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47-566: Athol Hospital was founded in 1950 through an effort by members of the community and local businesses to establish a hospital in their town, helped by a donation of land by local inventor Addison Sawyer. The hospital itself was named in memory of soldiers from Athol who were killed in action during World War II . In 2013, following a period of financial difficulty in which the hospital had four days of cash on hand and only one bed in use, Athol Memorial Hospital merged with Heywood Hospital of Gardner , forming Heywood Healthcare. The hospital

94-409: A basis when claiming damages. An exception to this rule is where there is a duty owed to a third party. An act done before the giving of a promise to make a payment or to confer some other benefit can sometimes be consideration for the promise. For this to hold, three conditions must be satisfied (Pao On v Lau Yiu Long [1980]): Generally, conditional consideration is valid consideration. Suppose A

141-735: A charitable organization for which the deceased was a donor or volunteer, or for a cause befitting the deceased's priorities in life or manner of death. Memorial donations are also sometimes given by people unable to attend the ceremony. There are also circumstances when people like to donate funds to their preferred causes by not revealing their names. Many donors such as public figures or philanthropists like to stay anonymous while making generous donations for various reasons such as to not be asked for money from other organisations or their religious beliefs. Many donors like to stay anonymous because of their religious beliefs or simply don't want any notoriety from giving. Consideration Consideration

188-414: A colour other than white, and B's consideration to A is $ 500 per year. Conversely, if A signs a contract to buy a car from B for $ 0, B's consideration is still the car, but A is giving no consideration, and so there is no valid contract. However, if B still gives the title to the car to A, then B cannot take the car back, since, while it may not be a valid contract, it is a valid gift . In common law it

235-420: A contract use technicalities to satisfy requirements while in actual fact circumventing them in practice. Typically, this is often described in the form of "peppercorn" consideration, i.e. consideration that is trivial but still satisfies the requirements of law, although texts and commentators making such assertions do have a credible basis for doing so. The doctrine of consideration is expressly rejected by

282-404: A contract with B such that A will not repaint his own house in any other colour than white, and B will pay A $ 500 per year to keep this deal up, there is also a consideration. Although A did not promise to affirmatively do anything, A did promise not to do something that he was allowed to do, and so A did pass consideration. A's consideration to B is the forbearance in painting his own house in

329-535: A couple or household, and standard deductions are not available for donations. The most recent year of available data is 2020–2021. Analysis of the ATO data showed that the total amount donated and claimed as tax-deductible donations in 2020–21 was $ 4.39 billion (compared to $ 3.85 billion for the previous income year). This constitutes an increase of 14.19 per cent or $ 545.72 million. The average tax-deductible donation made to DGRs and claimed by Australian taxpayers in 2020–21

376-619: A court decides there is no contract, there might be a possible recovery under the doctrines of quantum meruit (sometimes referred to as a quasi-contract ) or promissory estoppel . There are a number of common issues as to whether consideration exists in a contract. Under English law: Meanwhile, the Indian Contract Act, 1872 which continues in force in Pakistan, Bangladesh, and India (the most populous common law jurisdiction) provides that valid consideration exists "when at

423-414: A creditor has a credit against a debtor for $ 10,000, and offers to settle it for $ 5,000, it is still binding, if accepted, even though the debtor had a legal duty to repay the entire $ 10,000. Pre-existing duties relating to at-will employment depend largely on state law. Generally, at-will employment allows the employer to terminate the employee for good or even no reason (as long as the reason, if any,

470-506: A donation is an "imperfect contract void for want of consideration." Only when the donation is made does it acquire legal status as a transfer or property. In politics, the law of some countries may prohibit or restrict the extent to which politicians may accept gifts or donations of large sums of money, especially from business or lobby groups (see campaign finance ). Donations of money or property to qualifying charitable organizations are also usually tax deductible . Because this reduces

517-424: A gift. However, in common law systems the concept of culpa in contrahendo , a form of estoppel , is increasingly used to create obligations during pre-contractual negotiations . Estoppel is an equitable doctrine that provides for the creation of legal obligations if a party has given another an assurance and the other has relied on the assurance to his detriment . Generally, courts do not inquire whether

