Misplaced Pages

#338661

60-595: Asparagales ( asparagoid lilies ) is an order of plants in modern classification systems such as the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) and the Angiosperm Phylogeny Web . The order takes its name from the type family Asparagaceae and is placed in the monocots amongst the lilioid monocots . The order has only recently been recognized in classification systems. It was first put forward by Huber in 1977 and later taken up in

120-461: A cohors (plural cohortes ). Some of the plant families still retain the names of Linnaean "natural orders" or even the names of pre-Linnaean natural groups recognized by Linnaeus as orders in his natural classification (e.g. Palmae or Labiatae ). Such names are known as descriptive family names. In the field of zoology , the Linnaean orders were used more consistently. That is,

180-464: A paraphyletic assemblage, that is groups with a common ancestor that do not include all direct descendants (in this case commelinids as the sister group to Asparagales); to form a clade, all the groups joined by thick lines would need to be included. While Acorales and Alismatales have been collectively referred to as " alismatid monocots " (basal or early branching monocots), the remaining clades (lilioid and commelinid monocots) have been referred to as

240-509: A capital letter. For some groups of organisms, their orders may follow consistent naming schemes . Orders of plants , fungi , and algae use the suffix -ales (e.g. Dictyotales ). Orders of birds and fishes use the Latin suffix -iformes meaning 'having the form of' (e.g. Passeriformes ), but orders of mammals and invertebrates are not so consistent (e.g. Artiodactyla , Actiniaria , Primates ). For some clades covered by

300-468: A departure from the older but widely used classifications such as Cronquist and Thorne based largely on morphology rather than genetic data. This complicated the discussion about plant evolution and necessitated a major restructuring. rbc L gene sequencing and cladistic analysis of monocots had redefined the Liliales in 1995. from four morphological orders sensu Dahlgren . The largest clade representing

360-570: A distinct rank of biological classification having its own distinctive name (and not just called a higher genus ( genus summum )) was first introduced by the German botanist Augustus Quirinus Rivinus in his classification of plants that appeared in a series of treatises in the 1690s. Carl Linnaeus was the first to apply it consistently to the division of all three kingdoms of nature (then minerals , plants , and animals ) in his Systema Naturae (1735, 1st. Ed.). For plants, Linnaeus' orders in

420-399: A major deconstruction of existing families into smaller units. They created a new order , calling it Asparagales. This was one of five orders within the superorder Liliiflorae. Where Cronquist saw one family, Dahlgren saw forty distributed over three orders (predominantly Liliales and Asparagales). Over the 1980s, in the context of a more general review of the classification of angiosperms ,

480-445: A number of families having in common six equal stamens, a single style and a perianth that was simple and petaloid, but did not use formal names for these higher ranks. Within the grouping he separated families by the characteristics of their fruit and seed. He treated groups of genera with these characteristics as separate families, such as Amaryllideae, Liliaceae, Asphodeleae and Asparageae. The circumscription of Asparagales has been

540-610: A number of works including Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien (Engler and Prantl 1888) and Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien (1892–1924). In his treatment of Liliiflorae the Liliineae were a suborder which included both families Liliaceae and Amaryllidaceae. The Liliaceae had eight subfamilies and the Amaryllidaceae four. In this rearrangement of Liliaceae, with fewer subdivisions, the core Liliales were represented as subfamily Lilioideae (with Tulipae and Scilleae as tribes),

600-520: A small 'core' represented by the tribe Tulipae, while large groups such Scilleae and Asparagae would become part of Asparagales either as part of the Amaryllidaceae or as separate families. While of the Amaryllidaceae, the Agaveae would be part of Asparagaceae but the Alstroemeriae would become a family within the Liliales . The number of known genera (and species) continued to grow and by

