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80-629: Asperger syndrome , a former diagnosis (DSM-5) affecting social and communication skills, named after its discoverer Hans Asperger . Asperger or Asperger's may also refer to: Asperger syndrome Asperger syndrome ( AS ), also known as Asperger's syndrome or Asperger's , was a diagnosis used to describe a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by significant difficulties in social interaction and nonverbal communication , along with restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior and interests . Asperger syndrome has been merged with other conditions into autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and

160-495: A diagnosis of exclusion . Even if it does not result in a single probable disease or condition, it can at least rule out any imminently life-threatening conditions. Unless the provider is certain of the condition present, further medical tests, such as medical imaging, are performed or scheduled in part to confirm or disprove the diagnosis but also to document the patient's status and keep the patient's medical history up to date. If unexpected findings are made during this process,

240-451: A genetic predisposition . Asperger syndrome appears to result from developmental factors that affect many or all functional brain systems, as opposed to localized effects. Although the specific underpinnings of AS or factors that distinguish it from other ASDs are unknown, and no clear pathology common to individuals with AS has emerged, it is still possible that AS's mechanism is separate from other ASDs. Neuroanatomical studies and

320-480: A process of elimination or at least of rendering the entries more or less probable by further medical tests and other processing, aiming to reach the point where only one candidate disease or condition remains as probable. The result may also remain a list of possible conditions, ranked in order of probability or severity. Such a list is often generated by computer-aided diagnosis systems. The resultant diagnostic opinion by this method can be regarded more or less as

400-435: A spectrum of psychological disorders that are characterized by abnormalities of social interaction and communication that pervade the individual's functioning, and by restricted and repetitive interests and behavior. Like other neurodevelopmental conditions, ASD begins in infancy or childhood, has a steady course without remission or relapse, and has impairments that result from maturation-related changes in various systems of

480-450: A bicycle or opening a jar, and may seem to move awkwardly or feel "uncomfortable in their own skin". They may be poorly coordinated or have an odd or bouncy gait or posture, poor handwriting, or problems with motor coordination . They may show problems with proprioception (sensation of body position) on measures of developmental coordination disorder ( motor planning disorder), balance, tandem gait , and finger- thumb apposition . There

560-402: A brief summation or an extensive formulation, even taking the form of a story or metaphor. It might be a means of communication such as a computer code through which it triggers payment, prescription, notification, information or advice. It might be pathogenic or salutogenic . It is generally uncertain and provisional. Once a diagnostic opinion has been reached, the provider is able to propose

640-496: A connection with tics, and studies have reported a consistent comorbidity between AS and Tourette syndrome in the range of 8–20%, with one figure as high as 80% for tics of some kind or another, for which several explanations have been put forward, including common genetic factors and dopamine , glutamate , or serotonin abnormalities. According to the Adult Asperger Assessment (AAA) diagnostic test,

720-430: A demeanor that appears rigid or socially naïve. A history of failed attempts to establish reciprocal social relationships can cause autistic individuals to isolate themselves and cease attempts to engage; however, autistic people overwhelmingly report a desire for social contact and friendship. The hypothesis that individuals with Asperger syndrome are predisposed to violent or criminal behavior has been investigated but

800-523: A different therapy so it may be limited to cases where no diagnosis can be made. The term diagnostic criteria designates the specific combination of signs and symptoms , and test results that the clinician uses to attempt to determine the correct diagnosis. Some examples of diagnostic criteria, also known as clinical case definitions , are: Clinical decision support systems are interactive computer programs designed to assist health professionals with decision-making tasks. The clinician interacts with

880-490: A disease is diagnosed correctly, but the diagnosis is irrelevant. A correct diagnosis may be irrelevant because treatment for the disease is not available, not needed, or not wanted. Most people will experience at least one diagnostic error in their lifetime, according to a 2015 report by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine . Causes and factors of error in diagnosis are: When making

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960-462: A failure to develop friendships or to seek shared enjoyments or achievements with others (e.g., showing others objects of interest); a lack of social or emotional reciprocity ; and impaired nonverbal behaviors in areas such as eye contact , facial expression , posture, and gesture. People with Asperger syndrome may not be as withdrawn around others, compared with those with other forms of autism; they approach others, even if awkwardly. For example,