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564-451: A promissor in exchange for something of value given by a promisee; and typically the thing of value is goods, money, or an act. Forbearance to act, such as an adult promising to refrain from smoking, is enforceable only if one is thereby surrendering a legal right. Consideration may be thought of as the concept of value offered and accepted by people or organisations entering into contracts . Anything of value promised by one party to

611-441: A return, so their gifts are not included. Additionally, the data does not include giving from trusts or companies or giving by persons overseas who are not Australian taxpayers.  The ATO dataset also does not examine other forms of giving such as time (volunteering) or goods under $ 5,000 in value. Donations are given without return consideration. This lack of return consideration means that, in common law , an agreement to make

658-468: Is a concept of English common law and is a necessity for simple contracts but not for special contracts (contracts by deed ). The concept has been adopted by other common law jurisdictions. The court in Currie v Misa declared consideration to be a "Right, Interest, Profit, Benefit, or Forbearance, Detriment, Loss, Responsibility". Thus, consideration is a promise of something of value given by

705-407: Is a movie script writer and B runs a movie production company. A says to B, "buy my script." B says "How about this – I will pay you $ 5,000 so that you do not let anyone else produce your movie until one year from now. If I do produce your movie in that year, then I will give you another $ 50,000, and no one else can produce it. If I do not produce your movie in that year, then you're free to go." If

752-439: Is a prerequisite that both parties offer consideration before a contract can be thought of as binding. The doctrine of consideration is irrelevant in many jurisdictions, although contemporary commercial litigant relations have held the relationship between a promise and a deed is a reflection of the nature of contractual considerations. If there is no element of consideration found, there is thus no contract formed. However, even if

799-410: Is formed. However, this is a minority position. A party that already has a legal duty to provide money, an object, a service, or a forbearance, does not provide consideration when promising merely to uphold that duty. That legal duty can arise from law, or obligation under a previous contract. The prime example of this sub-issue is where an uncle gives his thirteen-year-old nephew (a resident of

846-590: Is nearing the record level of 8% from 2010 when online giving spiked in response to Haitian earthquake relief efforts. Steve MacLaughlin notes in the report that "the Internet has now become the first-response channel of choice for donors during disasters and other emergency events." Blackbaud's 2015 Charitable Giving report revealed a 9% increase in online donations compared to 2014. In addition, online giving represented 7% of overall fundraising, with 14% of all online donations made on mobile devices. Donations made on

893-545: Is no guarantee that A would win against B if it went to court, A may agree to drop the case if B pays the $ 5,000 compensatory damages. This is sufficient consideration, since B's consideration is a guaranteed recovery, and A's consideration is that B only has to pay $ 5,000, instead of $ 8,000. The primary criticism of the doctrine of consideration is that, in its present form, it is purely a formality that merely serves to complicate commerce and create legal uncertainty by opening up otherwise simple contracts to scrutiny as to whether

940-446: Is not explicitly illegal ), and allows the employee to resign for any reason. There are no duties of continued employment in the future. Therefore, when an employee demands a raise, there is no issue with consideration because the employee has no legal duty to continue working. Similarly, when an employer demands a pay-cut, there is also no contractual issue with consideration, because the employer has no legal duty to continue employing

987-631: Is still consideration on both sides. A's consideration is $ 200, and B's consideration is the mansion, car, and jet. Courts in the United States generally leave parties to their own contracts and do not intervene. The old English rule of consideration questioned whether a party gave the value of a peppercorn to the other party. As a result, contracts in the United States have sometimes have had one party pass nominal amounts of consideration, typically citing $ 1. Thus, licensing contracts that do not involve any money at all often cite as consideration, "for

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1034-498: Is thought by leading scholars to be the result of the combining by 19th-century judges of two distinct threads: first the consideration requirement was at the heart of the action of assumpsit , which had grown up in medieval times and remained the normal action for breach of a simple contract in England and Wales until 1884 when the old forms of action were abolished; secondly, the notion of agreement between two or more parties as being

1081-620: The UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts on the grounds that it yields uncertainty and unnecessary litigation, thereby hindering international trade. Similarly, the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods similarly does not require consideration for a contract to be valid, thereby excluding the doctrine with regard to contracts covered by

1128-669: The United States , in 2007, the Bureau of Labor Statistics found that American households in the lowest fifth in terms of wealth, gave on average a higher percentage of their incomes to charitable organizations than those households in the highest fifth. Charity Navigator writes that, according to Giving USA, Americans gave $ 298 billion in 2011 (about 2% of GDP). The majority of donations were from individuals (73%), then from bequests (about 12%), foundations (2%) and less than 1% from corporations. The largest sector to receive donations

