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58-456: The Atlantic Council was founded with the stated mission to encourage the continuation of cooperation between North America and Europe that began after World War II . In its early years, its work consisted largely of publishing policy papers and polling Europeans and Americans about their attitudes towards transatlantic and international cooperation. In these early years, its primary focus was on economic issues—mainly encouraging free trade between

116-459: A niche as "center for informal get-togethers" of leaders from both sides of the Atlantic, with members working to develop "networks of continuing communication". The Atlantic Council also works outside Europe and the U.S. It was among the first organizations advocating for an increased Japanese presence in the international community. Its Asian programs have expanded since 2001 as a consequence of

174-640: A part of the British Empire . Following World War I , New York lawyer Paul D. Cravath was a noted leader in establishing Atlanticism in the United States. Cravath had become devoted to international affairs during the war, and was later a co-founder and director of the Council on Foreign Relations . In the aftermath of World War I, while the US Senate was discussing whether or not to ratify

232-415: Is a belief in the necessity of cooperation between North America and Europe . The term can imply a belief that the bilateral relationship between Europe and the United States is important above all others, including intra-European cooperation, especially when it comes to security issues. The term can also be used "as a shorthand for the transatlantic security architecture." Supranational integration of

290-603: Is an American political scientist . He served as Senior Director of the Atlantic Council 's Global China Hub, leading the think tank's work on China, as well as an adjunct professor at Georgetown University . Previously he was a Senior Adviser overseeing democratic resilience building against authoritarian influence at the International Republican Institute between 2018 and 2021 and Deputy National Intelligence Officer for East Asia at

348-481: Is some tension between Atlanticism and continentalism on both sides of the Atlantic, with some people emphasising increased regional cooperation or integration over trans-Atlantic cooperation. The relationship between Atlanticism and North American or European integrations is complex, and they are not seen in direct opposition to one another by many commentators. Internationalism is the foreign policy belief combining both Atlanticism and continentalism. Prior to

406-929: Is the premier, governmental forum for discussion and decision-making in an Atlanticist context. Other organizations that can be considered Atlanticist in origin: The World Bank and International Monetary Fund are also considered Atlanticist. Under a tacit agreement, the former is led by an American and the latter European. Well-known Atlanticists include former U.S. Presidents Franklin D. Roosevelt , Harry Truman , and Ronald Reagan ; U.K. Prime Ministers Winston Churchill , Margaret Thatcher , Tony Blair , and Gordon Brown ; former U.S. Secretary of State Dean Acheson ; former Assistant Secretary of War and perennial presidential advisor John J. McCloy ; former U.S. National Security Advisor Zbigniew Brzezinski ; former NATO Secretaries-General Javier Solana and Joseph Luns ; and Council on Foreign Relations co-founder Paul D. Cravath . David O. Shullman David O. Shullman

464-758: The Biden administration began, top officials of the European Union expressed optimism about the Atlantic relationship. Following the February 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine , journalists noted that the Russian aggression led to a united political response from the European Union, making the defensive relevance of the Atlantic alliance more widely known, and increasing the popularity of NATO accession in countries like Sweden and Finland. Finland joined NATO on 4 April 2023 and Sweden on 7 March 2024. Atlanticism

522-463: The European Union and the U.S. — with the financial backing of FedEx , who were simultaneously lobbying Congress directly to decrease transatlantic tariffs. In 2015 and 2016, the three largest donors, giving over $ 1 million USD each, were US millionaire Adrienne Arsht (executive vice chair), Lebanese billionaire Bahaa Hariri (estranged brother of Lebanese Prime Minister Saad Hariri ), and

580-1292: The Iraq War , the war in Afghanistan, and security threats in Asia and Africa. Its annual events include the Distinguished Leadership Awards in Washington, DC; the Future Leaders Summit; the Wroclaw Global Forum in Wroclaw, Poland; the Atlantic Council Energy & Economic Summit in Istanbul, Turkey; and the Global Citizen Awards in New York City. On February 22, 2019, the Atlantic Council released its Declaration of Principles at

638-574: The Munich Security Conference . Frederick Kempe , President and CEO of the Atlantic Council, said it was "an effort to rally and reinvigorate 'free peoples' around the world". In August 2023, a senior Atlantic Council delegation led by former Lithuanian president Dalia Grybauskaitė visited Taiwan with support from the Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative Office and met with President Tsai Ing-wen . In 2016,

