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31-519: In the Turkana language , Ateker means a distinct group with related customs, laws and lifestyle and who share a common ancestry. Members of one Ateker have a common character of mutual respect in their diversity. Each member group of Ateker occupies its own territory and exercises authority over its own land and people independent of each other. The word Ateker is a generic term for "related peoples" or "relatives" (the term also refers to clan). It

62-532: A distinctive type of long-horned black cattle. It was said that this community once held most of the surrounding country until the Kor and their allies came up from the south and took it from them. Most of the women of this community had an adornment of a single cowrie shell attached to a forelock. This dangling cowrie shell was referred to as esigirait, pl. ngisigira (Karamoja). The Turkana called them Siger and their home Moru Ang'issiger, (later Mt. Siger/Mt. Sekker). As

93-410: A palatal consonant and another vowel. Voiceless vowels before a pause are lost after glides and nasals (after de-voicing them). Nonhigh voiceless vowels before a pause are furthermore often lost in general. Turkana has two tonemes , high and low, and one or the other is carried by every vowel. Most syllables carry a high tone, so that low tone is more marked. Some tones are "floating" and not carried by

124-482: A pause: Turkana features advanced tongue root vowel harmony . The vowels /i e o u/ and their voiceless counterparts are produced with an advanced tongue root, while /ɪ ɛ a ɔ ʊ/ and their voiceless counterparts are produced with a retracted tongue root. The advanced tongue root vowels are usually somewhat breathy in terms of voice. In most circumstances, vowels in any given word must either be all advanced or all retracted in their tongue root position. An exception

155-450: A syllable at all. Minimal pairs for tone are rare, and so it is not important in distinguishing words, but it is used to distinguish verb tenses and noun cases, so that it is important in terms of grammar. Turkana is a verb-initial language with both verb–subject–object (VSO) and verb–object–subject (VOS) as basic, unmarked word orders. The single objects of transitive verbs and both objects of ditransitive verbs are unmarked, while

186-484: Is derived from the root ker , which has two root meanings: fear and respect. Ateker, in its true sense, is a union of free people with mutual recognition and respect for each other. In the context of ethnic identity and nationhood, the Turkana language classifies different people with common characteristics as belonging to distinct ateker . The Maa people belong to Ateker a Ngi Maasa Maasai and so on. The Turkana and

217-449: Is made for vowels that come after /a/ , which can be either advanced or retracted (while vowels coming before /a/ must be retracted). In parallel to this, vowels following the semivowels /j/ and /w/ can be either advanced or retracted, but vowels preceding them must be advanced. However, the semivowels and /a/ do not affect each other: either may occur before the other, despite conflicting in their tongue root position. Vowel harmony

248-649: Is one of the Eastern Nilotic languages , and is closely related to Karamojong , Jie and Teso of Uganda, to Toposa spoken in the extreme southeast of South Sudan, and to Nyangatom in the South Sudan/Ethiopia Omo valley borderland; these languages together form the cluster of Ateker Languages . The collective group name for these related peoples is Ateker . There is a phonemic distinction with voiceless vowels, which only occur word-finally, and which are only realized as voiceless before

279-471: Is usually controlled by the root of a word, so that the vowels of other morphemes assimilate to the root vowels' tongue root position. However, some suffixes are "strong" and instead assimilate the root along with any preceding suffixes. Prefixes are always weak and do not control other vowels. The vowels paired in such assimilations are /i/ vs. /ɪ/, /e/ vs. /ɛ/, /o/ (from earlier /ə/) vs. /a/, /o/ vs. /ɔ/, and /u/ vs. /ʊ/; either element of each pair will turn into

310-978: The Ateker subdivisions of the Turkana/Ngiturukana and the Karimojong/Ngikarimojong, the Karimojong/ngikarimojong subscribe to Nakadanya which is believed to be the holly ground for Ngimatheniko/Ngikori (Moroto District), Ngipian/Ngimuriai (nabilatuk and Nakapiripirit Districts), Ngibokora (Napak District) and the Dodoth/ngikaleeso of Kaabong and Karenga Districts. the Turkana/Ngiturkana of Northwestern Kenya are subscribed to Moru-anayiece as their holly and Ancestral ground. However, they speak related languages and can hear each other. Among members of

