62-582: The Autonomist Movement was a Chilean political movement which was a founding member of the Broad Front on 21 January 2017. One year later, the movement merged into the party Social Convergence alongside Libertarian Left, Socialism and Liberty and New Democracy. This article about a Chilean political party is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Chilean people Chileans ( Spanish : Chilenos , pronounced [tʃiˈlenos] ) are an ethnic group and nation native to
124-480: A Christian cultural background. However, many Chileans do not equate their nationality with ethnicity, but with citizenship and allegiance to Chile. This has resulted due to immigration to Chile throughout its history, and thus the term "Chilean" can now also include people identifying with the country whose connection may not be ethnic, but cultural, historical, legal, or residential. For most modern Chileans, several or all of these connections exist and are collectively
186-421: A change in the physiognomy of certain boroughs ("communes") in the country where its number is concentrated. In boroughs such as Santiago Centro and Independencia , a third of all residents (28% and 31% respectively) were born abroad. Other communes of Greater Santiago with high numbers of immigrants are Estación Central (17%) and Recoleta (16%). In the northern regions such as Antofagasta Region , 17.3% of
248-697: A core tenet of the reactionary thought in Spain in the coming years. During the Second Spanish Republic , Spanish monarchist author Ramiro de Maeztu , who had been the ambassador to Argentina between 1928 and 1930, considered the concept of Hispanidad, motivated by the interests aroused on him by Argentine-related topics, and the meetings between him and the attendants to the courses of Catholic culture as nationalist, Catholic and anti-liberal . Maeztu explained his doctrine of Hispanidad in his work Defensa de la Hispanidad (1934); he thought it
310-423: A height of only 2,500 — or 0.1% of the total population — during the colonial period. The birth rates of black people were low. According to Sergio Villalobos this could have been indebted to the fact that black women and men were often apart as result of their slave labor and an hesitancy of other racial groups to engage with them. In the 18th century, many Spanish civilians (mainly of Basque origin) entered
372-862: A large number of Selknam or Onas disappeared by the extermination carried out by settlers in Tierra del Fuego in the early 20th century. Other factors that contributed to their extinction were diseases brought by Europeans, such as smallpox . According to the 2017 census, 12.8% of the Chilean population, 1 842 607 people of 14 years or more, declares themselves indigenous. Of the total indigenous population, 79.8% declared themselves Mapuche; 7.2%, Aymara ; 4.1%, Diaguita ; 1.6%, Quechua ; 1.4%, Atacameño ; 0.9%, Colla ; 0.4%, Rapa Nui ; 0.1%, Kawésqar and 0.1%, Yaghan . 1.3% identified with another and 3.1% identified as indigenous but it has not been said which. The folk culture of Chile has mostly Spanish origins, especially
434-558: A majority of Chileans acknowledging that they had at least some Amerindian ancestry, if asked, many Chileans would simply self-identify as white. Thus, in a 2011 Latinobarómetro survey which asked respondents in Chile what race they considered themselves to belong to, a majority of 67% answered "white", while 25% said "mestizo", and 8% self-classified as "indigenous". For at least 12,000 years, numerous indigenous peoples settled in central and southern Chile. The predominant Mapuche made up
496-534: A national census held in 2002, which classified the population as indigenous and non-indigenous, rather than as White or Mestizo. Despite this, a Chilean researcher in 2015 stated that "there are no Chileans without Amerindian or European ancestry". Cities with a historically higher proportion of European immigration, such as Concepción , in south central Chile, exhibited an average middle class genepool of 75% European and 25% Indigenous DNA, while in Valparaíso
558-537: A newspaper in Argentina , La Nación . He compared the term to other similar expressions: argentinidad , americanidad , españolidad and italianidad . Unamuno linked the concept to the multiplicity of peoples speaking the Spanish language, which encompassed in turn his idea of La Raza , gave it an egalitarian substrate and questioned the very status of motherland for Spain; he claimed
620-462: A population census in Chiloe that totaled 26,703 inhabitants, of which about 64.4% was classified as españoles ("Spaniards", Caucasian and mixed Mestizo people) and 33.5% considered indios ("Indians"). First generation mestizos sprang largely from the intercourse of Spanish men and indigenous women. The opposite, the union of indigenous men and Spanish women was rare but not unheard of. In 1812,
682-468: A predominant 52.7% of the Chilean population can be classified as European , with an estimated 44% as Mestizo . Other social studies put the total amount of Whites at over 60 percent. Some publications, such as the CIA World Factbook , state that the entire population consist of a combined 95.4% of "Whites and White-Amerindians", and 4.6% of indigenous peoples. These figures are based on