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696-675: The National Intelligence Council between 2016 and 2018. Shullman received a BA in government from Georgetown University (2000), a MA in law and diplomacy with a focus on international relations and national security studies from the Fletcher School (2004), and a PhD in political science from UCLA (2011). He also holds a certificate in Mandarin Chinese from Beijing Normal University . From 2001 to 2002 Shullman worked for Weber Shandwick as

754-574: The North Atlantic Ocean , which is bordered by North America and Europe. The term can be used in a more specific way to refer to support for North Atlantic military alliances against the Soviet Union , or in a more expansive way to imply broader cooperation, perceived deeply shared values, a merging of diplomatic cultures, as well as a sense of community and some degree of integration between North America and Europe. In practice,

812-594: The Russian Federation . Russia added the Atlantic Council to its list of "undesirable" organizations, preventing it from operating within Russia. Russian scholars Andrei Tsygankov , Pavel Tsygankov , and Haley Gonzalez (2023) noted pro- NATO and anti-Russian bias in Atlantic Council publications. The United States diplomatic cables leak revealed that the Atlantic Council worked closely with Chevron Corporation and ExxonMobil representatives to undermine

870-542: The Treaty of Versailles (it ultimately did not), some Congressional Republicans expressed their support for a legally binding US alliance with Britain and France as an alternative to the League of Nations 's and especially Article X 's open-ended commitments; however, US President Woodrow Wilson never seriously explored their offer, instead preferring to focus on his (ultimately unsuccessful) fight to secure US entry into

928-624: The United Arab Emirates . The Ukrainian oligarch -run Burisma Holdings donated $ 100,000 per year for three years to the Atlantic Council starting in 2016. The full list of financial sponsors includes many military, financial, and corporate concerns. The leading donors in 2018 were Facebook and the British government. According to the Council, of its 2019 revenue, 14% (approximately $ 5.5 million) came from government donors excluding

986-519: The War in Afghanistan , NATO cooperation with Russia , and the broader transatlantic relationship. Members of the U.S. Congress have also appeared, including Senator Richard Lugar and Secretary of State John Kerry . The Council hosts events with sitting heads of state and government, including former Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvili , Ukrainian Prime Minister Arseniy Yatsenyuk , and former Latvian President Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga . Since January 2007,

1044-771: The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars and the main contributors to the Atlantic Council on this endeavour, Chevron, ExxonMobil, Shell plc and BP , were awarded with pre-salt exploration contracts. Atlanticism Atlanticism , also known as Transatlanticism , is the ideology which advocates a close alliance between nations in Northern America (the United States and Canada ) and in Europe on political , economic , and defense issues. The term derives from

1102-456: The war in Afghanistan leading to the opening of its South Asia Center and Program on Asia. Climate change , and coordinating with India and China on these issues, were also a factor in this development. In February 2009, James L. Jones , then-chairman of the Atlantic Council, stepped down to serve as President Obama's new National Security Advisor and was succeeded by Senator Chuck Hagel . In addition, other Council members also left to serve

1160-543: The 21st century in light of terrorism and the Iraq War , the net effect being a renewed questioning of the idea itself and a new insight that the security of the respective countries may require alliance action outside the North Atlantic territory. After the September 11, 2001, attacks , NATO for the first time invoked Article 5 , which states that any attack on a member state will be considered an attack against

1218-474: The Atlantic Council drew criticism from the founder of the Human Rights Foundation for its decision to award a Global Citizen Award to Ali Bongo Ondimba . Bongo declined the award amidst controversy over the 2016 Gabonese presidential election . In July 2019, Russia said the activities of the Atlantic Council pose a threat to the foundations of its constitutional system and the security of

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1276-462: The Atlantic Council was one of a number of think tanks that received substantial overseas funds and conducted activities that "typically align with the foreign governments' agendas". The Atlantic Council's Rafik Hariri Center for the Middle East was established with a donation from Bahaa Hariri and its founding head was Michele Dunne. After Mohamed Morsi was removed as President of Egypt by

