Ataman (variants: otaman , wataman , vataman ; Russian : атаман ; Ukrainian : отаман ) was a title of Cossack and haidamak leaders of various kinds. In the Russian Empire , the term was the official title of the supreme military commanders of the Cossack armies. The Ukrainian version of the same word is hetman . Otaman in Ukrainian Cossack forces was a position of a lower rank.
23-518: The etymologies of the words ataman and hetman are disputed. There may be several independent Germanic and Turkic origins for seemingly cognate forms of the words, all referring to the same concept. The hetman form cognates with German Hauptmann ('captain', literally 'head-man') by the way of Czech or Polish , like several other titles. The Russian term ataman is probably connected to Old East Slavic vatamanŭ, and cognates with Turkic odoman ( Ottoman Turks ). The term ataman may had also
46-517: A lingual interaction with Polish hetman and German hauptmann . Suggestions have been made that the word might be of Turkic origin, literally meaning 'father of horsemen' or 'father of men', 'pure blooded father' or 'eldest man'. Considering the '-man' suffix in turkic languages means men, person, pure blooded or most. Dictionaries assert that the word comes from the German word ' Hauptmann' which means 'head man', 'headman' or 'chieftain' which entered
69-661: A permanent title, as were all the titles in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . At any given time the Commonwealth had four hetmans – a Great Hetman and Field (deputy) Hetman each for both Poland and Lithuania. From 1585, the title could not be taken away without a proven charge of treachery, so most hetmans served for life. Jan Karol Chodkiewicz literally commanded
92-588: A title first appeared in Czechia in the 15th century, assuming it stems from a Turkic language, it is possible it was introduced to Czechs by the Cumans . The Polish title Grand Crown Hetman ( Polish : hetman wielki koronny ) dates from 1505. The title of Hetman was given to the leader of the Polish Army . Until 1581 the hetman position existed only during specific campaigns and wars. After that, it became
115-675: Is a political title from Central and Eastern Europe , historically assigned to military commanders (comparable to a field marshal or imperial marshal in the Holy Roman Empire ). First used by the Czechs in Bohemia in the 15th century, it was the title of the second-highest military commander after the king in the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from the 16th to 18th centuries. Throughout much of
138-494: Is probably connected to Old East Slavic vatamanŭ, and cognates with Turkic odoman ( Ottoman Turks ). The term ataman may had also a lingual interaction with Polish hetman and German hauptmann . Suggestions have been made that the word might be of Turkic origin, literally meaning 'father of horsemen' or 'father of men', 'pure blooded father' or 'eldest man'. Considering the '-man' suffix in turkic languages means men, person, pure blooded or most. Dictionaries assert that
161-534: Is today the term for the elected governor of a Czech region ( kraj ). For much of the history of Romania and the Principality of Moldavia , hetmans were second in rank in the army, after the ruling prince, who held the position of voivode . Hetman has often been used figuratively to mean 'commander' or simply 'leader'. Examples: Queen (chess piece) is called hetman in Polish and coded as H in
184-699: The Commonwealth . From 1648, the start of Bohdan Khmelnytsky 's uprising , a hetman was the head of the whole Ukrainian State — Hetmanshchyna and heads of the Cossack Hetmanate . As supreme military commanders and lawmakers (by administrative decree), they had very broad powers, although they were elected. After the split of Ukraine along the Dnieper River by the 1667 Polish – Russian Treaty of Andrusovo , Ukrainian Cossacks (and Cossack hetmans) became known as Left-bank Cossacks (of
207-623: The Cossack Hetmanate ) and Right-bank Cossacks. In the Russian Empire , the office of Cossack Hetman was abolished by Catherine II of Russia in 1764. The last Hetman of the Zaporozhian Army (the formal title of the hetman of Ukraine) was Kyrylo Rozumovsky , who reigned from 1751 until 1764. The title was revived in Ukraine during the revolution of 1917 to 1921. In early 1918, a conservative German-supported coup overthrew
230-738: The Cossack Hetmanate , leaders of non-Cossack military units ( artillery , etc.) were also called otamans . In the Cossack Hetmanate, the title was used for the administrative purposes, such as the head of the city, City Otaman (городовий отаман). Later such administrative uses were adopted by the Kuban Cossacks and were common in Kuban Oblast with different variations. There were various types of otaman: Otamans were also in charge of general- and regimental-size artillery units, as well as any volunteer military formations and
253-545: The Russian language through Polish ' hetman '. See also Hetman § Etymology . Otamans were usually elected by the Host Council or could have been appointed, especially during the military campaigns. The appointed otamans were called acting otaman ( наказний отаман , nakaznyi otaman ). In the Cossack Hetmanate , leaders of non-Cossack military units ( artillery , etc.) were also called otamans . In