341-520: The Jie advanced eastward and entered the present Karimoja territory at Adilang, an area that was at this time occupied by the Maliri. The nature of contact seems to have been hostile for the Maliri retreated eastwards toward the region of Koten Mountain where they stayed for a while. This state of affairs did not hold for long, for the people from the hill of Turkan, now calling themselves Turkana, broke away from

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372-463: The Jie at Kotido and started advancing eastward. This brought extreme pressure to bear on the Maliri at Koten, causing this group to break in two. One group of Maliri, still known as such to the Karamojong but as Merille elsewhere, moved further eastward settling on the east of the Turkana escarpment. The other group, calling themselves Pokotozek moved south and arrived at Nakiloro, which lies on

403-557: The Karamojong and Lango people belong to one Ateker . The ancestral cradleland of the Ateker communities is thought to lie in Longiro, 'the place of engiro' in the Sudan. According to Turkana traditions recorded by Emley (1927); the Turkana were originally members of a tribe called 'Dung'iru' (i.e Longiro), which was said to live between Turkana and the Nile river. The traditions state that

434-609: The Oropom were at this time numerically superior and peaceful relations generally prevailed. While at Matheniko, the people now known as Dodoth separated from the rest of the Karamojong. They moved north to the vicinity of Loyoro which was on the fringe of Maliri held territory and here established themselves. Tradition relates that the encounter was peaceful and this appears to be borne out by relations between these communities in later times when they had by then moved away from each other. According to traditions recorded by Wilson (1970),

465-495: The Rift Valley was seized by a terrible drought. The Ateker speak distinct languages which developed from one common language. While similar, the Ateker languages vary due to the regions they occupied and the communities around them, having borrowed some of their words from the assimilated minorities or neighbouring people. Despite their similarities all the Ateker languages are distinctive, naturally one can be able to identify

496-601: The Turkana came east, as a sub-section of the Ngie (i.e Jie ) tribe, where there stayed for some time. This country was "occupied by that tribe to this day". Tradition indicates that the Karamojong ancestral territory was northeastern part of Uganda. From here, movements in a southern direction then east and finally northwards brought them to present Matheniko, located south of what was then Maliri territory. These movements appear to have displaced some Oropom whose territory then stretched into these areas, however traditions suggest that

527-606: The Turkana escarpment just north of the Moroto mountain. According to Turkana traditions noted by Lamphear (1988) concerning the early Turkana community, the developing community "formed itself into two 'major parts', the Curo and the Monia". He also recorded traditions regarding an assimilation. Women of each major part could be distinguished by dress, and each group is said to have lived in its separate, but adjacent, territory and shared

558-485: The Turkana-Karimojong Ateker, it is prohibited to kill members of the same Ateker. Killing members of the same Ateker is like killing one's own brother. Other laws govern marriage ( akuuta ). On marriage, one is not allowed to marry front the same Ateker. Marriage also unites the "Ngatekerin (plural of Ateker). Divorce ( elakit or akilak ) is also handled by the Ateker and before divorce is accepted,

589-513: The basis for laws and customs. In the Turkana Ateker, land is subdivided into regions or territorial sections, ŋiTela . Each Ekitela institutes its own common laws which are derived from the general laws of the whole nation or kingdom. Religious beliefs of one Ateker are similar. The supreme deity worshiped has one common name. Members of one Ateker have a common ancestral origin. Members of Ateker have different ancestral origin. within

620-461: The difference. Each Ateker has distinct laws and customs. The laws and customs of people of one Ateker are similar. Members of each Ateker live their lives in a similar lifestyle. Diversified groups within one Ateker usually have traces of laws and customs that can be traced to the original group. Land is one characteristic that helps in determining membership in an Ateker. Members of one Ateker usually occupy adjoining areas. Land adjudication forms

