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84-566: Atyrau is famous for its oil and gas industries. It has a population of 355,117 as of 2020. It is predominantly made up of Kazakhs , the minorities being Russians , Koreans , Tatars and Uzbeks . The wooden fort at the mouth of the Yaik River was founded in 1645 as Nizhny Yaitzky gorodok (literally, Lower Yaik Fort ) by the Russian trader Gury Nazarov, a native of Yaroslavl , who specialized in trade with Khiva and Bukhara . The fort

168-661: A nomadic lifestyle, Kazakhs keep an epic tradition of oral history which goes back centuries. It is most commonly relayed in the form of song ( kyi ) and poetry ( zhyr ), which typically tell the stories of Kazakh national heroes. The Kazakh oral tradition is sometimes has political themes. The highly influential Kazakh poet Abai Qunanbaiuly viewed it as the ideal way to transmit the pro- Westernization ideals of his colleagues. The Kazakh oral tradition has also overlapped with ethnic nationalism, and has been used to transmit pride in Kazakh identity. In modern Kazakhstan, tribalism

252-617: A broadly South Asian population. Overall, Kazakhs show their closest genetic affinity with other Central Asian populations, namely the Kalmyks , Karakalpaks , Kyrgyz , and Altaians , but also Mongolians and Tuvans . A total of 464 representatives of the Western Kazakh tribes of Kazakhstan (Western Kazakhs, n = 405) and Uzbekistan (Karakalpakstan Kazakhs, n = 59) were examined by the Yfiler Plus set. The data are available in

336-549: A common language (Turkic), political ideology (based on Mongol traditions), royal lineage (Chinggisid related), ethnic identity (“Mongol Turks” [Turk-i mughūl]), and religion (Sunni Islam), and who still dominated much of the vast region stretching from the Crimea in the west to the Tien Shan Mountains in the east, and from southern Siberia in the north to northern India in the south during the post-Mongol period. At

420-616: A global frequency of 51.9%. The structure analysis of the 1164 individuals indicated the presence of 20 ancestral groups and a complex three-subclade organization of the C2-M217 haplogroup in Kazakhs, a result supported by the multidimensional scaling analysis. Additionally, while the majority of the haplotypes and tribes overlapped, a distinct cluster of the O2 haplogroup, mostly of the Naiman tribe,

504-644: A number of Kazakh communities can be found in various cities and towns spread throughout the country. Some of the major population centers with a significant Kazakh presence include Ulaanbaatar (90% in khoroo #4 of Nalaikh düüreg ), Töv and Selenge provinces, Erdenet , Darkhan , Bulgan , Sharyngol (17.1% of population total) and Berkh cities. As of the beginning of 2021, more than 821,000 ethnic Kazakhs lived in Uzbekistan. They live mostly in Karakalpakstan and northern Uzbekistan. During

588-579: A number of educated Kazakh poets from Muslim madrasahs incited a revolt against Russia. Russia's response was to set up secular schools and devise a way of writing Kazakh with the Cyrillic alphabet, which was not widely accepted. By 1917, the Arabic script for Kazakh was reintroduced, even in schools and local government. In 1927, a Kazakh nationalist movement sprang up against the Soviet Union but

672-521: A powerful khanate of their own. The term Kazakh is used to refer to ethnic Kazakhs, while the term Kazakhstani refers to all citizens of Kazakhstan, regardless of ethnicity. The Kazakhs likely began using the name Kazakh during the 15th century. There are many theories on the origin of the word Kazakh or Qazaq. Some speculate that it comes from the Turkic verb qaz ("wanderer, brigand, vagabond, warrior, free, independent") or that it derives from

756-540: A result of the oil industry, the air in the city is polluted with toxic hydrogen sulfide gas. The air in the city was found to regularly exceed the maximum permissible concentration and constantly had a 'rotten eggs' smell. There are three major institutions of higher education in Atyrau (all state-owned): Atyrau Institute of Engineering and Humanities, Atyrau University of Oil and Gas named after Safi Utebayev, and Atyrau University named after Khalel Dosmukhamedov. The city

840-776: A significant number of Kazakhs became refugees in Iran. Iranian Kazakhs live mainly in Golestan Province in northern Iran . According to ethnologue.org, in 1982 there were 3000 Kazakhs living in the city of Gorgan . Since the fall of the Soviet Union , the number of Kazakhs in Iran decreased because of emigration to their historical motherland. Kazakhs fled to Afghanistan in the 1930s escaping Bolshevik persecution. Kazakh historian Gulnar Mendikulova cites that there were between 20,000 and 24,000 Kazakhs in Afghanistan as of 1978. Some assimilated locally and cannot speak

