%, Scotch-Irish at 0.6%, Caribbean (excluding Hispanics) at 0.6%, Russian at 0.5%, Dutch at 0.5%, Danish at 0.5%, and Norwegian at 0.5%. The 2010 United States Census reported that Long Beach had
8080-421: The population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 258,726 people (56.0%) lived in rental housing units. During 2009–2013, Long Beach had a median household income of $ 52,711, with 20.2% of the population living below the federal poverty line. As of 2014, the population of Long Beach was 473,577. As of the census of 2000, there were 461,522 people, 163,088 households, and 99,646 families residing in
8181-593: The population. The city has changed since the 1950s, when its population was predominantly European-American and the city was nicknamed "Iowa by the Sea" or "Iowa under Palm Trees" as it had a slower pace than neighboring Los Angeles. In 1950, whites represented 97.4% of Long Beach's population. Since the second half of the 20th century, the city has been a major port of entry for Asian and Latin American immigrants headed to Los Angeles. The Harbor section of downtown Long Beach
8282-400: The ports, and short-haul tractor-trailer trucks ferrying cargo from the ports to inland warehousing, rail yards, and shipping centers. Long-term average levels of toxic air pollutants (and the corresponding carcinogenic risk they create) can be two to three times higher in and around Long Beach, and in downwind areas to the east, than in other parts of the Los Angeles metropolitan area, such as
8383-642: The present-day area of Long Beach. By the 16th-century arrival of Spanish explorers, the dominant group was the Tongva , who had established at least three major settlements within the present-day city. Tevaaxa'anga was an inland settlement near the Los Angeles River , while Ahwaanga and Povuu'nga were coastal villages. Povuu'nga was particularly important to the Tongva, not only as a regional trading center and hub for fishermen, but for its deep ceremonial significance, being understood as their place of emergence as
8484-683: The remaining 3,500 acres (14 km ) of Rancho Los Cerritos was subdivided into the neighborhoods of Bixby Knolls , California Heights , Los Cerritos , North Long Beach and part of the city of Signal Hill . Pine Avenue near 4th became the center of a large shopping district. Besides upscale Buffums (1912; expanded 1926), in 1929 alone Barker Brothers , the Hugh A. Marti Co. , and Wise Company and Famous department stores built large new stores, Walker's (1933), and nearby at American and 5th, Sears (1928) and Montgomery Ward (1929). It would remain popular until suburban malls sprung up starting in
8585-477: The southern part of Los Angeles County. Long Beach is approximately 20 miles (32 km) south of downtown Los Angeles , and is part of the Gateway Cities region. The Port of Long Beach is the second busiest container port in the United States and is among the world's largest shipping ports. The city is over an oilfield with minor wells both directly beneath the city as well as offshore. The city
8686-420: The water in Long Beach is sometimes unsafe for swimming, up to weeks each year. The area has historically included several ecological communities, with coastal scrub dominating. The top five countries of origin for Long Beach's immigrants are Mexico , the Philippines , Cambodia , El Salvador and Vietnam . The most common foreign languages spoken in Long Beach are Spanish , Khmer and Tagalog . There
8787-539: The winter months. Storms can bring heavy rainfall. The annual precipitation in Long Beach is 12.02 inches (305.3 mm), of which the precipitation from December to March of the following year accounts for 81% of the whole year. June to September is usually rainless, especially August. See or edit raw graph data . Long Beach is composed of many different neighborhoods. Some neighborhoods are named after thoroughfares, while others are named for nearby parks, schools, or city features. Long Beach suffers from some of
8888-557: The worst air pollution in the entire United States . Most of the city is in proximity to the twin ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach, and the prevailing westerly-to-west-south-westerly winds bring a large portion of the twin ports' air pollution directly into Long Beach before dispersing it northward then eastward. Heavy pollution sources at the ports include the ships themselves, which burn high-sulfur, high-soot-producing bunker fuel to maintain internal electrical power while docked, as well as heavy diesel pollution from drayage trucks at
8989-534: The worst being forsteall (killing by ambush). Murdra was a separate type of aggravated (secret) homicide under Anglo-Saxon law; William the Conqueror defined it narrowly as a fine that would be charged on a hundred following the slaying of a foreigner (originally a Norman, but intermarriage would end the distinction between Normans and English by the 13th century). By 1348, the association between murdrum and malice aforethought emerged. "Manslaughter" as
9090-410: Was provocation ; however, others have been added in various jurisdictions. The most common type of voluntary manslaughter occurs when a defendant is provoked to commit homicide. This is sometimes described as a crime of passion . In most cases, the provocation must induce rage or anger in the defendant, although some cases have held that fright, terror, or desperation will suffice. Assisted suicide