660-480: A source of difficulty for many botanists from the time of John Lindley (1846), the other important British taxonomist of the early nineteenth century. In his first taxonomic work , An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany (1830) he partly followed Jussieu by describing a subclass he called Endogenae, or Monocotyledonous Plants (preserving de Candolle's Endogenæ phanerogamæ ) divided into two tribes,

SECTION 10

#1732772446339

720-408: A tight cluster of leaves (a rosette ), either at the base of the plant or at the end of a more-or-less woody stem as with Yucca . In some cases, the leaves are produced along the stem. The flowers are in the main not particularly distinctive, being of a general 'lily type', with six tepals , either free or fused from the base and up to six stamina . They are frequently clustered at the end of

780-405: A woody stem, allowing plants to grow tall and transport water and nutrients over longer distances within the plant body. Since most woody plants are perennials with a longer life cycle because it takes more time and more resources (nutrients and water) to produce persistently living lignified woody stems, they are not as able to colonize open and dry ground as rapidly as herbs. The surface of herbs

840-475: Is ephemeral and often seasonal in duration. By contrast, non-herbaceous vascular plants are woody plants that have stems above ground that remain alive, even during any dormant season, and grow shoots the next year from the above-ground parts – these include trees , shrubs , vines and woody bamboos . Banana plants are also regarded as herbaceous plants because the stem does not contain true woody tissue. Some herbaceous plants can grow rather large, such as

900-400: Is a catalyst for dew, which in arid climates and seasons is the main type of precipitation and is necessary for the survival of vegetation, i.e. in arid areas, herbaceous plants are a generator of precipitation and the basis of an ecosystem. Most of the water vapor that turns into dew comes from the air, not the soil or clouds. The taller the herb ( surface area is the main factor though),

960-419: Is determined by a taxonomist , as is whether a particular order should be recognized at all. Often there is no exact agreement, with different taxonomists each taking a different position. There are no hard rules that a taxonomist needs to follow in describing or recognizing an order. Some taxa are accepted almost universally, while others are recognized only rarely. The name of an order is usually written with

1020-642: The Cretaceous period ), although given the difficulty in classifying the families involved, estimates are likely to be uncertain. From an economic point of view, the order Asparagales is second in importance within the monocots only to the order Poales (which includes grasses and cereals ). Species are used as food and flavourings (e.g. onion , garlic , leek , asparagus , vanilla , saffron ), in medicinal or cosmetic applications ( Aloe ), as cut flowers (e.g. freesia , gladiolus , iris , orchids ), and as garden ornamentals (e.g. day lilies , lily of

1080-626: The Dahlgren system of 1985 and then the APG in 1998, 2003 and 2009. Before this, many of its families were assigned to the old order Liliales , a very large order containing almost all monocots with colorful tepals and lacking starch in their endosperm . DNA sequence analysis indicated that many of the taxa previously included in Liliales should actually be redistributed over three orders, Liliales , Asparagales, and Dioscoreales . The boundaries of

1140-551: The Dahlgren system of 1985 onwards, studies based mainly on morphology had identified the Asparagales as a distinct group, but had also included groups now located in Liliales, Pandanales and Zingiberales. Research in the 21st century has supported the monophyly of Asparagales, based on morphology, 18S rDNA, and other DNA sequences, although some phylogenetic reconstructions based on molecular data have suggested that Asparagales may be paraphyletic, with Orchidaceae separated from

1200-528: The International Code of Zoological Nomenclature , several additional classifications are sometimes used, although not all of these are officially recognized. In their 1997 classification of mammals , McKenna and Bell used two extra levels between superorder and order: grandorder and mirorder . Michael Novacek (1986) inserted them at the same position. Michael Benton (2005) inserted them between superorder and magnorder instead. This position

1260-651: The Petaloidea and Glumaceae . He divided the former, often referred to as petaloid monocots, into 32 orders, including the Liliaceae (defined narrowly), but also most of the families considered to make up the Asparagales today, including the Amaryllideae . By 1846, in his final scheme Lindley had greatly expanded and refined the treatment of the monocots, introducing both an intermediate ranking (Alliances) and tribes within orders ( i.e. families). Lindley placed