924-609: A smaller Korolev field as well as several exploratory prospects. Sizewise, Tengiz reservoir is 19 km (12 mi) wide and 21 km (13 mi) long. Discovered in 1979, Tengiz oil field is one of the largest discoveries in recent history. The city of Atyrau , 350 kilometres (220 mi) north of Tengiz, is the main transport hub of Tengiz oil. Many nations are involved in a large geopolitical competition to secure access to this source of oil. The Tengiz field, first discovered in 1979, has recoverable reserves estimated at between six billion and nine billion barrels. The field

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1008-663: A total of 237 Kazakhs from Altai Republic and found that they belonged to the following haplogroups: D(xD5) (15.6%), C (10.5%), F1 (6.8%), B4 (5.1%), G2a (4.6%), A (4.2%), B5 (4.2%), M(xC, Z, M8a, D, G, M7, M9a, M13) (3.0%), D5 (2.1%), G2(xG2a) (2.1%), G4 (1.7%), N9a (1.7%), G(xG2, G4) (0.8%), M7 (0.8%), M13 (0.8%), Y1 (0.8%), Z (0.4%), M8a (0.4%), M9a (0.4%), and F2 (0.4%) for a total of 66.7% mtDNA of Eastern Eurasian origin or affinity and H (10.5%), U(xU1, U3, U4, U5) (3.4%), J (3.0%), N1a (3.0%), R(xB4, B5, F1, F2, T, J, U, HV) (3.0%), I (2.1%), U5 (2.1%), T (1.7%), U4 (1.3%), U1 (0.8%), K (0.8%), N1b (0.4%), W (0.4%), U3 (0.4%), and HV (0.4%) for

1092-624: A total of 33.3% mtDNA of West-Eurasian origin or affinity. Comparing their samples of Kazakhs from Altai Republic with samples of Kazakhs from Kazakhstan and Kazakhs from Xinjiang, the authors have noted that "haplogroups A, B, C, D, F1, G2a, H, and M were present in all of them, suggesting that these lineages represent the common maternal gene pool from which these different Kazakh populations emerged." In every sample of Kazakhs, D (predominantly northern East Asian, such as Japanese, Okinawan, Korean, Manchu, Mongol, Han Chinese, Tibetan, etc. , but also having several branches among indigenous peoples of

1176-698: A unique pedestrian suspension bridge was built. The 551-meter-long (1,808-foot) bridge is listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the longest pedestrian bridge in the world. From the middle of the bridge over the Urals there are views of Azattyk Avenue and its surroundings. In 2009, the Sultan Beibars was opened – a four-lane bridge with a throughput capacity of 5–7 thousand cars a day, 800 meters (2,600 feet) long with access roads, 380.74 meters (1,249.1 feet) long and 22 meters (72 feet) wide. The width of

1260-613: Is 8,900 spectators. Atyrau Airport ( IATA : GUW , ICAO : UATG ) serves the city of Atyrau. The airport is located 8 km northwest of Atyrau. The airport hosts 6 airlines, mostly operating domestic flights, and is the focus city of the flag carrier airline Air Astana . In 2019, it was the 5th busiest airport in Kazakhstan, as 937,032 people had passed the airport in that year. There are some international destinations, such as flights to Moscow , operated by Aeroflot , Amsterdam and Istanbul , both operated by Air Astana. There

1344-721: Is Kazakhstan's main harbour city on the Caspian Sea , Atyrau at the delta of the Ural River . Atyrau city is approximately 20 metres (66 feet) below sea level . The city is considered to be located both in Asia and Europe , as it is divided by the Ural River . The city is a hub for the oil -rich Caspian Depression ; because of this, many oil wells have been drilled in the Tengiz Field and Kashagan Field areas. An oil pipeline runs from Atyrau to Samara , where it joins

1428-579: Is a member of the Turkic language family , as are Uzbek , Kyrgyz , Tatar , Uyghur , Turkmen , modern Turkish , Azerbaijani and many other living and historical languages spoken in Eastern Europe , Central Asia , Xinjiang , and Siberia . Kazakh belongs to the Kipchak (Northwestern) group of the Turkic language family. Kazakh is characterized, in distinction to other Turkic languages, by

1512-412: Is a railway station, located northeast of Atyrau. There are mainly domestic routes, such as routes to large cities Almaty , Aktobe and Astana , but there's also international routes, such as a route to Russian cities Astrakhan , Saratov , Moscow , Volgograd and Tajikistani cities Kulob , Khujand , Dushanbe and Uzbekistan 's capital Tashkent . Atyrau is twinned with: On August 28, 1965,

1596-520: Is designed to further increase total daily production from the Tengiz reservoir and maximize the ultimate recovery of resources. The FGP will use state-of-the-art sour gas injection technology, successfully developed and proven during TCO’s previous expansion in 2008, to increase daily crude oil production from Tengiz by approximately 260,000 barrels per day. Kazakhstan finalized the consortium agreement with Chevron in 1993. In 1997, Lukoil purchased 5% in