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#1732779533014744-607: A separate people or nation. Although indigenous peoples like Mapuche and Aymaras are in some situations contrasted against Chilean people the two demonyms are not mutually exclusive and are rather often used in combination. For example, "a Chilean Aymara" can be used to contrast with Aymaras living in Bolivia or Peru. The 1907 census reported 101,118 Indians, or 3.1% of the total country population. Only those that practiced their native culture or spoke their native language were considered, irrespective of their "racial purity." At
806-536: A sort of supranational institution, and it ended up being a council of 74 members, charged with the task of coordinating the relations with Latin America. The Hispanidad became the source of an expansive nationalism (first imperialist and then cultural). Besides its character both as national identity element and as stalwart of Catholicism, Francoism used the Hispanidad in international relations. The Council of
868-690: Is a Spanish term describing a shared cultural, linguistic, or political identity among speakers of the Spanish language or members of the Hispanic diaspora. The term can have various, different implications and meanings depending on the regional, socio-political, or cultural context in which it is used. The term has been used in the early modern period and is in the Tractado de orthographía y accentos en las tres lenguas principales by Alejo Venegas, printed in 1531, to mean "style of linguistic expression". It
930-416: Is most pronounced in rural areas and in aspects of culture such as Chilean cuisine and Chilean Spanish . Although post-independence immigrants never made up more than 2% of the population, there are now hundreds of thousands of Chileans with German , British, French, Croatian, Italian or Palestinian ancestry, though these have also been mostly miscegenated with other groups within the country. Though
992-535: Is of Indigenous origin, while the Y chromosome (inherited only from father to son) is about 70% of European origin, and between 6% and 15% Indigenous, depending on the area of the city. The results indicate a gender asymmetrical pattern of sexual relations leading to childbirth in Chile's history. On a genotypic (genetic) level, however, persons in all groups, despite their classification by phenotype (appearance) would nonetheless contain admixture, not just those with stereotypically mestizo appearance. Thus, in Chile,
1054-478: Is the work of Spain. This work by Spain is essentially of Catholic nature. Hence, there is a relation of equality between Hispanidad and Catholicism, and any attempt at Hispanisation which rejects it is madness". " América es la obra de España. Esta obra de España lo es esencialmente de catolicismo. Luego hay relación de igualdad entre hispanidad y catolicismo, y es locura todo intento de hispanización que lo repudie. " According to Stephen G. H. Roberts, Gomá linked
1116-555: The Atlantic Coast of the Southern Cone (i.e., Argentina and southern Brazil ). These European ethnic groups have intermarried thereby diluting the distinct cultures, descent and identities of the home countries and fusing them among each other. These intermixed cultures form the society and culture of the Chilean middle and upper classes. The European have still preserved elements of themselves, therefore they enjoy
1178-784: The Chilean British population is in its tens of thousands, and represents a significant proportion of the UK's Latin American community . By far, the largest concentration of Chileans can be found in London with significant other communities being Birmingham , Sheffield and the Manchester – Liverpool Metropolitan area. Historic emigration took place in the early 19th century when Chilean ranchers went to Mexico after their independence. Thousands of miners from Chile went to California ,
1240-638: The Chilean population has some French ancestry . 600,000 to 800,000 are Italians . Other European groups are found in smaller numbers. The European immigrants have transformed the country culturally , economically and politically . European emigration in Chile and to a lesser extent, the arrival from the Middle East during the second half of the 19th and 20th centuries, was the most important in Latin America second to that which occurred in
1302-554: The Mapuche resistance to the conquest . The indigenous Picunche population of Central Chile disappeared by a process of mestizaje by gradually abandoning their villages ( pueblo de indios ) to settle in nearby Spanish haciendas. There Picunches mingled with disparate indigenous peoples brought in from: Araucanía ( Mapuche ), Chiloé ( Huilliche , Cunco , Chono , Poyas ) and Argentina ( Huarpe ). Few in numbers, disconnected from their ancestral lands and diluted by mestizaje
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#17327795330141364-593: The Spanish Civil War , being used as war tool. Spanish philosopher and Francoist propagandist Manuel García Morente [ es ] would make Francisco Franco the saviour of the legacy of the Hispanidad from an "invisible army" that was sent by the Communist International of Moscow . García Morente would synthesize the essence of Hispanidad in the archaistic ideal of " Christian knight ", half-monk and half-soldier; that figure
1426-418: The huaso culture of the central part of the country, as it arose in the colonial period due to cattle ranching. It could therefore be considered an offshoot of Spanish popular culture of the 17th an 18th centuries as are the folk cultures of the rest of Latin America and also, its direct descendants, Andalusian and Castilian folk cultures. The Andalusian forms in the huaso dress is apparent to Europeans and