1040-415: A laboratory context, where they may be able to show a theoretical understanding of other people's emotions; however, they typically have difficulty acting on this knowledge in fluid, real-life situations. People with Asperger syndrome may analyze and distill their observations of social interaction into rigid behavioral guidelines and apply these rules in awkward ways, such as forced eye contact, resulting in

1120-467: A lack of interest in fiction and a positive preference towards non-fiction is common among adults with AS. Although individuals with Asperger syndrome acquire language skills without significant general delay and their speech typically lacks significant abnormalities, language acquisition and use is often atypical. Abnormalities include verbosity; abrupt transitions; literal interpretations and miscomprehension of nuance; use of metaphor meaningful only to

1200-464: A limited range of intonation: speech may be unusually fast, jerky, or loud. Speech may convey a sense of incoherence ; the conversational style often includes monologues about topics that bore the listener, fails to provide context for comments, or fails to suppress internal thoughts. Individuals with AS may fail to detect whether the listener is interested or engaged in the conversation. The speaker's conclusion or point may never be made, and attempts by

1280-457: A management plan, which will include treatment as well as plans for follow-up. From this point on, in addition to treating the patient's condition, the provider can educate the patient about the etiology , progression, prognosis , other outcomes, and possible treatments of her or his ailments, as well as providing advice for maintaining health. A treatment plan is proposed which may include therapy and follow-up consultations and tests to monitor

1360-619: A medical diagnosis, a lag time is a delay in time until a step towards diagnosis of a disease or condition is made. Types of lag times are mainly: Long lag times are often called "diagnostic odyssey". The first recorded examples of medical diagnosis are found in the writings of Imhotep (2630–2611 BC) in ancient Egypt (the Edwin Smith Papyrus ). A Babylonian medical textbook, the Diagnostic Handbook written by Esagil-kin-apli ( fl. 1069–1046 BC), introduced

1440-496: A model for training parents in problem behaviors in their children with AS showed that parents attending a one-day workshop or six individual lessons reported fewer behavioral problems, while parents receiving the individual lessons reported less intense behavioral problems in their AS children. Vocational training may be important to teach job interview etiquette and workplace behavior to older children and adults with AS, and organization software and personal data assistants can improve

1520-738: A multitude of biological processes , exerting influence over the maturation and functioning of the brain. Evidence for a genetic link is that AS tends to run in families where more family members have limited behavioral symptoms similar to AS (for example, some problems with social interaction, or with language and reading skills). Most behavioral genetic research suggests that all autism spectrum disorders have shared genetic mechanisms. There may be shared genes in which particular alleles make an individual vulnerable, and varying combinations result in differing severity and symptoms in each person with AS. A few ASD cases have been linked to exposure to teratogens (agents that cause birth defects ) during

1600-713: A narrow subject, one-sided verbosity , restricted prosody , and physical clumsiness are typical of the condition, but are not required for diagnosis. Suicidal thoughts and behaviors are a serious concern within the autistic population. One study found that adults with Asperger syndrome exhibited suicidal thoughts at 9 times the rate of the general population. Of autistic study participants, 66% had experienced suicidal ideation, while 35% had planned or attempted suicide. A lack of demonstrated empathy affects aspects of social relatability for persons with Asperger syndrome. Individuals with Asperger syndrome experience difficulties in basic elements of social interaction, which may include

1680-414: A number of methods or techniques that can be used in a diagnostic procedure, including performing a differential diagnosis or following medical algorithms . In reality, a diagnostic procedure may involve components of multiple methods. The method of differential diagnosis is based on finding as many candidate diseases or conditions as possible that can possibly cause the signs or symptoms, followed by

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1760-761: A person with Asperger syndrome may engage in a one-sided, long-winded speech about a favorite topic, while misunderstanding or not recognizing the listener's feelings or reactions, such as a wish to change the topic of talk or end the interaction. This social awkwardness has been called "active but odd". Such failures to react appropriately to social interaction may appear as disregard for other people's feelings and may come across as rude or insensitive. However, not all individuals with Asperger syndrome will approach others. Some may even display selective mutism , not speaking at all to most people and excessively to specific others. The cognitive ability of children with Asperger syndrome often allows them to articulate social norms in