1680-648: Is designed to process 2.4 million tons/year of raw materials (oil and vacuum gas oil ). The project will increase the depth of the oil processing at the refinery by 2016 to 85%. The volume of oil refining will reach 5.5 million tons per year. Atyrau is located near Tengiz field , which is operated in part by Chevron . Most families of Chevron employees live in Dostyk village, a compound that includes housing, recreational facilities, and an international school . Atyrau also has expatriate populations working for Agip , ExxonMobil , Royal Dutch Shell , and ConocoPhillips . As

1764-677: Is estimated at 35% to 37.5% in two Kazakh populations. Another study estimated a lower average Western admixture of slightly less than 30%. These results are inline with historical demographic information on northern Central Asia. Neighboring Karakalpaks , Kyrgyz , Tubalar , and the Xinjiang Ölöd tribe, have the strongest resemblance to the Kazakh genome. A study on allele frequency and genetic polymorphism by Katsuyama et al. , found that Kazakhs cluster together with Japanese people , Hui people , Han Chinese , and Uyghurs in contrast to West Eurasian reference groups. A 2020 genetic study on

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1848-446: Is fading away in business and government life. However, it is still common for Kazakhs to ask each other about the tribe they belong to when they become acquainted with one another. Now, it is more of a tradition than a necessity, and there is no hostility between tribes. Kazakhs, regardless of their tribal origin, consider themselves one nation. Those modern-day Kazakhs who yet remember their tribes know that their tribes belong to one of

1932-544: Is home to the basketball team BC Barsy Atyrau . The team competes in the international FIBA Asia Champions Cup and the Kazakhstan Basketball Championship . It plays its home games at the Sports and Recreation complex Atyrau . There is a multi-use stadium called Munaishy Stadium , which is mostly used for football matches and it is home to the football club FC Atyrau . The stadium's capacity

2016-730: Is low throughout the year. Snow is common, though light in winter. The lowest temperature on record is −37.9 °C (−36.2 °F), recorded in 1909, and the highest temperature is 44.6 °C (112.3 °F), recorded in August 1940. It is much more continental than areas further west on the European continent, with summers characterized by temperatures averaging 33 °C (91 °F) and lack of precipitation, resembling continental hot-summer mediterranean climates, and subarctic winters with little snow but with chilling temperatures. These vast temperature swings are more comparable to Siberia and

2100-572: Is near Chu, on the western limit of Moghulistán, where they dwelt in peace and content. On the death of Abulkhair Khán the Ulus of the Uzbegs fell into confusion, and constant strife arose among them. Most of them joined the party of Karáy Khán and Jáni Beg Khán. They numbered about 200,000 persons, and received the name of Uzbeg-Kazák. The Kazák Sultáns began to reign in the year 870 [1465–1466] (but God knows best), and they continued to enjoy absolute power in

2184-802: Is one Kazakh autonomous prefecture , the Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and three Kazakh autonomous counties : Aksai Kazakh Autonomous County in Gansu , Barkol Kazakh Autonomous County and Mori Kazakh Autonomous County in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. At least one million Uyghurs , Kazakhs and other Muslims in Xinjiang have been detained in mass detention camps , termed " reeducation camps ", aimed at changing

2268-409: Is rich in the compound hydrogen sulfide yielding poisonous sulfur. On 23 June 1985 an explosion occurred after oil and gas violently made its way to the surface from a depth of 4 km, causing a 200-metre (660 ft)-high, 50-metre (160 ft) wide column of fire visible from 140 kilometres (87 mi), killing one man. The deadly gas made it impossible for Soviet firefighters to quickly extinguish

2352-564: The Amur region . There is also evidence for contact with Iranian, Uralic and Yeniseian peoples. The Kazakhs emerged as an ethno-linguistic group during the early 15th century from a confederation of several, mostly Turkic-speaking pastoral nomadic groups of Northern Central Asia . The Kazakhs are the most northerly of the Central Asian peoples, inhabiting a large expanse of territory in northern Central Asia and southern Siberia known as

2436-538: The Kazakh Steppe . The tribal groups formed a powerful confederation that grew wealthy on the trade passing through the steppe lands along the fabled Silk Road. Kazakh was a common term throughout medieval Central Asia , generally with regard to individuals or groups who had taken or achieved independence from a figure of authority. Timur described his own youth without direct authority as his Qazaqliq ("freedom", "Qazaq-ness"). In Turco-Persian sources,

2520-596: The Mongol Empire , the Golden Horde and the Kazakh Khanate , which was established in 1465. The exact place of origins of the Turkic peoples has been a topic of much discussion. Early Medieval Turkic peoples who migrated into Central Asia displayed genetic affinities with Ancient Northeast Asians , deriving around 62% of their ancestry from a gene pool maximized among Neolithic hunter-gatherers in