1488-508: The huaso . As well as the huaso culture of the central part of the country can be seen the German , Chilote , Croatian and Magallanic culture in the south, and the Andean culture in the north. Chile's Nueva Canción movement in modern Chilean folk culture is adapted from the folk music of the north, not of the brass bands but of the panpipes and quenas. The traditional Chilean folk music of
1550-633: The 1970s and 1980s settled in the US, a small number compared to other Latino groups. The highest number settled in Miami, Florida , but smaller enclaves are in Washington, D.C. ; New York City; and California (the Los Angeles area – Beverly Hills and Long Beach ; and San Francisco – San Mateo County ). Approximately 2,500 Chilean exiles fled to the UK in the early 1970s and by most recent estimates,
1612-612: The 1970s fled to East Germany , including president Michelle Bachelet , who also lived in Australia. Anti-Pinochet refugees formed a large expatriate community in Europe and a smaller community in North America (the US and Canada). The Chilean-Swedish population is estimated at 56,000 people, a result of migration that began with the political refugees from the 1973 coup d'état. Over 100,000 Chileans fleeing from both regimes in
1674-414: The 2002 census, people that declared themselves as indigenous amounted to 4.6% of the population (692,192 people); of these, 87.3% declared themselves Mapuche. as with Chileans of other backgrounds most Mapuche show varying degrees of mixed ancestry. Some native peoples of Chile disappeared product from acculturation and miscegenation, as is the case of peoples Picunches , Diaguitas and Chonos , whereas
1736-461: The Chilean population has some Croatian ancestry . Over 700,000 Chileans, 4.5% of Chile's population, has British ( English , Scottish and Welsh ) origin. Between 90,000 and 120,000 Chileans are of Greek origin. Most live either in the Santiago or Antofagasta areas. Chile is one of the 5 countries with the most Greeks in the world. The number of Swiss is about 90,000. About 5% of
1798-517: The Diocese of Concepción conducted a census to the south of the Maule river ; however, this did not include the indigenous population — at that time estimated at 8,000 people — nor the inhabitants of the province of Chiloé. It put the total population at 210,567, of which 86.1% was native Spaniards and 10% were Indian, with a remaining 3.7% of African, mulattos , and mestizo descent. Other estimates in
1860-594: The Francoist dictatorship, the regime, then less constrained by the international community, recovered more aggressive rhetorics, but it failed to reach the full extent of when Ramón Serrano Suñer was Minister of Foreign Affairs. In 1958, the Day of the Race was renamed to Day of the Hispanidad in Spain. Already in the 1930s, conservative Mexican writer Alfonso Junco [ es ] had become an active propagandist of
1922-533: The Hispanidad as a positive factor towards cultural ontogeny; he believed its miscegenation was much better than the Anglo-Saxon example. In Argentina, one of the few countries with good relations with Francoist Spain after the end of World War II , President Juan Domingo Perón defended the concept of Hispanidad by highlighting the Hispanic roots of Argentina. However, Peronism began to detach itself from
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1984-636: The Hispanidad were Miguel Palomar y Vizcarra [ es ] , Jesús Guisa y Azevedo [ es ] , Salvador Abascal , and Salvador Borrego . The National Synarchist Union saw in the Hispanidad a key component of the vitality of the Mexican nation. The idea of Hispanidad was also featured with new meanings in authors of the Spanish Republic in exile , such as Fernando de los Ríos , Joaquín Xirau , Eduardo Nicol and Américo Castro . Salvador de Madariaga , also exiled, defended
2046-618: The Hispanidad would become the Institute of Hispanic Culture [ es ] in 1946 and change from a more Falangist profile to a more Catholic one. That happened within a framework of a general change in the doctrine of the Hispanidad between 1945 and 1947, with Alberto Martín-Artajo at the helm of the Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The message then became more defensive and less aggressive, with fewer mentions of "empire" and "race" (biological). Afterwards, later in
2108-409: The Hispanidad. One of the key parts of the ideology of "Panista" Mexican politician Efraín González Luna [ es ] , who strongly supported miscegenation , was the Hispanidad, which he conceived in terms of a united community of sovereign states that defended their own values from foreign threats like communism. Other opponents of post-revolutionary Mexico , who spread the doctrine of
2170-476: The Picunche and their descendants lost their indigenous identity. The government of Agustín de Jáuregui , which ruled around 1777–1778, ordered the first general population census. The census confirmed a total of 259,646 inhabitants at the time, with 73.5% classified as Caucasian, 9.8% as African , 8.6% as Indian , and 7.8% as Mestizo. In 1784, Francisco Hurtado, governor of the province of Chiloé , conducted