SECTION 20

#1732772446339

1320-815: The Systema Naturae and the Species Plantarum were strictly artificial, introduced to subdivide the artificial classes into more comprehensible smaller groups. When the word ordo was first consistently used for natural units of plants, in 19th-century works such as the Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis of Augustin Pyramus de Candolle and the Genera Plantarum of Bentham & Hooker, it indicated taxa that are now given

1380-436: The hierarchical system of taxonomy ( phylogeny ), placing Asparagus and related genera within a division of Monocotyledons , a class (III) of Stamina Perigynia and 'order' Asparagi, divided into three subfamilies. The use of the term Ordo (order) at that time was closer to what we now understand as Family, rather than Order. In creating his scheme he used a modified form of Linnaeus' sexual classification but using

1440-524: The ovaries and be referred to as Amaryllideae and in 1813 de Candolle described Liliacées Juss. and Amaryllidées Brown as two quite separate families. The literature on the organisation of genera into families and higher ranks became available in the English language with Samuel Frederick Gray 's A natural arrangement of British plants (1821). Gray used a combination of Linnaeus' sexual classification and Jussieu's natural classification to group together

1500-579: The "core monocots". The relationship between the orders (with the exception of the two sister orders) is pectinate , that is diverging in succession from the line that leads to the commelinids. Numbers indicate crown group (most recent common ancestor of the sampled species of the clade of interest) divergence times in mya (million years ago). Acorales Alismatales Petrosaviales Dioscoreales 115 Pandanales 91 Liliales 121 Asparagales 120 Dasypogonaceae Arecales Poales Zingiberales Commelinales A phylogenetic tree for

1560-419: The Amaryllidaceae. The appearance of Charles Darwin 's Origin of Species in 1859 changed the way that taxonomists considered plant classification, incorporating evolutionary information into their schemata. The Darwinian approach led to the concept of phylogeny (tree-like structure) in assembling classification systems, starting with Eichler . Eichler , having established a hierarchical system in which

1620-524: The Amaryllideae were placed in series Epigynae. The Liliaceae now consisted of twenty tribes (including Tulipeae, Scilleae and Asparageae), and the Amaryllideae of five (including Agaveae and Alstroemerieae). An important addition to the treatment of the Liliaceae was the recognition of the Allieae as a distinct tribe that would eventually find its way to the Asparagales as the subfamily Allioideae of

1680-635: The Asparagae were represented as Asparagoideae and the Allioideae was preserved, representing the alliaceous genera. Allieae , Agapantheae and Gilliesieae were the three tribes within this subfamily. In the Amaryllidaceae, there was little change from the Bentham & Hooker. A similar approach was adopted by Wettstein . In the twentieth century the Wettstein system (1901–1935) placed many of

1740-546: The Asparagales (although not in Orchidaceae , thought to be the sister-group of the rest of the order). The leaves of almost all species form a tight rosette , either at the base of the plant or at the end of the stem , but occasionally along the stem. The flowers are not particularly distinctive, being 'lily type', with six tepals and up to six stamina . The order is thought to have first diverged from other related monocots some 120–130 million years ago (early in

1800-767: The Asparagales and of its families have undergone a series of changes in recent years; future research may lead to further changes and ultimately greater stability. In the APG circumscription , Asparagales is the largest order of monocots with 14 families, 1,122 genera , and about 36,000 species . The order is clearly circumscribed on the basis of molecular phylogenetics , but it is difficult to define morphologically since its members are structurally diverse. Most species of Asparagales are herbaceous perennials , although some are climbers and some are trees or shrubs. The order also contains many geophytes (bulbs, corms, and various kinds of tuber). According to telomere sequence , at least two evolutionary switch-points happened within