2604-522: The North American plains. The unofficial record high temperature is 50 °C (122 °F) on 4 July 1911, which would be the highest temperature recorded in Kazakhstan. The third biggest refinery in Kazakhstan is located in Atyrau. Atyrau Refinery is operated by KazMunayGas and has a capacity of 16,600 m³/day (2012). A deep oil refining complex is under construction which is the final stage of complete reconstruction of Atyrau Oil Refinery. This project

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2688-518: The Proto-Turkic word * khasaq (a wheeled cart used by the Kazakhs to transport their yurts and belongings). Another theory on the origin of the word Kazakh (originally Qazaq ) is that it comes from the ancient Turkic word qazğaq , first mentioned on the 8th century Turkic monument of Uyuk-Turan. According to Turkic linguist Vasily Radlov and Orientalist Veniamin Yudin ,

2772-707: The Qajar period, Iran bought Kazakh slaves who were falsely masqueraded as Kalmyks by slave dealers from Khiva and Turkmens. Kazakhs of the Aday tribe inhabited the border regions of the Russian Empire with Iran since the 18th century. The Kazakhs made up 20% of the population of the Trans-Caspian region according to the 1897 census. As a result of the Kazakhs' rebellion against the Russian Empire in 1870,

2856-631: The routing of oil out of this oil field. Oil from the Tengiz field is primarily routed to the Russian Black Sea port of Novorossiysk through the Caspian Pipeline Consortium (CPC) project. The Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline is an alternative pipeline developed by U.S. and UK interests originating in the Southern Caspian which is the principal export route for crude from Azerbaijan and bypasses dependence on

2940-729: The 13th and 14th centuries in the Mongol states of the Qipchaq Steppe. It was from this Jochid/ Uzbek ulus (Golden Horde) that the Kazakh identity emerged when the nomads of the eastern Qipchaq Steppe became divided into the Kazakhs and the Shibanid Uzbeks at the turn of the 16th century. Seen from a broader perspective, the Kazakhs belonged to the Chinggisid uluses, others being the Shibanid Uzbeks, Crimean Tatars, Manghits/Noghays, and Chaghatays (Moghuls and Timurids), who shared

3024-715: The 18th century after the Dzungar genocide resulted in the native Buddhist Dzungar Oirat population being massacred. Kazakhs, called " 哈萨克 族 " in Chinese ( pinyin : Hāsàkè Zú ; lit. 'Kazakh people" or "Kazakh tribe') are among 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China . According to the census data of 2020, Kazakhs had a population of 1,562,518, ranking 18th among all ethnic groups in China. Thousands of Kazakhs fled to China during

3108-603: The 1932–1933 famine in Kazakhstan. In 1936, after Sheng Shicai expelled 30,000 Kazakhs from Xinjiang to Qinghai, Hui led by General Ma Bufang massacred their fellow Muslim Kazakhs, until there were 135 of them left. From Northern Xinjiang, over 7,000 Kazakhs fled to the Tibetan-Qinghai plateau region via Gansu and were wreaking massive havoc so Ma Bufang solved the problem by relegating Kazakhs to designated pastureland in Qinghai, but Hui, Tibetans, and Kazakhs in

3192-664: The Americas ) is the most frequently observed haplogroup (with nearly all of those Kazakhs belonging to the D4 subclade), and the second-most frequent haplogroup is either H (predominantly European) or C (predominantly indigenous Siberian, though some branches are present in the Americas, East Asia, and northern and eastern Europe ). In a sample of 54 Kazakhs and 119 Altaian Kazakh, the main paternal lineages of Kazakhs are: C (66.7% and 59.5%), O (9% and 26%), N (2% and 0%), J (4% and 0%), R (9% and 1%) respectively. In Russia ,

3276-594: The Arab world, leading to a diplomatic dispute between Kazakhstan and several Arab countries including Jordan and Lebanon. Estimated at up to 25 billion barrels (4.0 × 10 ^  m ) of oil originally in place, Tengiz is the sixth largest oil field in the world; recoverable crude oil reserves from Tengiz and Korolev fields combined have been estimated at 6 to 9 billion barrels (950 × 10 ^ to 1,430 × 10 ^  m ). Korolev field alone holds 1.5 billion barrels (240 × 10 ^  m ) of oil making it one-sixth

3360-491: The Future Growth Project (FGP) in 2009. In 2012, TengizChevroil began the Future Growth Project (FGP), whose aim is to continue to increase the field's production. In 2014, Chevron and its partners, KazMunaiGas, ExxonMobil and Lukoil began the process of selecting engineering companies to work on the engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) contract for the Future Growth Project, which will further expand