9191-409: Was 33.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.8 males. There were 176,032 dwelling units at an average density of 3,422.2 per square mile (1,321.3/km ), of which 67,949 (41.6%) were owner-occupied, and 95,582 (58.4%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.0%; the rental vacancy rate was 7.2%. 195,254 people (42.2% of
9292-444: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.78. There were 99,229 families (60.7% of all households); the average family size was 3.52. The age distribution of the city was as follows: 115,143 people (24.9%) were under the age of 18, 54,163 people (11.7%) aged 18 to 24, 140,910 people (30.5%) aged 25 to 44, 109,206 people (23.6%) aged 45 to 64, and 42,835 people (9.3%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age
9393-620: Was age 24 at the time, was the shooter, and Sarith Prak, David Prak, and Preston Khaoone were charged in connection with the murder. All four defendants were convicted and sentenced to life without parole on July 27, 2012. In March 2011, founder Marvin Mercado was sentenced to life imprisonment for his mid 1990s murder of eight people. The Reccless Tigers originated in Fairfax County, Virginia and expanded statewide in 2011 and sold thousands of pounds of marijuana, cocaine, ecstasy and prescription drugs throughout Northern Virginia. The group
9494-453: Was also shot in the head yet survived. The carnage was the work of the “Asian Boyz” gang. The one who pulled the trigger, 17-year-old Sophal Phon, eventually was sentenced to life without the possibility of parole. On August 12, 2006, a fight broke out between Asian Bloods and ABZ gang members at a house in Lowell, Massachusetts , where a birthday party was being held. Asian Boyz members left
9595-461: Was forced to move classes out of First Christian Church of Long Beach and into a small local home due to damage. The Ford Motor Company built a factory called Long Beach Assembly at the then address in 1929 as "700 Henry Ford Avenue, Long Beach" where the factory began building the Ford Model A . Production of Ford vehicles continued after the war until 1960, when the plant was closed due to
9696-733: Was introduced in Athenian law in 409 BC, when the legal code of Draco indicated that intentional homicide ( hekousios phonos or phonos ek pronoias ) was punishable by death. The language is ambiguous as to unintentional homicide ( akousios phonos ), but it may have been punishable by exile. However, academic David D Phillips says that these categories "do not correspond to the common-law categories of murder and manslaughter either in their original significance or in their present definitions", because under Athenian law intentional homicide would include both murder and voluntary manslaughter. Anglo-Saxon law recognised particular degrees of homicide, with
9797-459: Was once home to people of Dutch , Greek , Italian , Maltese , Portuguese and Spanish ancestry, most of them employed in manufacturing and fish canneries until the 1960s. According to a report by USA Today in 2000, Long Beach is the most ethnically diverse large city in the United States. It has a relatively high proportion of Pacific Islanders (over 1% as of the 2000 Census), from Samoa and Tonga . Most American Indians , about 0.8% of
9898-538: Was predominately Chinese and Vietnamese. The victim of the infamous pool hall shooting in El Monte in 1993 was Lea Mek , who was a member of the Asian Boys Insanity. After Asian Boys Insanity merged with Long Beach Asian Boyz, Asian Boys Insanity formed Monterey Park Asian Boyz sometime the early-1990s. Then later in the mid-1990s, both Asian Boys Insanity and Monterey Park Asian Boyz (MP ABZ) became what
9999-494: Was split up, with Hellman getting the southern third, Jotham and Llewellyn, the northern third, and J.W. Bixby's widow and heirs keeping the central third. The Alamitos townsite was kept as a separate entity, but at first, it was primarily run by Llewellyn and Jotham Bixby, although I.W, Hellman (who had the largest single share) had a significant veto power, an influence made even stronger as the J.W. Bixby heirs began to side with Hellman more and more. When Jotham Bixby died in 1916,
10100-599: Was the most famous beachside amusement zone on the West Coast from 1902 until 1969; it offered bathers food, games and rides, such at the Sky Wheel dual Ferris wheel and Cyclone Racer roller coaster . Gradually the oil industry, Navy shipyard and facilities and port became the mainstays of the city. In the 1950s it was referred to as "Iowa by the sea", due to a large influx of people from that and other Midwestern states. Huge picnics for migrants from each state were
10201-468: Was used or other factors. As manslaughter is not defined by legislation in Australia, common law decisions provide the basis for determining whether an act resulting in death amounts to manslaughter by unlawful and dangerous act. To be found guilty of manslaughter by an unlawful and dangerous act, the accused must be shown to have committed an unlawful act which is contrary to the criminal law, and that
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