1860-436: The Asparagales, generally to family level, but including groups which were recently and widely treated as families but which are now reduced to subfamily rank, is shown below. Orchidaceae Boryaceae Blandfordiaceae Lanariaceae Asteliaceae Hypoxidaceae Ixioliriaceae Tecophilaeaceae Doryanthaceae Iridaceae Xeronemataceae Order (biology) What does and does not belong to each order

Asparagales - Misplaced Pages Continue

1920-455: The French literature (Latin: Asparagaceae). Meanwhile, the 'Narcissi' had been renamed as the 'Amaryllidées' (Amaryllideae) in 1805, by Jean Henri Jaume Saint-Hilaire , using Amaryllis as the type species rather than Narcissus , and thus has the authority attribution for Amaryllidaceae . In 1810, Brown proposed that a subgroup of Liliaceae be distinguished on the basis of the position of

1980-615: The Liliaceae were subjected to more intense scrutiny. By the end of that decade, the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew , the British Museum of Natural History and the Edinburgh Botanical Gardens formed a committee to examine the possibility of separating the family at least for the organization of their herbaria . That committee finally recommended that 24 new families be created in the place of

2040-403: The Liliaceae within the Liliales , but saw it as a paraphyletic ("catch-all") family, being all Liliales not included in the other orders, but hoped that the future would reveal some characteristic that would group them better. The order Liliales was very large and included almost all monocotyledons with colourful tepals and without starch in their endosperm (the lilioid monocots ). The Liliales

2100-465: The Liliaceae, all previously included in Liliales, but including both the Calochortaceae and Liliaceae sensu Tamura. This redefined family, that became referred to as core Liliales, but corresponded to the emerging circumscription of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (1998). The 2009 revision of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group system, APG III , places the order in the clade monocots . From

2160-404: The analysis of annual growth rings in the secondary root xylem . Herbaceous plants do not produce perennializing above-ground structures using lignin , which is a complex phenolic polymer deposited in the secondary cell wall of all vascular plants. The development of lignin during vascular plant evolution provided mechanical strength, rigidity, and hydrophobicity to secondary cell walls creating

2220-544: The definition of "herb". For instance, the Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation includes the condition "when persisting over more than one growing season, the parts of the shoot dying back seasonally". Some orchids, such as species of Phalaenopsis , are described in some sources (including the authoritative Plants of the World Online ) as "herbs" but with "leaves persistent or sometimes deciduous". In

2280-419: The external epidermis either obliterated (in most species bearing fleshy fruit), or if present, have a layer of black carbonaceous phytomelanin in species with dry fruits (nuts). The inner part of the seed coat is generally collapsed, in contrast to Liliales whose seeds have a well developed outer epidermis, lack phytomelanin, and usually display a cellular inner layer. The orders which have been separated from

2340-483: The flowering plants ( angiosperms ) were divided into monocotyledons and dicotyledons , further divided into former into seven orders. Within the Liliiflorae were seven families, including Liliaceae and Amaryllidaceae. Liliaceae included Allium and Ornithogalum (modern Allioideae ) and Asparagus . Engler , in his system developed Eichler's ideas into a much more elaborate scheme which he treated in

2400-609: The genus Musa , to which the banana belongs. Some relatively fast-growing herbaceous plants (especially annuals) are pioneers , or early-successional species. Others form the main vegetation of many stable habitats, occurring for example in the ground layer of forests , or in naturally open habitats such as meadow , salt marsh or desert . Some habitats, like grasslands and prairies and savannas , are dominated by herbaceous plants along with aquatic environments like ponds , streams and lakes . The age of some herbaceous perennial plants can be determined by herbchronology ,

2460-750: The glossary of Flora of the Sydney Region , Roger Charles Carolin defines "herb" as a "plant that does not produce a woody stem", and the adjective "herbaceous" as meaning "herb-like, referring to parts of the plant that are green and soft in texture". Herbaceous plants include graminoids , forbs , and ferns . Forbs are generally defined as herbaceous broad-leafed plants, while graminoids are plants with grass-like appearance including true grasses , sedges, and rushes. Herbaceous plants most often are low-growing plants, different from woody plants like trees and shrubs , tending to have soft green stems that lack lignification and their above-ground growth