1840-438: A result be guarded around people, which could appear as lack of empathy. People with Asperger profiles can still be caring individuals; indeed, it is particularly common for those with the profile to feel and exhibit deep concern for individual rights, human welfare, animal rights, environmental protection, and other global and humanitarian causes. Evidence suggests that in the " double empathy problem model, autistic people have

1920-420: A result of an incidental finding of a sign unrelated to the parameter of interest, such as can occur in comprehensive tests such as radiological studies like magnetic resonance imaging or blood test panels that also include blood tests that are not relevant for the ongoing diagnosis. General components which are present in a diagnostic procedure in most of the various available methods include: There are

2000-603: A routine check-up by a general practitioner or pediatrician may identify signs that warrant further investigation. The United States Preventive Services Task Force in 2016 found it was unclear if screening was beneficial or harmful among children in whom there are no concerns. Different screening instruments are used to diagnose AS, including the Asperger Syndrome Diagnostic Scale (ASDS); Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ); Childhood Autism Spectrum Test (CAST), previously called

2080-548: A unique interaction style which is significantly more readable by other autistic people, compared to non-autistic people." People with Asperger syndrome can display behavior, interests, and activities that are restricted and repetitive and are sometimes abnormally intense or focused. They may stick to inflexible routines, move in stereotyped and repetitive ways, preoccupy themselves with parts of objects, or engage in compulsive behaviors like lining objects up to form patterns. The pursuit of specific and narrow areas of interest

2160-626: Is weak central coherence theory , which hypothesizes that a limited ability to see the big picture underlies the central disturbance in ASD. A related theory—enhanced perceptual functioning—focuses more on the superiority of locally oriented and perceptual operations in autistic individuals. The mirror neuron system (MNS) theory hypothesizes that alterations to the development of the MNS interfere with imitation and lead to Asperger syndrome's core feature of social impairment. One study found that activation

2240-471: Is a spectrum and support varies dramatically depending on the individual. Medical diagnosis Diagnosis is often challenging because many signs and symptoms are nonspecific . For example, redness of the skin ( erythema ), by itself, is a sign of many disorders and thus does not tell the healthcare professional what is wrong. Thus differential diagnosis , in which several possible explanations are compared and contrasted, must be performed. This involves

2320-708: Is delayed in the core circuit for imitation in individuals with AS. This theory maps well to social cognition theories like the theory of mind , which hypothesizes that autistic behavior arises from impairments in ascribing mental states to oneself and others; or hyper-systemizing , which hypothesizes that autistic individuals can systematize internal operation to handle internal events but are less effective at empathizing when handling events generated by other agents. Standard diagnostic criteria require impairment in social interaction and repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior, activities, and interests, without significant delay in language or cognitive development. Unlike

2400-416: Is little support for increased fight-or-flight response or failure of habituation in autism; there is more evidence of decreased responsiveness to sensory stimuli, although several studies show no differences. Hans Asperger's initial accounts and other diagnostic schemes include descriptions of physical clumsiness. Children with AS may be delayed in acquiring skills requiring dexterity , such as riding

2480-440: Is most commonly made between the ages of four and eleven. A comprehensive assessment involves a multidisciplinary team that observes across multiple settings, and includes neurological and genetic assessment as well as tests for cognition, psychomotor function, verbal and nonverbal strengths and weaknesses, style of learning, and skills for independent living. The "gold standard" in diagnosing ASDs combines clinical judgment with

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2560-495: Is no evidence that these motor skills problems differentiate AS from other high-functioning ASDs. Children with AS are more likely to have sleep problems, including difficulty in falling asleep, frequent nocturnal awakenings , and early morning awakenings. AS is also associated with high levels of alexithymia , which is difficulty in identifying and describing one's emotions. Although AS, lower sleep quality, and alexithymia are associated with each other, their causal relationship

2640-751: Is no longer a diagnosis in the WHO 's ICD-11 or the APA 's DSM-5-TR . It was considered milder than other diagnoses which were merged into ASD due to relatively unimpaired spoken language and intelligence . The syndrome was named in 1976 by English psychiatrist Lorna Wing after the Austrian pediatrician Hans Asperger , who, in 1944, described children in his care who struggled to form friendships, did not understand others' gestures or feelings , engaged in one-sided conversations about their favorite interests , and were clumsy. In 1990 (coming into effect in 1993),