3444-712: The Karaton tectonic uplift , which was 400 km in area and 1 km in relief, at a depth of 4 km. An exploratory well was drilled in 1979, discovering "significant oil flow" from the middle Carboniferous carbonates overlain by Lower Permian clays and the massive Permian salt. Stratigraphy starts with the Upper Devonian Famennian Stage consisting of homogeneous biogenic limestone and some thin dolomite interbedding , followed by Lower Carboniferous deposits consisting of Tournaisian, Visean and Namurian Stage limestones. Next comes

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3528-400: The Kazakh genome, by Seidualy et al., found that the Kazakh people formed from highly mixed historical Central Asian populations. Ethnic Kazakhs were modeled to derive about 63.2% ancestry from an East Asian-related population, specifically from a Northeast Asian source sample ( Devil’s Gate 1 ), 30.8% ancestry from European-related populations (presumably from Scythians ), and ~6% ancestry from

3612-477: The Kazakh language. Tengiz Field Tengiz field ( Kazakh : Теңіз мұнай кен орны , Teñız mūnai ken orny ) is an oil field located in Zhylyoi District , Atyrau Region , northwestern Kazakhstan . The oil field is located in an area of low-lying wetlands along the northeast shores of the Caspian Sea . It covers a 2,500 km (970 sq mi) project license area which also includes

3696-660: The Kazakh population lives primarily in the regions bordering Kazakhstan. According to latest census (2002) there are 654,000 Kazakhs in Russia, most of whom are in the Astrakhan , Volgograd , Saratov , Samara , Orenburg , Chelyabinsk , Kurgan , Tyumen , Omsk , Novosibirsk , Altai Krai and Altai Republic regions. Though ethnically Kazakh, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, those people acquired Russian citizenship. Kazakhs migrated into Dzungaria in

3780-439: The Kazakhstan imposed stricter guidelines for handling the sulfur. In 2006, Kazakh government threatened TengizChevroil with imposing fines. In 2007, the government imposed a $ 609 million (74.4 billion tenge ) fine on TengizChevroil. The violations included a slow progress in dealing with vast sulfur stocks at Tengiz. The company had reportedly been fined $ 71 million in 2003 for open air sulfur storage as well, which

3864-591: The Latin alphabet. Kazakh is a state (official) language in Kazakhstan . It is also spoken in the Ili region of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in the People's Republic of China , where the Arabic script is used, and in western parts of Mongolia ( Bayan-Ölgii and Khovd province ), where Cyrillic script is in use. European Kazakhs use the Latin alphabet. Genomic research confirmed that Kazakhs originated from

3948-797: The Middle Jüz Kazakhs came to Mongolia and were allowed to settle down in Bayan-Ölgii, Western Mongolia and for most of the 20th century they remained an isolated, tightly knit community. Ethnic Kazakhs (so-called Altaic Kazakhs or Altai-Kazakhs) live predominantly in Western Mongolia in Bayan-Ölgii Province (88.7% of the total population) and Khovd Province (11.5% of the total population, living primarily in Khovd city , Khovd sum and Buyant sum). In addition,

4032-649: The Qazaqs, as they possessed the cities for only part of the 17th century. The theory suggests that the Qazaqs then divided among a wider territory after expanding from Zhetysu into most of the Dasht-i Qipchaq , with a focus on the trade available through the cities of the middle Syr Darya , to which Sayram and Yasi belonged. The Junior juz originated from the Nogais of the Nogai Horde . The Kazakh language

4116-590: The Russian pipeline system. A separate oil pipeline runs from the Tengiz field to the Russian Black Sea port of Novorossiisk . At the beginning of 2020, the population of the city is 290,700 people, 355,117 people in the territory of the city akimat. National composition (at the beginning of 2020): In total – 355,117 people. Atyrau's climate is semi-arid ( Köppen climate classification BSk ), just shy of being classified as arid (Köppen climate classification BWk ), with hot summers and cold winters. Precipitation

4200-486: The Russian pipeline. In addition, Total S.A. is interested in developing a pipeline south through Iran, which is theoretically the cheapest route due to the geopolitical climate involving Iran, however, the United States does not favor this route. The oil from Tengiz field comes out of the wells hot and at a very high pressure, believed to be the highest in the world. It also contains large proportion of gas which

4284-631: The TCO consortium members initiated a $ 3 billion expansion project designed to boost production to approximately 450,000 barrels per day (72,000 m /d) by 2006. In September 2008, Chevron Corporation announced that the major expansion of Tengiz field was completed and it would boost the production capacity to 540,000 barrels per day (86,000 m /d). In 2012 Chevron announced the field will see its total daily production increase by 250,000-300,000 barrels, bringing production above 500,000 barrels per day. An area of major geopolitical competition involves

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4368-449: The TCO oil field. In 2006 during the SGP project an argument between Turkish and Kazakh workers led to an outbreak of violence. 115 Turkish citizens were evacuated for medical treatment. In 2019 during the 3GP project dozens of Arab expat workers were injured during violence sparked by a photograph shared on social media. Photos of the attacks on Arab expats were spread online throughout