Asparagales - Misplaced Pages Continue

2520-517: The more dew it produces, so a short cut of the herbs necessitates watering. For example, if you frequently and shortly cut the grass without watering in an arid zone, then desertification occurs. Most herbaceous plants have a perennial (85%) life cycle but some are annual (15%) or biennial (<1%). Annual plants die completely at the end of the growing season or when they have flowered and fruited, and then new plants grow from seed. Herbaceous perennial and biennial plants may have stems that die at

2580-423: The name Asparagales belongs to Johann Heinrich Friedrich Link (1767–1851) who coined the word 'Asparaginae' in 1829 for a higher order taxon that included Asparagus although Adanson and Jussieau had also done so earlier (see History). Earlier circumscriptions of Asparagales attributed the name to Bromhead (1838), who had been the first to use the term 'Asparagales'. The type genus , Asparagus , from which

2640-479: The name of the order is derived, was described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753, with ten species. He placed Asparagus within the Hexandria Monogynia (six stamens , one carpel ) in his sexual classification in the Species Plantarum . The majority of taxa now considered to constitute Asparagales have historically been placed within the very large and diverse family, Liliaceae . The family Liliaceae

2700-473: The old Liliales are difficult to characterize. No single morphological character appears to be diagnostic of the order Asparagales. As circumscribed within the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group system Asparagales is the largest order within the monocotyledons , with 14 families, 1,122 genera and about 25,000–42,000 species , thus accounting for about 50% of all monocots and 10–15% of the flowering plants (angiosperms). The attribution of botanical authority for

2760-473: The order. The basal sequence is formed by TTTAGGG like in the majority of higher plants. Basal motif was changed to vertebrate-like TTAGGG and finally, the most divergent motif CTCGGTTATGGG appears in Allium . One of the defining characteristics ( synapomorphies ) of the order is the presence of phytomelanin , a black pigment present in the seed coat, creating a dark crust. Phytomelanin is found in most families of

2820-708: The orders in the zoology part of the Systema Naturae refer to natural groups. Some of his ordinal names are still in use, e.g. Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) and Diptera (flies, mosquitoes, midges, and gnats). In virology , the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses 's virus classification includes fifteen taxomomic ranks to be applied for viruses , viroids and satellite nucleic acids : realm , subrealm , kingdom , subkingdom, phylum , subphylum , class, subclass, order, suborder, family, subfamily , genus, subgenus , and species. There are currently fourteen viral orders, each ending in

2880-460: The original broad Liliaceae, largely by elevating subfamilies to the rank of separate families. The order Asparagales as currently circumscribed has only recently been recognized in classification systems, through the advent of phylogenetics . The 1990s saw considerable progress in plant phylogeny and phylogenetic theory, enabling a phylogenetic tree to be constructed for all of the flowering plants. The establishment of major new clades necessitated

2940-405: The plant stem. The Asparagales are generally distinguished from the Liliales by the lack of markings on the tepals, the presence of septal nectaries in the ovaries , rather than the bases of the tepals or stamen filaments, and the presence of secondary growth . They are generally geophytes , but with linear leaves, and a lack of fine reticular venation . The seeds characteristically have

3000-511: The precursor of the currently used International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants . In the first international Rules of botanical nomenclature from the International Botanical Congress of 1905, the word family ( familia ) was assigned to the rank indicated by the French famille , while order ( ordo ) was reserved for a higher rank, for what in the 19th century had often been named

3060-502: The rank of family (see ordo naturalis , ' natural order '). In French botanical publications, from Michel Adanson 's Familles naturelles des plantes (1763) and until the end of the 19th century, the word famille (plural: familles ) was used as a French equivalent for this Latin ordo . This equivalence was explicitly stated in the Alphonse Pyramus de Candolle 's Lois de la nomenclature botanique (1868),