2720-464: Is not "a disease that can be removed or cured". According to the Royal College of Psychiatrists , while co-occurring conditions might require treatment, "management of autism itself is chiefly about the provision of the education, training, and social support/care required to improve the person's ability to function in the everyday world". The effectiveness of particular interventions for autism

2800-400: Is not supported by data. More evidence suggests that children diagnosed with Asperger syndrome are more likely to be victims, rather than offenders. A 2008 review found that about 80% of reported violent criminals with Asperger syndrome also had other coexisting psychotic psychiatric disorders such as schizoaffective disorder . However, it must be noted that the sample size of this review

2880-459: Is not the same as the individual's diagnosis.) A total evaluation of a condition is often termed a diagnostic workup. A diagnostic procedure may be performed by various healthcare professionals such as a physician , physiotherapist , dentist , podiatrist , optometrist , nurse practitioner , healthcare scientist or physician assistant . This article uses diagnostician as any of these person categories. A diagnostic procedure (as well as

2960-467: Is not well understood. While it has high heritability , the underlying genetics have not been determined conclusively. Environmental factors are also believed to play a role. Brain imaging has not identified a common underlying condition . There is no single treatment, and the UK's National Health Service (NHS) guidelines suggest that "treatment" of any form of autism should not be a goal, since autism

3040-586: Is one of the most striking among possible features of AS. Individuals with AS may collect volumes of detailed information on a relatively narrow topic such as weather data or star names without necessarily having a genuine understanding of the broader topic. For example, a child might memorize camera model numbers while caring little about photography. This behavior is usually apparent by age five or six. Although these special interests may change from time to time, they typically become more unusual and narrowly focused and often dominate social interaction so much that

3120-469: Is supported by only limited data. Interventions may include social skills training, cognitive behavioral therapy , physical therapy , speech therapy , parent training , and medications for associated problems, such as mood or anxiety. Autistic characteristics tend to become less obvious in adulthood, but social and communication difficulties usually persist. In 2015, Asperger syndrome was estimated to affect 37.2 million people globally, or about 0.5% of

3200-472: Is tailored to the needs of the individual based on multidisciplinary assessment. Although progress has been made, data supporting the efficacy of particular interventions are limited. Managing ASD may involve multiple therapies that address core symptoms of the disorder. While many professionals agree that the earlier the professional support the better, there is no combination that is recommended above others. Professional support for ASD varies depending on

3280-528: Is unclear whether there is a practical benefit in distinguishing AS from autism or PDD-NOS; different screening tools may render different diagnoses for the same person. Many children with AS are initially misdiagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Diagnosing adults is more challenging, as standard diagnostic criteria are designed for children and the expression of AS changes with age. Adult diagnosis requires painstaking clinical examination and thorough medical history gained from both

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3360-475: Is unclear. Hans Asperger described common traits among his patients' family members, especially fathers, and research supports this observation and suggests a genetic contribution to Asperger syndrome. Although no specific genetic factor has yet been identified, multiple factors are believed to play a role in the expression of autism, given the variability in symptoms seen in children. Hundreds of genes have been linked to AS, and these genes play crucial role in

3440-677: The Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R), a semistructured parent interview; and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS), a conversation and play-based interview with the child. Delayed or mistaken diagnosis can be traumatic for individuals and families; for example, misdiagnosis can lead to medications that worsen behavior. Underdiagnosis and overdiagnosis may be problems. The cost and difficulty of screening and assessment can delay diagnosis. Conversely,

3520-564: The Greek word διάγνωσις ( diágnōsis ) from διαγιγνώσκειν ( diagignṓskein ), meaning "to discern, distinguish". Diagnosis can take many forms. It might be a matter of naming the disease, lesion, dysfunction or disability. It might be a management-naming or prognosis-naming exercise. It may indicate either degree of abnormality on a continuum or kind of abnormality in a classification. It is influenced by non-medical factors such as power, ethics and financial incentives for patient or doctor. It can be

3600-409: The correlation of various pieces of information followed by the recognition and differentiation of patterns. Occasionally the process is made easy by a sign or symptom (or a group of several) that is pathognomonic . Diagnosis is a major component of the procedure of a doctor's visit . From the point of view of statistics , the diagnostic procedure involves classification tests . A diagnosis, in