1334-450: The Atlantic Council, Rockefeller Foundation & Council on Foreign Relations . She currently works as a presider of their public forums. The Atlantic Council creates a meeting place for heads of state, military leaders, and international leaders from both sides of the Atlantic. In 2009, the Council hosted former NATO Secretary General Anders Fogh Rasmussen 's first major U.S. speech, in which he discussed issues such as NATO's mission in

1392-786: The Atlantic alliance's importance during the Trump administration , indirectly opposing Trump in the matter. During the Trump years, tensions rose within NATO, as a result of democratic backsliding in Hungary and Turkey , and Trump's comments against NATO members and the alliance. Robert Kagan echoed common criticisms that Trump undermined the alliance. Despite this, NATO gained two new member countries ( Montenegro and North Macedonia ) during that time. The importance of NATO in Europe increased due to

1450-497: The Atlantic region into two rival trade blocs . However, many political actors and commentators do not see the two processes as being necessarily opposed to one another, in fact some commentators believe regional integration can reinforce Atlanticism. Article 2 of the North Atlantic Treaty, added by Canada , also attempted to bind the nations together on economic and political fronts. The North Atlantic Council

1508-489: The Brazilian legislative proposal to grant Petrobras chief operator of the pre-salt oil deposits in the Brazilian coast. Upon failure, the organization pivoted to undermine the institutions that held that legislation in place by openly supporting the impeachment of Dilma Rousseff and the ongoing lawfare against Petrobras. After the legislative victory, the success of the first auctions was announced in an event organized by

1566-691: The Council has hosted military leaders from both sides of the Atlantic. The council's Brent Scowcroft Center on International Security has, held periodic events known as the Commanders Series, where it invites military leaders from the United States and Europe to speak about conflicts of interest to the Atlantic community. As part of the Commanders Series, American military leaders such as former General George Casey and former Admiral Timothy Keating and European leaders like former French Chief of Defense General Jean-Louis Georgelin and Dutch Lieutenant General Ton van Loon have spoken on issues such as

1624-750: The League of Nations. The experience of having American and Canadian troops fighting with British, French, and other Europeans in Europe during the World Wars fundamentally changed this situation. Though the U.S. (and to some extent Canada) adopted a more isolationist position between the wars, by the time of the Normandy landings the Allies were well integrated on all policies. The Atlantic Charter of 1941 declared by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill established

1682-401: The North Atlantic area had emerged as a focus of thinking among intellectuals on both sides of the Atlantic already in the late 19th century. Although it was not known as Atlanticism at the time (the term was coined in 1950), they developed an approach coupling soft and hard power which would to some extent integrate the two sides of the Atlantic. The idea of an attractive "nucleus" union was

1740-477: The U.S. As a result, the relationship lost much of its strategic importance. However, the new democracies of the former Warsaw Pact , and parts of the fragments of the fractured Yugoslavia , took a different view, eagerly embracing Atlanticism, as a bulwark against their continued fear of the Soviet Union's key now-separate great power fragment: Russia . Atlanticism has undergone significant changes in

1798-752: The US government. In 2021, the founding donor was Adrienne Arsht , and donors giving more than $ 1 million were the American Securities Foundation , Bahaa Hariri , Embassy of the United Arab Emirates , Facebook, Goldman Sachs , The Rockefeller Foundation , and the UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office . In November 2022, the Atlantic Council hosted the Global Food Security Forum, which

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1856-601: The United Kingdom (linked to the Special Relationship ). Politically, it has tended to be associated most heavily and enthusiastically but not exclusively with classical liberals or the political right in Europe. Atlanticism often implies an affinity for U.S. political or social culture, or affinity for Europe in North America, as well as the historical bonds between the two continents. There

1914-766: The United States had diverged to such a degree that their alliance was no longer relevant. Later, in 2018, Kagan said that "we actually need the United States to be working actively to support and strengthen Europe". The importance of NATO was reaffirmed during Barack Obama 's administration , though some called him relatively non-Atlanticist compared to predecessors. As part of the Obama Doctrine , Washington supported multilateralism with allies in Europe. Obama also enforced sanctions on Russia with European (and Pacific) allies after Russia's first invasion of Ukraine in Crimea . After his presidency, Obama also stressed

1972-646: The World Wars, western European countries were generally preoccupied with continental concerns and creating colonial empires in Africa and Asia, and not relations with North America. Likewise, the United States was busy with domestic issues and interventions in Latin America, but had little interest in European affairs, and Canada, despite gaining self-governing dominion status through Confederation in 1867, had yet to exercise full foreign policy independence as