1175-516: The donee . It is possible to donate in the name of a third party, making a gift in honor or memory of someone or something. Gifts in honor or memory of a third party are made for various reasons, such as holiday gifts, wedding gifts, in memory of somebody who has died, in memory of pets or in the name of groups or associations that no longer exist. Memorial gifts are sometimes requested by their survivors (e.g. "in lieu of flowers, contributions may be made to ABC Charity"), usually directing donations to

1222-514: The consideration is a performance for which the parties had previously contracted. For example, A agrees to paint B's house for $ 500, but halfway through the job A tells B that he will not finish unless B increases the payment to $ 750. If B agrees, and A then finishes the job, B still only needs to pay A the $ 500 originally agreed to, because A was already contractually obligated to paint the house for that amount. An exception to this rule holds for settlements , such as an accord and satisfaction . If

1269-517: The consideration purportedly tendered satisfies the requirements of the law. While the purpose of the doctrine was ostensibly to protect parties seeking to void oppressive contracts, this is currently accomplished through the use of a sophisticated variety of defences available to the party seeking to void a contract. In practice, the doctrine of consideration has resulted in a phenomenon similar to that of Ḥiyal in Islamic contracts, whereby parties to

1316-440: The convention even in common law jurisdictions where it would otherwise apply. Consequently, the continued existence of the doctrine in common law jurisdictions is controversial. Scots lawyer Harvey McGregor 's " Contract Code ", a Law Commission -sponsored proposal to both unite and codify English and Scots Law, proposed the abolition of consideration. Some commentators have suggested that consideration be replaced by estoppel as

1363-420: The deal between two parties was monetarily fair—merely that each party passed some legal obligation or duty to the other party. The dispositive issue is the presence of consideration, not the adequacy of the consideration. The values between consideration passed by each party to a contract need not be comparable. For instance, if A offers B $ 200 to buy B's mansion, luxury sports car, and private jet, there

1410-409: The desire of the promisor, the promisee or any other person has done or abstained from doing, or does or abstains from doing, or promises to do or abstain from doing something" or, in other words, when each party receives something in return for entering into a contractual obligation. An agreement must be supported by a lawful consideration on both sides. Under the act, valid consideration must satisfy

1457-436: The doctrine of consideration should be abandoned, and estoppel used to replace it as a basis for contracts. However, legislation , rather than judicial development, has been touted as the only way to remove this entrenched common law doctrine. Lord Justice Denning famously stated that "The doctrine of consideration is too firmly fixed to be overthrown by a side-wind". The reason that both exist in common law jurisdictions

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1504-412: The essential legal and moral foundation of contract in all legal systems, was promoted by the 18th-century French writer Pothier in his Traite des Obligations , much read (especially after translation into English in 1805) by English judges and jurists. The latter chimed well with the fashionable will theories of the time, especially John Stuart Mill 's influential ideas on free will, and got grafted on to

1551-571: The following criteria: Additionally, under the Indian Contract Act 1872, any consideration is invalid if it is: The most noticeable distinction between the English and Indian criteria for consideration is that English law prohibits past consideration while Indian law does not. Systems based on Roman law (including Germany and Scotland) do not require consideration, and some commentators consider it unnecessary and have suggested that

1598-413: The following offer: "if you do not smoke cigarettes, do not drink alcohol, swear or play cards for money (gamble) before your 21st birthday, then I will pay you $ 5,000". On the nephew's 21st birthday, he asks the uncle to pay up, and this time, in the subsequent lawsuit, the nephew may win. Although the promise of not drinking alcohol and gambling while under the age of 21 was not valuable consideration (it

1645-597: The international online giving day #GivingTuesday were up 52% from the previous year. In Australia , donation statistics are made available annually by the Australian Taxation Office (ATO), in the form of detailed tables breaking down the items in the individual tax return by gender , age, income , and state/territory. In Australia, individuals submit an income tax return based on their personal income levels and source(s). Unlike in other Western jurisdictions, income tax returns cannot be submitted as