3680-574: The Childhood Asperger Syndrome Test; Gilliam Asperger's disorder scale (GADS); Krug Asperger's Disorder Index (KADI); and the autism-spectrum quotient (AQ), with versions for children, adolescents, and adults. None have been shown to reliably differentiate between AS and other ASDs. Treatment attempts to manage distressing symptoms and to teach age-appropriate social, communication, and vocational skills that are not naturally acquired during development. Intervention

3760-445: The actual process of making a diagnosis is a cognitive process. A clinician uses several sources of data and puts the pieces of the puzzle together to make a diagnostic impression. The initial diagnostic impression can be a broad term describing a category of diseases instead of a specific disease or condition. After the initial diagnostic impression, the clinician obtains follow up tests and procedures to get more data to support or reject

3840-427: The associations with teratogens strongly suggest that the mechanism includes alteration of brain development soon after conception. Abnormal fetal development may affect the final structure and connectivity of the brain, resulting in altered neural circuits controlling thought and behavior. Several theories of mechanism are available; none are likely to provide a complete explanation. One general-processing theory

3920-414: The brain. As a pervasive developmental disorder , Asperger syndrome is distinguished by a pattern of symptoms rather than a single symptom. It is characterized by qualitative impairment in social interaction, by stereotyped and restricted patterns of behavior, activities, and interests, and by no clinically significant delay in cognitive development or general delay in language. Intense preoccupation with

4000-403: The case of CBT and talking therapies, the effectiveness varies, with many reporting that they appeared 'too self-aware' to gain significant benefit, as the therapy was designed with neurotypical people in mind. In autistic children, specifically, they also report that it is only mildly beneficial in aiding with their anxieties. A typical program of professional support generally includes: Of

4080-409: The cognitive basis of humor, they seem to lack understanding of the intent of humor to share the enjoyment with others. Despite strong evidence of impaired humor appreciation, anecdotal reports of humor in individuals with AS seem to challenge some psychological theories of AS and autism. Individuals with Asperger syndrome may have signs or symptoms that are independent of the diagnosis but can affect

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4160-428: The condition and the progress of the treatment, if needed, usually according to the medical guidelines provided by the medical field on the treatment of the particular illness. Relevant information should be added to the medical record of the patient. A failure to respond to treatments that would normally work may indicate a need for review of the diagnosis. Nancy McWilliams identifies five reasons that determine

4240-403: The condition remain. The extent of the overlap between Asperger syndrome and other forms of autism, particularly what was sometimes called high-functioning autism is unclear. The ASD classification is to some extent an artifact of how autism was discovered, and it may not reflect the true nature of the spectrum; methodological problems have beset Asperger syndrome as a valid diagnosis from

4320-568: The decision. Other methods that can be used in performing a diagnostic procedure include: Diagnosis problems are the dominant cause of medical malpractice payments, accounting for 35% of total payments in a study of 25 years of data and 350,000 claims. Overdiagnosis is the diagnosis of "disease" that will never cause symptoms or death during a patient's lifetime. It is a problem because it turns people into patients unnecessarily and because it can lead to economic waste ( overutilization ) and treatments that may cause harm. Overdiagnosis occurs when

4400-410: The demand on autistic people to mask their neurodivergent characteristics or behaviors to favor a more ' neurotypical ' and narrow conception of normality. ABA has faced a great deal of criticism over the years. Recently, studies have shown that ABA may be abusive and can increase PTSD symptoms in patients. The Autistic Self Advocacy Network campaigns against the use of ABA in autism. In

4480-569: The diagnosis of Asperger syndrome was included in the tenth edition ( ICD-10 ) of the World Health Organization 's International Classification of Diseases , and in 1994, it was also included in the fourth edition (DSM-4) of the American Psychiatric Association 's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders . However, with the publication of DSM-5 in 2013 the syndrome was removed, and

4560-616: The entire family may become immersed. Because narrow topics often capture the interest of children, this symptom may go unrecognized. Stereotyped and repetitive motor behaviors, called stimming , are a core part of the diagnosis of AS and other ASDs. Stims are believed to be used for self-soothing and regulate sensory input . They include hand movements such as flapping or twisting, and complex whole-body movements. These are typically repeated in longer bursts and look more voluntary or ritualistic than tics , which are usually faster, less rhythmical, and less often symmetrical. Stimming may have