2030-666: The administration: Susan Rice as ambassador to the UN , Richard Holbrooke as the Special Representative to Afghanistan and Pakistan, General Eric K. Shinseki as the Secretary of Veterans Affairs , and Anne-Marie Slaughter as Director of Policy Planning at the State Department . Four years later, Hagel stepped down to serve as US Secretary of Defense . Gen. Brent Scowcroft served as interim chairman of

2088-402: The continuing threat of the Russian military and intelligence apparatus and the uncertainty of Russian actions in former Soviet Union countries, and various threats in the Middle East. German-Russian economic relations became an issue in the Atlantic relationship due to Nord Stream 2 , among other disagreements such as trade disputes between the United States and the European Union . As

2146-503: The decision to terminate our relationship with Mr Srivastava in May 2023 upon learning new information because of our donor review process. For example, we learned that The Gaurav & Sharon Srivastava Family Foundation was not established 501(c)(3) in April of 2023, despite Mr Srivastava's representation to the Council that this was a registered foundation." Reena Ninan is a former member of

2204-471: The entire group of members. Planes of NATO's multi-national AWACS unit patrolled the U.S. skies and European countries deployed personnel and equipment. However, the Iraq War caused fissures within NATO and the sharp difference of opinion between the U.S.-led backers of the invasion and opponents strained the alliance. Some commentators, such as Robert Kagan and Ivo Daalder questioned whether Europe and

2262-584: The future of the Bretton Woods system. The Center has hosted a range of leading financial policymakers for major policy speeches including Brian Deese, Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, Janet Yellen, Gina Raimondo, Kristalina Georgieva, David Malpass and many more. In September 2021, the Global China Hub was founded to research three challenges posed by China's economic growth: China’s growing influence on countries, global institutions, and democratic values;

2320-478: The global ramifications of political and economic change in Xi Jinping’s China; and China’s drive to dominate emerging technologies and the consequences for individual rights and privacy. As of June 2023, its senior director is David O. Shullman , who also leads the Atlantic Council's China-related work. The Atlantic Council has, since its inception, stated it is a nonpartisan institution, with members "from

2378-756: The goals of the Allies for the post-war world, and was later adopted by all the Western allies. Following the Second World War, the Western European countries were anxious to convince the U.S. to remain engaged in European affairs to deter any possible aggression by the Soviet Union. This led to the 1949 North Atlantic Treaty which established the North Atlantic Treaty Organization , the main institutional consequence of Atlanticism, which binds all members to defend

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2436-561: The greatest soft power element; the empirical fact of the hegemonic global strength such a union would hold was the hard power element. This approach was eventually implemented to a certain degree in the form of NATO, the G7 grouping and other Atlanticist institutions. In the long debate between Atlanticism and its critics in the 20th century, the main argument was whether deep and formal Atlantic integration would serve to attract those still outside to seek to join, as Atlanticists argued, or alienate

2494-588: The latter, citing the Warsaw Pact as the proof of their views and treating it as the inevitable realpolitik counterpart of NATO. Broadly speaking, Atlanticism is particularly strong in the United Kingdom (linked to the Special Relationship ) and eastern and central Europe (i.e. the area between Germany and Russia). There are numerous reasons for its strength in Eastern Europe: primarily

2552-467: The major Western European powers. Some commentators see countries such as Poland and the United Kingdom among those who generally hold strong Atlanticist views, while seeing countries such as Germany and France tending to promote continental views and a strong European Union . In the early 21st century, Atlanticism has tended to be slightly stronger on the political right in Europe (although many variations do exist from country to country), but on

2610-494: The military in 2013, Dunne urged the United States to suspend military aid to Egypt and called Morsi's removal a " military coup ". Bahaa Hariri complained to the Atlantic Council about Dunne's actions and four months later Dunne resigned her position. In 2014, The Atlantic Council produced a report promoting the Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) — a proposed trade-accommodation agreement between

2668-476: The moderate internationalist wings of both parties" in the United States. Despite its connections, the Council is by charter independent of the U.S. government and NATO, a registered 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization . In September 2014, Eric Lipton reported in The New York Times that since 2008, the US organization had received donations from more than twenty-five foreign governments. He wrote that