4452-652: The Tengiz project from Chevron, and in 2000, Chevron built up its interest in the project to 50% by acquiring additional shares from Kazakhstan. In 2003, Fluor was awarded the rights to develop the Second Generation Plant (SGP) and Sour Gas Injection (SGI) project, which were expected to double production. In 2004, the Tengiz Consortium raised $ 1.1 billion in senior secured bonds to finance these two projects. These two projects were expected to finish in 2006, but were delayed. In October 2006,

4536-411: The Tengizchevroil joint venture experienced riots. Shortly after in 2007, the Republic of Kazakhstan invited Maksat Idenov as First Vice President of Kazmunaigas and Chairman of the Partnership Council of the Tengizchevroil Joint Venture. During Idenov's tenure, the SGP and SGI expansion projects (worth over $ 6.9 billion) were completed in the second part of 2008, and stakeholder engagement began for

4620-531: The YHRD under accession numbers YA006010 and YA006009. Genetic analysis (AMOVA and MDS) did not show significant differences between the two groups (Kazakhstan and Karakalpakstan Kazakhs) in terms of Y-chromosome diversity. Both groups are characterized by haplogroup C2a1a2 as a founder effect, which dominated two of the three tribes: Alimuly (67%), Baiuly (74.6%), and Zhetiru (25.8%). The study analyzed haplotype variation at 15 Y-chromosomal short-tandem-repeats obtained from 1171 individuals from 24 tribes representing

4704-488: The admixture of several tribes. Kazakhs have predominantly East Eurasian ancestry , and harbor two East Asian-derived components: one dominant component commonly found among Northeastern Asian populations (associated with the Northeast Asian " Devil’s Gate Cave " sample from the Amur region ), and another minor component associated with historical Yellow River farmers, peaking among northern Han Chinese . According to one study, West Eurasian related admixture among Kazakhs

4788-508: The blessing of the Chagatayid khan of Moghulistan, Esen Buqa II , who hoped for a buffer zone of protection against the expansion of the Oirats . Regarding these events, Haidar Dughlat in his Tarikh-i-Rashidi reports: At that time, Abulkhair Khan exercised full power in Dasht-i-Kipchak. He had been at war with the Sultánis of Juji; while Jáni Beg Khán and Karáy Khán fled before him into Moghulistán. Isán Bughá Khán received them with great honor, and delivered over to them Kuzi Báshi, which

4872-417: The border of Moghulistan , and was called Uzbeg-Kazák . In 15th-century Central Asia, the nomads of the Jochid Ulus (Golden Horde), including those who founded the Kazakh Khanate, were collectively called Uzbeks due to their conversion to Islam under Uzbek Khan (r. 1313–1341). These Uzbeks (also called Tatars by the Muscovites and Ottomans) arose from the merging of the Mongols and various Turkic groups in

4956-633: The corporation's efforts to displace the natives, many were not compensated fairly, so that upon being forced to move from their existing homes, they were unable to find or afford comparable housing in a new town. The sedimentary section of the pre-Caspian basin varies between 5 km to 24 km and is dominated by the Permian Kungurian salt, which is overlain by the later (post-salt) deposits of Upper Permian , Mesozoic and Cenozoic all deformed by salt tectonics and earlier (pre-salt) Paleozoic and upper Proterozoic carbonates and terrigenous sediments . Reflection seismology in 1975 revealed

5040-667: The development of the economy. A total investment of $ 20bn is envisaged for the duration of the 40 years of the Tengiz oil field venture. Tengizchevroil intends to export more of the Tengiz field’s additional capacity via the Caspian Pipeline Consortium (CPC)pipeline running the 1,500km from Tengiz to the Russian Black Sea port of Novorossiysk (thus solving the export problem from the remote Tengiz field). Net daily production in 2019 (Chevron share) averaged 290,000 barrels of crude oil, 419 million cubic feet of natural gas and 21,000 barrels of natural gas liquid. The integrated Future Growth Project-Wellhead Pressure Management Project (FGP-WPMP)

5124-440: The fire. The well was not extinguished until over a year later on 27 July 1986 and was finally capped. The fire caused severe environmental damage, with long lasting pollution in a radius of over 100 km, due to the release of 900,000 tons of soot, 3.4 million tons of oil, 1.7 billion m³ of gas and 850 tons of mercaptans . Illnesses in the Atyrau region increased by 50% and an estimated one million birds died. The government of

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5208-405: The first real reinforced concrete bridge in the city, passing through the Ural River, was built and put into operation. The bridge is 259 meters (850 feet) long and 10 meters (33 feet) high. The bridge connects Satpayev Avenue and Abay Street. On the right European coast on Satpayev Avenue, the akimat (mayor's office) of the city and akimat (governor) of the Atyrau region adjoin the bridge. In 2001,

