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39-684: In 2017, the festival rebranded itself as the FIN Atlantic International Film Festival , with the FIN blending a dual reference to a fish's fins due to Halifax's connection to the ocean fisheries, and the conclusion of a film. In 2023, the festival dropped the "FIN", and returned to its previous branding as the Atlantic International Film Festival. AIFF holds multiple events throughout the year. The Atlantic International Film Festival

78-548: A propulsive efficiency greater than 90%. Fish can accelerate and maneuver much more effectively than boats or submarine , and produce less water disturbance and noise. This has led to biomimetic studies of underwater robots which attempt to emulate the locomotion of aquatic animals. An example is the Robot Tuna built by the Institute of Field Robotics , to analyze and mathematically model thunniform motion . In 2005,

117-399: A swimmer or underwater diver Surfboard fins provide surfers with means to maneuver and control their boards. Contemporary surfboards often have a centre fin and two cambered side fins. The bodies of reef fishes are often shaped differently from open water fishes . Open water fishes are usually built for speed, streamlined like torpedoes to minimise friction as they move through

156-421: A 24 per cent attendance increase from the previous year with 29,400 in overall attendance, including 28 sold-out screenings and events. In 2007 attendance was up 18 per cent over 2006, with a record-setting 33,500 people taking part in the 27th annual event. The opening film was The Event , directed by Thom Fitzgerald . The opening film was Wilby Wonderful , directed by Daniel MacIvor . The opening film

195-430: A different reason. Unlike dolphins, these fish do not feel the bubbles, because they have bony fins without nerve endings. Nevertheless, they cannot swim faster because the cavitation bubbles create a vapor film around their fins that limits their speed. Lesions have been found on tuna that are consistent with cavitation damage. Scombrid fishes (tuna, mackerel and bonito) are particularly high-performance swimmers. Along

234-520: A liquid, which then promptly and violently collapse. It can cause significant damage and wear. Cavitation damage can also occur to the tail fins of powerful swimming marine animals, such as dolphins and tuna. Cavitation is more likely to occur near the surface of the ocean, where the ambient water pressure is relatively low. Even if they have the power to swim faster, dolphins may have to restrict their speed because collapsing cavitation bubbles on their tail are too painful. Cavitation also slows tuna, but for

273-515: A number of rotating fins, also called foils, wings, arms or blades. Propellers use the fins to translate torquing force to lateral thrust, thus propelling an aircraft or ship. Turbines work in reverse, using the lift of the blades to generate torque and power from moving gases or water. Cavitation can be a problem with high power applications, resulting in damage to propellers or turbines, as well as noise and loss of power. Cavitation occurs when negative pressure causes bubbles (cavities) to form in

312-409: A pancake, and will fit into fissures in rocks. Their pelvic and pectoral fins are designed differently, so they act together with the flattened body to optimise maneuverability. Some fishes, such as puffer fish , filefish and trunkfish , rely on pectoral fins for swimming and hardly use tail fins at all. Aristotle recognised the distinction between analogous and homologous structures , and made

351-459: Is a thin component or appendage attached to a larger body or structure. Fins typically function as foils that produce lift or thrust , or provide the ability to steer or stabilize motion while traveling in water, air, or other fluids . Fins are also used to increase surface areas for heat transfer purposes , or simply as ornamentation. Fins first evolved on fish as a means of locomotion. Fish fins are used to generate thrust and control

390-461: Is an 8-day event, screening films from Canada and around the world, and showcasing Atlantic Canadian films and artists. During the first three days of the Festival, AIFF simultaneously runs AIFF Partners, an international co-production and co-financing market focusing on narrative feature film and series, which brings together producers and industry decision-makers from Canada and around the world. In

429-614: Is held simultaneously with the first three days of the Atlantic Film Festival. The 25th edition of the event will take place in September 2022. Every year, the AIFF Partners organizers accept a robust and curated roster of delegates from around the world, in a bid to provide a 'one-stop shop' for film and TV producers and early-stage projects. Similar in format to International Film Festival Rotterdam's Cinemart,

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468-524: Is reserved specifically for films from the Atlantic Canada region. It also does not generally bill most of its screenings as "galas", as many larger film festivals do; apart from the opening and closing films, the only other screenings to be billed as galas are the "Atlantic Canadian Gala", highlighting a film made within the region, and the "Reel Coast Shorts" gala, highlighting short films by Atlantic Canadian directors. The 2005 festival experienced

507-560: The Sea Life London Aquarium displayed three robotic fish created by the computer science department at the University of Essex . The fish were designed to be autonomous, swimming around and avoiding obstacles like real fish. Their creator claimed that he was trying to combine "the speed of tuna, acceleration of a pike, and the navigating skills of an eel". The AquaPenguin , developed by Festo of Germany, copies

546-712: The European Film Market's co-production forum, and Independent Film Week's No Borders, AIFF Partners is Canada's premiere film and television co-production event. While the event attracts a strong core attendance from Canada, the US and the UK, it also focuses on an annual group of spotlight countries. 2020/2021: Benelux , Germany , and the United States 2018/2019: United Kingdom , the Republic of Ireland , and