4640-492: The first eight weeks from conception . Although this does not exclude the possibility that ASD can be initiated or affected later, it is strong evidence that ASD arises very early in development. Many environmental factors have been hypothesized to act after birth, but none has been confirmed by scientific investigation. These environmental elements can act as independent and significant risk factors, or they can potentially influence pre-existing genetic factors in people who have

4720-404: The human gut and the central nervous system via the gut-brain axis (GBA). Any disruption in gut health has been linked to an increased susceptibility to diverse neurodevelopmental disorders . It is vital to remember that research of AS specifically operates upon the out-dated classification of this syndrome as external to ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder). Similarly, we should also note that ASD

4800-456: The increasing popularity of drug treatment options and the expansion of benefits has motivated providers to overdiagnose ASD. There are indications AS has been diagnosed more frequently in recent years, partly as a residual diagnosis for children of normal intelligence who are not autistic but have social difficulties. There are questions about the external validity of the AS diagnosis. That is, it

4880-780: The individual and other people who know the person, focusing on childhood behavior. Conditions that must be considered in a differential diagnosis along with ADHD include other ASDs, the schizophrenia spectrum , personality disorders , obsessive–compulsive disorder , major depressive disorder , semantic pragmatic disorder , nonverbal learning disorder , social anxiety disorder , Tourette syndrome , stereotypic movement disorder , bipolar disorder , social-cognitive deficits due to brain damage from alcohol use disorder , and obsessive–compulsive personality disorder (OCPD). Parents of children with Asperger syndrome can typically trace differences in their children's development to as early as 30 months of age. Developmental screening during

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4960-932: The individual or the family. These include differences in perception and problems with motor skills, sleep, and emotions. Individuals with AS often have excellent auditory and visual perception . Children with ASD often demonstrate enhanced perception of small changes in patterns such as arrangements of objects or well-known images; typically this is domain-specific and involves processing of fine-grained features. Conversely, compared with individuals with high-functioning autism, individuals with AS have deficits in some tasks involving visual-spatial perception, auditory perception, or visual memory . Many accounts of individuals with AS and ASD report other unusual sensory and perceptual skills and experiences. They may be unusually sensitive or insensitive to sound, light, and other stimuli; these sensory responses are found in other developmental disorders and are not specific to AS or to ASD. There

5040-408: The individual; it takes into account the linguistic capabilities, verbal strengths, and nonverbal vulnerabilities of individuals. Many of those diagnosed with ASD or similar disorders advocate against behavioral therapies, like Applied behavior analysis (ABA) and Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), often as part of the autism rights movement , on the grounds that these approaches frequently reinforce

5120-428: The initial hypothesis may be ruled out and the provider must then consider other hypotheses. In a pattern recognition method the provider uses experience to recognize a pattern of clinical characteristics. It is mainly based on certain symptoms or signs being associated with certain diseases or conditions, not necessarily involving the more cognitive processing involved in a differential diagnosis. This may be

5200-589: The international standard, the DSM-IV-TR criteria also required significant impairment in day-to-day functioning; As noted above, in the 2000s, Asperger syndrome, as a separate diagnosis, was eliminated and folded into autism spectrum disorder in the DSM-5 and the ICD-11 . Other sets of diagnostic criteria have been proposed by Szatmari et al. and by Gillberg and Gillberg . Diagnosis of ASD (and previously AS)

5280-544: The listener to elaborate on the speech's content or logic, or to shift to related topics, are often unsuccessful. Children with AS may have a sophisticated vocabulary at a young age and such children have often been colloquially called "little professors" but have difficulty understanding figurative language and tend to use language literally. Children with AS appear to have particular weaknesses in areas of nonliteral language that include humor , irony , teasing , and sarcasm . Although individuals with AS usually understand

5360-430: The many studies on behavior-based early intervention programs, most are case reports of up to five participants and typically examine a few problem behaviors such as self-injury , aggression , noncompliance, stereotypies , or spontaneous language; unintended side effects are largely ignored. Despite the popularity of social skills training, its effectiveness is not firmly established. A randomized controlled study of

5440-652: The opinion reached thereby) does not necessarily involve elucidation of the etiology of the diseases or conditions of interest, that is, what caused the disease or condition. Such elucidation can be useful to optimize treatment, further specify the prognosis or prevent recurrence of the disease or condition in the future. The initial task is to detect a medical indication to perform a diagnostic procedure. Indications include: Even during an already ongoing diagnostic procedure, there can be an indication to perform another, separate, diagnostic procedure for another, potentially concomitant, disease or condition. This may occur as