1692-424: The other when making a contract can be treated as "consideration": for example, if A contracts to buy a car from B for $ 5,000, A's consideration is the promise of $ 5,000, and B's consideration is the promise of the car. Additionally, if A signs a contract with B such that A will paint B's house for $ 500, A's consideration is the service of painting B's house, and B's consideration is $ 500 paid to A. Further if A signs

1739-459: The state of New York) the following offer: "if you do not smoke cigarettes or drink alcohol until your 18th birthday, then I will pay you $ 5,000". On the nephew's 18th birthday, he tells the uncle to pay up, and the uncle does not pay. In the subsequent lawsuit, the uncle wins, because the nephew, by U.S. criminal law, already had a duty to refrain from smoking cigarettes while under 18 and from drinking alcohol while under age 21. The same applies if

1786-400: The state's tax income, calls have been raised that the state (and the public in general) should pay more attention towards ensuring that charities use this 'tax money' in suitable ways. There have been discussions on whether also a donation of time should be tax deductible. The person or institution giving a gift is called the donor , and the person or institution getting the gift is called

1833-495: The sum of $ 1 and other good and valuable consideration." However, some courts in the United States may take issue with nominal consideration, or consideration with virtually no value. Some courts have since thought this was a sham. Since contract disputes are typically resolved in state court, some state courts have found that merely providing $ 1 to another is not a sufficiently legal duty, and therefore no legal consideration passes in these kinds of deals, and consequently, no contract

1880-447: The traditional common law requirement for consideration to ground an action in assumpsit. Civil law systems take the approach that an exchange of promises, or a concurrence of wills alone, rather than an exchange in valuable rights is the correct basis. So if A promises to give B a book and B accepts the offer without giving anything in return, B would have a legal right to the book and A could not change her mind about giving it to B as

1927-465: The two subsequently get into a dispute, the issue of whether a contract exists is answered. B had an option contract—he could decide to produce the script, or not. B's consideration passed was the $ 5,000 down, and the possibility of $ 50,000. A's consideration passed was the exclusive rights to the movie script for at least one year. Suppose B commits a tort against A, causing $ 5,000 in compensatory damages and $ 3,000 in punitive damages . Since there

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1974-431: The worker. However, certain states require additional consideration other than the prospect of continued employment, to enforce terms demanded later by the employer, in particular, non-competition clauses. Contracts where a legally valueless term is bundled with a term that does have legal value are still generally enforceable. Consider the uncle's situation above. If the same uncle had instead told his 13-year-old nephew

2021-455: Was religious organizations (32%), then education (13%). Giving has increased in 3 out of 4 years since 1971 (with the occasional declines occurring around recession years). Blackbaud reports that, in the US, online giving in 2012 grew by 11% on a year-over-year basis. The percentage of total fundraising that comes from online giving was about 7% in 2012. This was an increase from 6% in 2011 and

2068-468: Was $ 1,047.27 (compared to $ 886.75 in the previous income year). This is an increase of 18.10 per cent. The ATO data in no way represents all gifts, being limited to giving by individual taxpayers to DGRs. Furthermore, not all gifts will be claimed, either due to forgetfulness or a conscious decision not to claim.  Broadly speaking, those whose income is derived from their superannuation (personal retirement savings) are not required to pay tax or submit

2115-413: Was already legally prohibited), most states allow smoking by age 18 and swearing is not illegal at any age. Even though smoking is legally restricted until age 18, it is legal for those above 18, and thus the promise to forbear from it entirely has legal value. However, the uncle would still be relieved from the liability if his nephew drank alcohol, even though that consideration is valueless, because it

2162-415: Was paired with something of legal value; therefore, adherence to the entire, collective agreement is necessary. Generally, past consideration is not a valid consideration and has no legal value. Past consideration is consideration that has already flowed from the promisee to the promisor. That is, the promisee's act or forbearance predates the promisor's promise. Past consideration therefore cannot be used as

2209-757: Was renamed Athol Hospital following the merger. While the hospital remains open, its future is uncertain following Heywood Healthcare's 2023 filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy . This article relating to a hospital in Massachusetts is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Donation A donation is a gift for charity , humanitarian aid , or to benefit a cause. A donation may take various forms, including money , alms , services , or goods such as clothing , toys , food , or vehicles . A donation may satisfy medical needs such as blood or organs for transplant . Charitable donations of goods or services are also called gifts in kind . In

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