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#1732765454070276-535: The algebraic notation . Ataman Ataman (variants: otaman , wataman , vataman ; Russian : атаман ; Ukrainian : отаман ) was a title of Cossack and haidamak leaders of various kinds. In the Russian Empire , the term was the official title of the supreme military commanders of the Cossack armies. The Ukrainian version of the same word is hetman . Otaman in Ukrainian Cossack forces
299-433: The Cossack Hetmanate, the title was used for the administrative purposes, such as the head of the city, City Otaman (городовий отаман). Later such administrative uses were adopted by the Kuban Cossacks and were common in Kuban Oblast with different variations. There were various types of otaman: Otamans were also in charge of general- and regimental-size artillery units, as well as any volunteer military formations and
322-741: The Zholdak cavalry. Atamans were the titles of supreme leaders of various Cossack armies during the Russian Civil War . When Ukraine acquired its independence in 1918, the rank took on different value. Among the Ukrainian Sich Riflemen and the Ukrainian Galician Army , it was equivalent to a major, as is the battalion executive officer today. In the Ukrainian People's Republic , the title
345-403: The Zholdak cavalry. Atamans were the titles of supreme leaders of various Cossack armies during the Russian Civil War . When Ukraine acquired its independence in 1918, the rank took on different value. Among the Ukrainian Sich Riflemen and the Ukrainian Galician Army , it was equivalent to a major, as is the battalion executive officer today. In the Ukrainian People's Republic , the title
368-407: The army from his deathbed (1621). Hetmans were not paid by the royal treasury. Hetmans were the main commanders of the military forces, second only to the monarch in the army's chain of command . The fact that they could not be removed by the monarch made them very independent, and thus often able to pursue independent policies. This system worked well when a hetman had great ability and the monarch
391-574: The history of Romania and the Moldavia , hetmans were the second-highest army rank. In the modern Czech Republic , the title is used for regional governors . The term hetman was a Polish borrowing, most likely stemming via Czech from the Turkic title ataman (literally 'father of horsemen'), however it could also come from the German Hauptmann – captain. Since hetman as
414-618: The powers of the hetmans. The Hetman office was abolished after the Third Partition of Poland (1795). At the end of the sixteenth century, the commanders of the Zaporizhian Cossacks were titled Koshovyi Otaman or Hetman ; Christof Kosynsky was the first Zaporizhian hetman . In 1572, a hetman was a commander of the Registered Cossack Army ( Ukrainian : Реєстрове козацьке військо ) of
437-493: The radical socialist Ukrainian Central Rada and its Ukrainian People's Republic , establishing a hetmanate monarchy headed by Pavlo Skoropadskyi , who claimed the title Hetman of Ukraine . This regime lasted until late 1918, when it was overthrown by a new Directorate of Ukraine , of a re-established Ukrainian People's Republic. Used by the Czechs in Bohemia from the Hussite Wars (15th century) onward, hejtman
460-433: The word comes from the German word ' Hauptmann' which means 'head man', 'headman' or 'chieftain' which entered the Russian language through Polish ' hetman '. See also Hetman § Etymology . Otamans were usually elected by the Host Council or could have been appointed, especially during the military campaigns. The appointed otamans were called acting otaman ( наказний отаман , nakaznyi otaman ). In
483-412: Was a position of a lower rank. The etymologies of the words ataman and hetman are disputed. There may be several independent Germanic and Turkic origins for seemingly cognate forms of the words, all referring to the same concept. The hetman form cognates with German Hauptmann ('captain', literally 'head-man') by the way of Czech or Polish , like several other titles. The Russian term ataman
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#1732765454070506-510: Was of a general rank. Chief Otoman (головний отаман) was the general of the Ukrainian Army who was assisted by his deputies, Acting Otomans. The head of the army of the Ukrainian People's Republic , in particular, Symon Petliura , was called Supreme Otaman (головний отаман). Russian-Azerbaijani MMA fighter Rafael Fiziev fights with the nickname "Ataman" as a homage to his mixed Central Asian heritage. Hetman Hetman
529-595: Was weak, but sometimes produced disastrous results in the opposite case. The security of the position notably contrasted with that of military leaders in states bordering the commonwealth, where sovereigns could dismiss their army commanders at any time. In 1648 the Zaporizhian Host (a Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth subject) elected a hetman of its own, Bohdan Khmelnytsky , igniting the Ukrainian struggle for independence. The military reform of 1776 curtailed
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