5520-418: The original diagnosis and will attempt to narrow it down to a more specific level. Diagnostic procedures are the specific tools that the clinicians use to narrow the diagnostic possibilities. The plural of diagnosis is diagnoses . The verb is to diagnose, and a person who diagnoses is called a diagnostician . The word diagnosis / d aɪ . ə ɡ ˈ n oʊ s ɪ s / is derived through Latin from

5600-478: The output of a heart monitor. Such automated processes are usually deemed a "device" by the FDA and require regulatory approval. In contrast, clinical decision support systems that "support" but do not replace the clinician are deemed to be "Augmented Intelligence" if it meets the FDA criteria that (1) it reveals the underlying data, (2) reveals the underlying logic, and (3) leaves the clinician in charge to shape and make

5680-399: The outset. As noted above, in the 2000s, Asperger syndrome, as a separate diagnosis, was eliminated and folded into autism spectrum disorder in the DSM-5 and the ICD-11 . Like the diagnosis of Asperger syndrome, the change was controversial. The World Health Organization (WHO) previously defined Asperger syndrome (AS) as one of the pervasive developmental disorders (PDD), which are

5760-466: The population. The exact percentage of people affected has still not been firmly established. Autism spectrum disorder is diagnosed in males more often than females, and females are typically diagnosed at a later age. The modern conception of Asperger syndrome came into existence in 1981 and went through a period of popularization. It became a standardized diagnosis in the 1990s and was merged into ASD in 2013. Many questions and controversies about

5840-416: The primary method used in cases where diseases are "obvious", or the provider's experience may enable him or her to recognize the condition quickly. Theoretically, a certain pattern of signs or symptoms can be directly associated with a certain therapy, even without a definite decision regarding what is the actual disease, but such a compromise carries a substantial risk of missing a diagnosis which actually has

5920-405: The sense of diagnostic procedure, can be regarded as an attempt at classification of an individual's condition into separate and distinct categories that allow medical decisions about treatment and prognosis to be made. Subsequently, a diagnostic opinion is often described in terms of a disease or other condition. (In the case of a wrong diagnosis, however, the individual's actual disease or condition

6000-402: The software utilizing both the clinician's knowledge and the software to make a better analysis of the patients data than either human or software could make on their own. Typically the system makes suggestions for the clinician to look through and the clinician picks useful information and removes erroneous suggestions. Some programs attempt to do this by replacing the clinician, such as reading

6080-500: The speaker; auditory perception deficits ; unusually pedantic , formal , or idiosyncratic speech; and oddities in loudness, pitch , intonation , prosody , and rhythm. Echolalia has also been observed in individuals with AS. Three aspects of communication patterns are of clinical interest: poor prosody, tangential and circumstantial speech , and marked verbosity. Although inflection and intonation may be less rigid or monotonic than in classic autism, people with AS often have

6160-498: The symptoms are now included within autism spectrum disorder along with classic autism and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS). It was similarly merged into autism spectrum disorder in the International Classification of Diseases ( ICD-11 ) in 2018 (published, coming into effect in 2022). The exact cause of autism, including what was formerly known as Asperger syndrome,

6240-483: The use of empiricism , logic and rationality in the diagnosis of an illness or disease . Traditional Chinese Medicine , as described in the Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon or Huangdi Neijing , specified four diagnostic methods: inspection, auscultation-olfaction, inquiry and palpation . Hippocrates was known to make diagnoses by tasting his patients' urine and smelling their sweat. Medical diagnosis or

6320-428: The work and life management of people with AS. Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT) is an innovative therapy for AS that aims to restore microbial balance in the patient's gastrointestinal tract by introducing healthy fecal microbiota acquired from people with a diverse microbial composition. This approach attempts to reconstruct the patient's gut microbiota by taking into account the intricate interactions between

6400-488: Was small ( n = 37). People with an Asperger profile might not be recognized for their empathetic qualities, due to variation in the ways empathy is felt and expressed. Some people feel deep empathy, but do not outwardly communicate these sentiments through facial expressions or language. Some people come to empathy through intellectual processes, using logic and reasoning to arrive at the feelings. People with Asperger profiles may be bullied or excluded by peers, and might as

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