5292-508: The greater part of Uzbegistán, till the year 940 [1533–1534 A. D.]. In the 17th century, Russian convention seeking to distinguish the Qazaqs of the steppes from the Cossacks of the Imperial Russian Army suggested spelling the final consonant with "kh" instead of "q" or "k", which was officially adopted by the USSR in 1936. The Ukrainian term Cossack probably comes from the same Kipchak etymological root, meaning wanderer, brigand, or independent free-booter. Like many people who live

5376-409: The merging of various medieval tribes of Turkic and Mongolic origin in the 15th century. Kazakh identity was shaped following the foundation of the Kazakh Khanate between 1456 and 1465, when following the disintegration of the Turkified state of Golden Horde , several tribes under the rule of the sultans Janibek and Kerei departed from the Khanate of Abu'l-Khayr Khan in hopes of forming

5460-403: The noun qazğaq derives from the same root as the verb qazğan ("to obtain", "to gain"). Therefore, qazğaq defines a type of person who wanders and seeks gain. Throughout history, Kazakhstan has been home to many nomadic societies of the Eurasian Steppe , including the Sakas ( Scythian -related), the Xiongnu , the Western Turkic Khaganate , the Kimek–Kipchak Confederation ,

5544-488: The planning and approval stage since 2002, began in 2004 and required a total investment of $ 7.4bn. The integrated project was completed in the second half of 2008. Prior to its expansion in 2008, the Tengiz oilfield had 53 wells, tapping a column of crude oil around 1.6km thick. When the field was first tapped its oil pressure was 12,000psi, but in 2004 the pressure came down to 10,000psi in most areas and 8,500psi in others. The SGI project used gas injection technology to boost

5628-464: The political thinking of detainees, their identities, and their religious beliefs. But authorities in China have defended that the detention centers were in fact vocational education & training centers set up to deradicalize radicalized residents against the "3 evil forces" of religious extremism, terrorism and separatism. In the 19th century, the advance of the Russian Empire troops pushed Kazakhs to neighboring countries. In around 1860, part of

5712-400: The presence of /s/ in place of reconstructed proto-Turkic */ʃ/ and /ʃ/ in place of */tʃ/ ; furthermore, Kazakh has / d͡ʒ / where other Turkic languages have / j / . Kazakh, like most of the Turkic language family lacks phonemic vowel length , and as such there is no distinction between long and short vowels. Kazakh was written with the Arabic script until the mid-19th century, when

5796-553: The pressure and increase oil recovery, while the SGP increased the number of producers (wells) and improved and expanded the crude export infrastructure. The Tengiz field’s production of crude in 2004 was 13 million tonnes per year but the SGI and SGP production increased this to over 25 million tonnes. TCO crude oil production capacity was increased by about 80% to 540,000 barrels of crude oil, 46,000 barrels of natural gas liquids and 760 million cubic feet of natural gas. The two projects created over 7,000 jobs in Kazakhstan and aided

5880-537: The region continued to clash against each other. Tibetans attacked and fought against the Kazakhs as they entered Tibet via Gansu and Qinghai. In northern Tibet, Kazakhs clashed with Tibetan soldiers, and the Kazakhs were sent to Ladakh. Tibetan troops robbed and killed Kazakhs 640 kilometres (400 miles) east of Lhasa at Chamdo when the Kazakhs were entering Tibet. In 1934, 1935, and from 1936 to 1938, Qumil Elisqan led approximately 18,000 Kerey Kazakhs to migrate to Gansu, entering Gansu and Qinghai. In China there

5964-649: The roadway is 16 meters (52 feet), plus two walking paths of 2.5 meters (8.2 feet) each. 47°07′N 51°53′E  /  47.117°N 51.883°E  / 47.117; 51.883 Kazakhs The Kazakhs ( Kazakh : қазақтар , qazaqtar , قازاقتار , [qazaq'tar] ) are a Turkic ethnic group native to Central Asia and Eastern Europe . There are Kazakh communities in Kazakhstan 's border regions in Russia , northern Uzbekistan , northwestern China ( Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture ), western Mongolia ( Bayan-Ölgii Province ) and Iran ( Golestan province ). The Kazakhs arose from

6048-461: The size of Tengiz. Like many other oil fields, the Tengiz also contains large reserves of natural gas . The field is one of the world's largest oil fields, rivaling the Gulf of Mexico in reserves of oil. Since the oil from Tengiz contains a high amount of sulfur (up to 17%), an estimated 6 million tons of sulfur byproduct were stored in the form of large sulfur blocks as of December 2002. At