651-547: The different parties from both Ngatekerin try to resolve the problem. Other laws govern grazing ( achok or akitwar ) lands, which elders precise over ceremonies (Akiriket) like rain making, peace, annual livestock blessings (Akero) etc. Turkana language Turkana / t ɜːr ˈ k ɑː n ə / is the language of the Turkana people of Kenya and Ethiopia . It is spoken in northwestern Kenya, primarily in Turkana County , which lies west of Lake Turkana . It

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682-482: The end of the 18th century approached, demographic pressure started being felt by the Turkana. All the available grazing lands to west - the direction the Turkana had come from, was occupied by other Ateker societies of the Karamojong and to the east lay the lands of the formidable confederacy of the Kor, Rantalle and Poran. The Turkana thus turned their gaze north to the territory of the weakened Siger, and, coveting their highland pastures, began to encroach on them, just as

713-459: The land stretching out before the Turkana to the east. There were three Turkana 'adakari' (i.e ateker) during the early 20th century. Turkana tradition states that the expansion to Turkwel had been carried out by two of these ateker, the 'Nithir' and the 'Ngamatak'. At Turkwel, the Nithir split in two, one section retaining the original name while the other was known as 'Nibelai'. As of 1888, Ngamtak

744-406: The occasional cultivatable oasis. This hard country was inhabited by communities that were radically different from any the Turkana had encountered before. There were three communities already resident, who lived in close association with each other, herding an array of livestock which included exotic creatures with long necks and humps on their backs - the first camels the Ateker had encountered. Of

775-507: The other to match the tongue root position of the controlling morpheme. Vowel harmony does not cross word boundaries, and a phonological word can be defined as a unit across which harmony operates. Vowel harmony is also blocked at the boundary between roots in a compound. Long vowels occur phonetically, but are best analyzed as sequences of short vowels rather than phonemes in their own right. In roots, /ɔ/ and /ɛ/ may be realized as [wa] and [ja], respectively. High front vowels are deleted between

806-425: The subject is morphologically marked by a change in tone when present after the verb, and is often omitted entirely. Subjects of intransitive and transitive verbs receive the same case marking. Thus, in terms of morphosyntactic alignment , Turkana is both a marked-nominative language and a double-object language . With ditransitive verbs, the recipient/indirect object is required to be animate, and it always precedes

837-456: The theme/direct object. Neither object can be promoted to be the subject of a basic sentence, so that Turkana has no real passive construction. Turkana features six cases: a nominative, an absolute, a genitive, an instrumental, a locative, and a vocative. This makes it typologically unusual as one of the only verb-initial languages attested to have more than two or three cases. Loikop people Too Many Requests If you report this error to

868-432: The three societies, one appears to have made the most impact on the Turkana, they kept sheep, goats and camels like their associates but specialized in cattle. They had lighter-colored skin compared to the Turkana and they liberally smeared themselves with ochre - the Turkana called them the 'red people' and named them Kor . The Kor's kin were known to the Turkana as Rantalle and Poran . Together these allies controlled all

899-487: The two major groups took on a common name 'Turkana' while some settlers abandoned the Tarash to move south to the area beyond Mount Elgon. He also notes that about the same time some far-ranging contingents of Bantu-speaking Meru were absorbed by several Turkana clans. In pushing eastward the Turkana had arrived at a dramatic ecological and cultural frontier. All the way to the shores of Lake Turkana lay arid land peppered with

930-414: The water of a common well . At the same time, family traditions present a picture of close association growing up between certain clans, often derived from frequent intermarriage, which sometimes transcended the distinctions between major parts. — John Lamphear, 1988 (Emley's paraphrase) Lamphear records population groupings that emerged from this assimilation and of population dispersal. He notes that

961-408: Was the name of the south-western frontier of Turkana territory. The Nithir name was said to derive from 'ithiger' (i.e Siger), an 'ornament' and the Nithir were said to be so called for their love of decoration. Turkana folklore records that as their early settlements expanded north, they reached a hill which came to be known as Moru Ang'issiger where they met another group of 'red people' who herded

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