SECTION 50

#1732772446339

3120-481: The respective topography of stamens to carpels rather than just their numbers. While De Jussieu's Stamina Perigynia also included a number of 'orders' that would eventually form families within the Asparagales such as the Asphodeli ( Asphodelaceae ), Narcissi ( Amaryllidaceae ) and Irides ( Iridaceae ), the remainder are now allocated to other orders. Jussieu's Asparagi soon came to be referred to as Asparagacées in

3180-402: The rest. Within the monocots, Asparagales is the sister group of the commelinid clade. This cladogram shows the placement of Asparagales within the orders of Lilianae sensu Chase & Reveal (monocots) based on molecular phylogenetic evidence. The lilioid monocot orders are bracketed, namely Petrosaviales , Dioscoreales , Pandanales , Liliales and Asparagales. These constitute

3240-516: The suffix -virales . Herbaceous plant Herbaceous plants are vascular plants that have no persistent woody stems above ground. This broad category of plants includes many perennials , and nearly all annuals and biennials . The fourth edition of the Shorter Oxford English Dictionary defines "herb" as: The same dictionary defines "herbaceous" as: Botanical sources differ from each other on

3300-756: The taxa in an order called 'Liliiflorae'. Next Johannes Paulus Lotsy (1911) proposed dividing the Liliiflorae into a number of smaller families including Asparagaceae . Then Herbert Huber (1969, 1977), following Lotsy's example, proposed that the Liliiflorae be split into four groups including the 'Asparagoid' Liliiflorae . The widely used Cronquist system (1968–1988) used the very broadly defined order Liliales. These various proposals to separate small groups of genera into more homogeneous families made little impact till that of Dahlgren (1985) incorporating new information including synapomorphy . Dahlgren developed Huber's ideas further and popularised them, with

3360-664: The time of the next major British classification, that of the Bentham & Hooker system in 1883 (published in Latin) several of Lindley's other families had been absorbed into the Liliaceae. They used the term 'series' to indicate suprafamilial rank, with seven series of monocotyledons (including Glumaceae), but did not use Lindley's terms for these. However, they did place the Liliaceous and Amaryllidaceous genera into separate series. The Liliaceae were placed in series Coronariae, while

3420-428: The valley , Agapanthus ). Although most species in the order are herbaceous , some no more than 15 cm high, there are a number of climbers ( e.g. , some species of Asparagus ), as well as several genera forming trees (e.g. Agave , Cordyline , Yucca , Dracaena , Aloe ), which can exceed 10 m in height. Succulent genera occur in several families (e.g. Aloe ). Almost all species have

3480-418: Was adopted by Systema Naturae 2000 and others. In botany , the ranks of subclass and suborder are secondary ranks pre-defined as respectively above and below the rank of order. Any number of further ranks can be used as long as they are clearly defined. The superorder rank is commonly used, with the ending -anae that was initiated by Armen Takhtajan 's publications from 1966 onwards. The order as

3540-500: Was difficult to divide into families because morphological characters were not present in patterns that clearly demarcated groups. This kept the Liliaceae separate from the Amaryllidaceae (Narcissales). Of these, Liliaceae was divided into eleven tribes (with 133 genera) and Amaryllidaceae into four tribes (with 68 genera), yet both contained many genera that would eventually segregate to each other's contemporary orders (Liliales and Asparagales respectively). The Liliaceae would be reduced to

3600-559: Was first described by Michel Adanson in 1763, and in his taxonomic scheme he created eight sections within it, including the Asparagi with Asparagus and three other genera. The system of organising genera into families is generally credited to Antoine Laurent de Jussieu who formally described both the Liliaceae and the type family of Asparagales, the Asparagaceae , as Lilia and Asparagi, respectively, in 1789. Jussieu established

#338661