585-656: The People's Choice Audience Award. A number of high-profile actors, including Brenda Fricker , Billy Boyd , Adam Sinclair , Kristin Kreuk and Famke Janssen , were in attendance. The opening film was Rollertown , the closing film was Mike Clattenburg 's Afghan Luke , and the CBC Shorts Gala featured short films by Cory Bowles and Christian Sparkes . Blackbird was awarded Best Atlantic Feature and Best Director ( Jason Buxton ). This year's festival also featured

624-654: The United States 2016/2017: Nordic countries and the United States 2014/2015: Latin America and the United States 2013: India and United Kingdom 2012: United States and the United Kingdom 2011: South Africa , United States and Australia 2009: Germany and Ireland 2008: Argentina , Brazil and Mexico 2007: France 2006: Australia , New Zealand and South Africa 2005: Germany 2004: Ireland Fin A fin

663-480: The University of Chicago found bottom-walking lungfishes had already evolved characteristics of the walking gaits of terrestrial tetrapods. In a classic example of convergent evolution , the pectoral limbs of pterosaurs , birds and bats further evolved along independent paths into flying wings. Even with flying wings there are many similarities with walking legs, and core aspects of the genetic blueprint of

702-423: The award for Best Editing for his short film Treevenge . The opening film was Trailer Park Boys: Countdown to Liquor Day . Films that were screened included Bruce McDonald 's Trigger , Evan Kelly's debut feature The Corridor , and Paul Andrew Kimball 's debut feature Eternal Kiss . Charlie Zone won Best Atlantic Feature and Best Director (Michael Melski) and Thom Fitzgerald 's Cloudburst won

741-487: The case of humans) and the pelvic fins developed into hind legs. Much of the genetic machinery that builds a walking limb in a tetrapod is already present in the swimming fin of a fish. In 2011, researchers at Monash University in Australia used primitive but still living lungfish "to trace the evolution of pelvic fin muscles to find out how the load-bearing hind limbs of the tetrapods evolved." Further research at

780-408: The female cichlid , Pelvicachromis taeniatus , displays a large and visually arresting purple pelvic fin . "The researchers found that males clearly preferred females with a larger pelvic fin and that pelvic fins grew in a more disproportionate way than other fins on female fish." Reshaping human feet with swim fins , rather like the tail fin of a fish, add thrust and efficiency to the kicks of

819-526: The following prophetic comparison: "Birds in a way resemble fishes. For birds have their wings in the upper part of their bodies and fishes have two fins in the front part of their bodies. Birds have feet on their underpart and most fishes have a second pair of fins in their under-part and near their front fins." – Aristotle, De incessu animalium There is an old theory, proposed by anatomist Carl Gegenbaur , which has been often disregarded in science textbooks, "that fins and (later) limbs evolved from

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858-469: The formation of a linked chain of vortex rings" and that "the dorsal and anal fin wakes are rapidly entrained by the caudal fin wake, approximately within the timeframe of a subsequent tail beat". Once motion has been established, the motion itself can be controlled with the use of other fins. Boats control direction (yaw) with fin-like rudders, and roll with stabilizer and keel fins. Airplanes achieve similar results with small specialised fins that change

897-450: The gills of an extinct vertebrate". Gaps in the fossil record had not allowed a definitive conclusion. In 2009, researchers from the University of Chicago found evidence that the "genetic architecture of gills, fins and limbs is the same", and that "the skeleton of any appendage off the body of an animal is probably patterned by the developmental genetic program that we have traced back to formation of gills in sharks". Recent studies support

936-444: The idea that gill arches and paired fins are serially homologous and thus that fins may have evolved from gill tissues. Fish are the ancestors of all mammals, reptiles, birds and amphibians. In particular, terrestrial tetrapods (four-legged animals) evolved from fish and made their first forays onto land 400 million years ago. They used paired pectoral and pelvic fins for locomotion. The pectoral fins developed into forelegs (arms in

975-402: The lift of the fin sets water or air in motion and pushes the fin in the opposite direction. Aquatic animals get significant thrust by moving fins back and forth in water. Often the tail fin is used, but some aquatic animals generate thrust from pectoral fins . Fins can also generate thrust if they are rotated in air or water. Turbines and propellers (and sometimes fans and pumps ) use

1014-458: The margin at the rear of their bodies is a line of small rayless, non-retractable fins, known as finlets . There has been much speculation about the function of these finlets. Research done in 2000 and 2001 by Nauen and Lauder indicated that "the finlets have a hydrodynamic effect on local flow during steady swimming" and that "the most posterior finlet is oriented to redirect flow into the developing tail vortex, which may increase thrust produced by

1053-407: The more remarkable because they evolved from nothing — the ancestral terrestrial reptile had no hump on its back or blade on its tail to serve as a precursor." The biologist Stephen Jay Gould said the ichthyosaur was his favorite example of convergent evolution . The use of fins for the propulsion of aquatic animals can be remarkably effective. It has been calculated that some fish can achieve