2726-597: The nexus of economics, finance, and foreign policy. The Center aims to bridge the divide between these siloed sectors with the goal of helping shape a more resilient global economy. The Center is organized around three pillars - the Future of Capitalism, the Future of Money, and the Economic Statecraft Initiative. They produce cutting-edge data visualizations and research on a range of issues including digital currencies, China’s economy, sanctions, and

2784-507: The organization's Board of Directors until January 2014, when former ambassador to China and governor of Utah Jon Huntsman Jr. was appointed. In 2017, Tom Bossert , previously a Nonresident Zurich Cyber Risk Fellow at the Atlantic Council's Cyber Security Initiative, was appointed Homeland Security Advisor to the Trump administration. The Digital Forensic Research Lab was founded in 2016, to study disinformation in open source environments and report on democratic processes. Top donors of

2842-584: The others, and led to the long-term garrisoning of American and Canadian troops in Western Europe. After the end of the Cold War , the relationship between the United States and Europe changed fundamentally, and made the sides less interested in each other. Without the threat of the Soviet Union dominating Europe, the continent became much less of a military priority for the U.S., and likewise, Europe no longer felt as much need for military protection from

2900-531: The philosophy of Atlanticism encourages active North American, particularly American, engagement in Europe and close cooperation between states on both sides of the ocean. Atlanticism manifested itself most strongly during the Second World War and in its aftermath, the Cold War , through the establishment of various Euro-Atlantic institutions, most importantly NATO and the Marshall Plan , with

2958-430: The political center-left in the United States. The partisan division should not be overstated, but it exists and has grown since the end of the Cold War. While trans-Atlantic trade and political ties have remained mostly strong throughout the Cold War and beyond, the larger trend has been continentalist economic integration with the European Economic Area and the North American Free Trade Agreement notably dividing

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3016-519: The project and the think tank, in general, are currently Facebook, after a 2018 sum was donated, and the government of Great Britain. In 2019, the Atlantic Council entered into a partnership with the Hungary Foundation, a group funded by the Orbán government in Hungary. A series of strategy discussions was planned which would have included key US and Central Europe officials. In a meeting in Budapest that year, Atlantic Council members criticized Hungarian Foreign Ministry officials for limiting discussion of

3074-486: The purpose being to maintain or increase the security and prosperity of the participating countries during the Cold War and protect liberal democracy and the progressive values of an open society that unite them under multiculturalism . Atlanticism varies in strength from region to region and from country to country based on a variety of historical and cultural factors. It is often considered to be particularly strong in Eastern Europe , Central Europe , Ireland and

3132-407: The rest of the world and drive them into opposite alliances. The Atlanticist perspective that informed the scheme of relations between the United States and the Western European countries after the end of World War Two was informed by political expedience and a strong civilizational bond. Realists , neutralists , and pacifists , nationalists and internationalists tended to believe it would do

3190-412: The role of the United States in bringing political freedom there after the First World War ( Wilson's Fourteen Points ), the major role of the U.S. during the Cold War (culminating in the geopolitical defeat of the Soviet empire and its withdrawal from the region), its relative enthusiasm for bringing the countries of the region into Atlanticist institutions such as NATO, and a suspicion of the intentions of

3248-446: The state of democracy in Hungary. Following this, the Hungary Foundation canceled the project. In 2020, the Atlantic Council returned a grant from the Hungary Foundation and ended its relationship with the Foundation. The Atlantic Council GeoEconomics Center was launched in December 2020 in a keynote event with ECB President Christine Lagarde. The GeoEconomics Center develops data-driven programs, publications, and thought leadership at

3306-401: The two continents, and to a lesser extent to the rest of the world—but it also did some work on political and environmental issues. Although the Atlantic Council did publish policy papers and monographs , Melvin Small of Wayne State University wrote that, especially in its early years, the Council's real strength lay in its connections to influential policymakers. The Council early on found

3364-445: Was co-hosted with the Gaurav and Sharon Srivastava Family Foundation, run by Gaurav Srivastava. The Atlantic Council subsequently terminated its relationship with Srivastava "after it could not verify important details of his background" following reporting of the Guarav Srivastava Fake Spy Scam . A Spokesperson for the Atlantic Council told Politico that it had returned funds received in 2023 for future collaboration, and that it "made

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