6132-466: The term Özbek-Qazaq first appeared during the middle of the 16th century, in the Tarikh-i-Rashidi by Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat , a Chagatayid prince of Kashmir . In this manuscript, the author locates Kazakh in the eastern part of Desht-i Qipchaq . According to Tarikh-i-Rashidi, the first Kazakh union was created c. 1465/1466 AD. The state was formed by nomads who settled along

6216-474: The three Zhuz (juz, roughly translatable as "horde" or "hundred"): There is much debate surrounding the origins of the Hordes. Their age is unknown so far in extant historical texts, with the earliest mentions in the 17th century. The Turkologist Velyaminov-Zernov believed that it was the capture of the important cities of Tashkent , Yasi , and Sayram in 1598 by Tevvekel (Tauekel/Tavakkul) Khan that separated

6300-469: The three socio-territorial subdivisions (Senior, Middle and Junior zhuz) in Kazakhstan to comprehensively characterize the patrilineal genetic architecture of the Kazakh Steppe. In total, 577 distinct haplotypes were identified belonging to one of 20 haplogroups; 16 predominant haplogroups were confirmed by SNP-genotyping. The haplogroup distribution was skewed towards C2-M217, present in all tribes at

6384-497: The time of the Uzbek conquest of Central Asia, Abu'l-Khayr Khan , a descendant of Shiban , had disagreements with the sultans Kerei and Janibek , descendants of Urus Khan . These disagreements probably resulted from the crushing defeat of Abu'l-Khayr Khan at the hands of the Kalmyks . Kerei and Janibek moved with a large following of nomads to the region of Zhetysu on the border of Moghulistan and set up new pastures there with

6468-420: The time, about 4,000 tonnes a day was being added. On 3 October 2007, the Kazakh environment ministry was reported to be considering imposing fines against TCO for alleged breaches in the way the sulfur is stored. In 2002, TCO produced 285,000 barrels per day (45,300 m /d), or one third of Kazakhstan's daily production. In January 2003, after contentious negotiations with the government of Kazakhstan,

6552-604: The world have the city. The side of Samarskaya (right side of the river) lies in Europe and the left bank of Bukharskaya is in Asia. It was established in 1615, by the employer Mikhail Guriev, who applied the decree to tzar Mikhail Fedorovich for a monopoly in the mouth of Ural to fish sturgeons. Murzaev E. Dictionary of popular geographical terms (1984) states: A. Nurmaganbetov and M. Khobdabayev states: Ecological Kazakh–Russian Dictionary (2001) states: Atyrau (together with Aktau )

6636-493: Was done in 2004-2006. It cost the company $ 73 million. In his book Poor People , published in 2007, William T. Vollmann dedicates a significant amount of his attention to the native peoples living in Sarykamys and Atyrau and the effects of TengizChevroil's presence in these towns. Vollmann's account suggests that serious and widespread health risks were imposed upon the people of Sarykamys. Vollmann also suggests that in

6720-460: Was jointly developed in 1993 as a 40-year venture between Chevron Texaco (50%), KazMunayGas (20%), US ExxonMobil (25%) and LukArco (5%). The joint venture company is known as Tengizchevroil (TCO). Chevron is the operator of the TCO field. The Tengiz oil fields entered a new phase of production with the construction of its Second Generation Project (SGP) and the introduction of sour gas injection (SGI). This onshore development, which has been in

6804-411: Was observed. According to mitochondrial DNA studies (where sample consisted of only 246 individuals), the main maternal lineages of Kazakhs are: D (17.9%), C (16%), G (16%), A (3.25%), F (2.44%) of East-Eurasian origin (55%), and haplogroups H (14.1), T (5.5), J (3.6%), K (2.6%), U5 (3%), and others (12.2%) of West-Eurasian origin (41%). Gokcumen et al. (2008) tested the mtDNA of

6888-640: Was plundered by the Yaik Cossacks , leading the Guriev family to rebuild it in stone (1647–62). Tsar Alexis sent a garrison of Streltsy to protect the fort from Cossack incursions. Despite these efforts, the Cossack rebel Stepan Razin held the town in 1667 and 1668. The fort gradually lost its strategic significance and was demolished in 1810. Between 1708 and 1992 the city was known as Guriev . The Kazakh name Atyrau means ' river delta '. Two parts of

6972-510: Was soon suppressed. As a result, the Arabic script for writing Kazakh was banned and the Latin alphabet was imposed as a new writing system. In an effort to Russianize the Kazakhs, the Latin alphabet was in turn replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet in 1940 by Soviet interventionists. Today, there are efforts to return to the Latin script, and in January 2021 the government announced plans to switch to

7056-510: Was then reduced to $ 7 million on an appeal. According to the Environmental Protection Ministry, over 10 million tonnes of sulfur was accumulated near Tengiz oil field as a by-product of crude oil production. Government had also set a requirement to relocate the village of Sarykamys which had 3,500 residents to new homes in the vicinity of Atyrau. The relocation program was funded by TengizChevroil and

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