1092-416: The muscle fibers with electricity. Robotic fish offer some research advantages, such as the ability to examine part of a fish design in isolation from the rest, and variance of a single parameter, such as flexibility or direction. Researchers can directly measure forces more easily than in live fish. "Robotic devices also facilitate three-dimensional kinematic studies and correlated hydrodynamic analyses, as

1131-508: The pectoral fin have been retained. About 200 million years ago the first mammals appeared. A group of these mammals started returning to the sea about 52 million years ago, thus completing a circle. These are the cetaceans (whales, dolphins and porpoises). Recent DNA analysis suggests that cetaceans evolved from within the even-toed ungulates , and that they share a common ancestor with the hippopotamus . About 23 million years ago another group of bearlike land mammals started returning to

1170-545: The premieres of Roaming , the first film produced through Telefilm Canada's First Feature Program, The Disappeared , and Paul-Émile d'Entremont 's documentary Last Chance . There Are Monsters was awarded Best Atlantic Feature and Best Director (Jay Dahl). AIFF Partners (formerly known as "Strategic Partners") is an annual international film co-production market, held in Halifax , Nova Scotia , Canada . The event has been held annually since its inception in 1998, and

1209-419: The same way as in other mammals. Ichthyosaurs are ancient reptiles that resembled dolphins. They first appeared about 245 million years ago and disappeared about 90 million years ago. "This sea-going reptile with terrestrial ancestors converged so strongly on fishes that it actually evolved a dorsal fin and tail in just the right place and with just the right hydrological design. These structures are all

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1248-518: The sea. These were the pinnipeds (seals). What had become walking limbs in cetaceans and seals evolved further, independently in a reverse form of convergent evolution, back to new forms of swimming fins. The forelimbs became flippers and, in pinnipeds, the hind limbs became a tail terminating in two fins (the cetacean fluke , conversely, is an entirely new organ). Fish tails are usually vertical and move from side to side. Cetacean flukes are horizontal and move up and down, because cetacean spines bend

1287-574: The shape of their wings and tail fins. Stabilising fins are used as fletching on arrows and some darts , and at the rear of some bombs , missiles , rockets and self-propelled torpedoes . These are typically planar and shaped like small wings, although grid fins are sometimes used. Static fins have also been used for one satellite, GOCE . Engineering fins are also used as heat transfer fins to regulate temperature in heat sinks or fin radiators . In biology, fins can have an adaptive significance as sexual ornaments. During courtship,

1326-512: The spring, AIFF holds AIFF Kids (formerly Viewfinders: Atlantic Film Festival for Youth ), a touring event designed to engage, entertain, and educate young people. AIFF Outdoor (formerly Outdoor Film Experience ) is AIFF's outdoor summer film series held in various locations across the Halifax Regional Municipality. Although the festival screens films from across Canada and internationally, its principal awards program

1365-416: The streamlined shape and propulsion by front flippers of penguins . Festo also developed AquaRay , AquaJelly and AiraCuda , respectively emulating the locomotion of manta rays, jellyfish and barracuda. In 2004, Hugh Herr at MIT prototyped a biomechatronic robotic fish with a living actuator by surgically transplanting muscles from frog legs to the robot and then making the robot swim by pulsing

1404-440: The subsequent motion. Fish and other aquatic animals, such as cetaceans , actively propel and steer themselves with pectoral and tail fins . As they swim, they use other fins, such as dorsal and anal fins , to achieve stability and refine their maneuvering. The fins on the tails of cetaceans, ichthyosaurs , metriorhynchids , mosasaurs and plesiosaurs are called flukes . Foil shaped fins generate thrust when moved,

1443-552: The tail of swimming mackerel". Fish use multiple fins, so it is possible that a given fin can have a hydrodynamic interaction with another fin. In particular, the fins immediately upstream of the caudal (tail) fin may be proximate fins that can directly affect the flow dynamics at the caudal fin. In 2011, researchers using volumetric imaging techniques were able to generate "the first instantaneous three-dimensional views of wake structures as they are produced by freely swimming fishes". They found that "continuous tail beats resulted in

1482-698: The water. Reef fish operate in the relatively confined spaces and complex underwater landscapes of coral reefs . For this manoeuvrability is more important than straight line speed, so coral reef fish have developed bodies which optimize their ability to dart and change direction. They outwit predators by dodging into fissures in the reef or playing hide and seek around coral heads. The pectoral and pelvic fins of many reef fish, such as butterflyfish , damselfish and angelfish , have evolved so they can act as brakes and allow complex maneuvers. Many reef fish, such as butterflyfish , damselfish and angelfish , have evolved bodies which are deep and laterally compressed like

1521-568: Was 3 Needles , directed by Thom Fitzgerald , and Jason Eisener 's short The Teeth Beneath premiered. The opening film was The Journals of Knud Rasmussen , directed by Zacharias Kunuk , and the closing film was Susanne Bier 's After the Wedding . The opening film was Shake Hands With The Devil and The Bodybuilder and I was named best Canadian documentary. Down to the Dirt won Best Atlantic Feature and Jason Eisener received

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