2232-617: The U.S. during the 1850s California Gold Rush , as well in other gold rushes in Colorado (1870s) and the Yukon (1890s). Small numbers of Chilean miners also migrated to South Africa and Australia for the same reason. Hispanicity [REDACTED] The Hispanic flag Non-independent but self-governing: Countries and regions sometimes included within the concept of Hispanidad Hispanidad ( Spanish: [is.pa.niˈðað] , typically translated as "Hispanicity" )
2294-579: The average middle class genepool was 77% European and 23% Indigenous DNA. By contrast, in southern and northern regions of the country, the Indigenous component surpassed the European component. Related genetic studies conducted on Santiago's mtDNA and Y-DNA found a sex bias in the ethnic origin of those sex-specific chromosomes. Thus, across all social classes, an overwhelming 84% of Santiago's mitochondrial DNA (inherited only from mother to child)
2356-550: The country of Chile and its neighboring insular territories . Most Chileans share a common culture , history , ancestry and language . The overwhelming majority of Chileans are the product of varying degrees of admixture between European ethnic groups (predominantly Basques and Spaniards ) with peoples indigenous to Chile's modern territory (predominantly Mapuche ). Chile is a multilingual and multicultural society, but an overwhelming majority of Chileans have Spanish as their first language and either are Christians or have
2418-587: The country, in particular attracted by trade liberalization at the time enacted by the Spanish Crown. In the late 18th century, Basque descendants were estimated to comprise 27% of the total population. Most of the Basque immigrants initially partook in small businesses, though others attained higher levels of prosperity. Of those, many mixed with the Criollo aristocracy of Castilian origin, who owned much of
2480-521: The country. A substantial German immigration took place in 1848, laying the foundation for the German-Chilean community. Under a government sponsored program aimed at colonizing the southern region, the Germans (including German-speaking Swiss , Silesians , Alsatians , Austrians , and Sudeten Germans ), colonized the south and have since influenced the cultural and racial composition of
2542-597: The end of Augusto Pinochet's dictatorship and the return to democracy, and the subsequent socioeconomic development of the country, a significant number of immigrants from various Latin American countries started to arrive to Chile. These represented nearly 1,200,000 people (2017) corresponding to 7% of the population residing in the country. They were composed of 288,233 Venezuelans, 223,923 Peruvians, 179,338 Haitians, 146,582 Colombians, 107,346 Bolivians, 74,713 Argentines, 36,994 Ecuadorians, 18,185 Brazilians, 17,959 Dominicans, 15,837 Cubans and 8,975 Mexicans. This has prompted
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2604-612: The era. These very factors, indeed, lend to the significantly varying ethnic structure figures from one source to the next. Additionally, those various figures refer to different, even if often overlapping, concepts: including racial vs ethnic categories, self-identity vs genetic findings, as well as culturally assigned categories. These concepts should not be confused, and the figures represented in one source might not be corresponding to figures of concepts from another source. Thus, for instance, UNAM professor of Latin American studies, Francisco Lizcano, in his social research estimates that
2666-618: The expression Fiesta de la Raza should be changed to Fiesta de la Hispanidad . During the reign of King Alfonso XIII of Spain, the Virgin of Guadaloupe was proclaimed "Queen of the Hispanidad" in Spain. In the later years of the decade, vanguard writer Ernesto Giménez Caballero began to elaborate a neo-imperialist narrative of the Hispanidad in La Gaceta Literaria . The doctrine of Hispanidad would also become
2728-453: The huasos were also popularized, particularly the tonadas, folk songs sung with a guitar, mainly on the topics of love. Several folk groups who dress in huaso costume became famous nationwide. The folk culture that is mainly associated with the Chilean national identity is that of the huasos as that is where the Chilean state was formed and it spread northwards and southwards in the late 19th century. Emigration of Chileans has decreased during
2790-560: The ideas of Maeztu and the ideology that was developed by the dictatorship of Franco . According to the philosopher and writer Julián Marías , the Spanish American territories were not only colonies but also extensions of Spain that mixed with the native American peoples, with whom Europeans intermarried , creating a multicultural society. Defunct That narrative was heavily featured in Nationalist propaganda during
2852-656: The land. This resulted in the Castilian-Basque aristocracy , which later came to form the basis of the Chilean ruling class; other Basques also integrated with mestizo population of Castilian origin, that resulted in modern Chilean middle classes. The number of descendants from Basques in Chile are estimated at 10% of the population (1.7 million). After Chile's independence successive waves of Spanish , Italians , Irish , French , Greeks , Germans , British , Dutch , Croats , Russians , Poles , Hungarians , Portuguese and Middle Eastern people immigrated to
2914-694: The last decade: It is estimated that 857,781 Chileans live abroad, 50.1% of those being in Argentina (the highest number), 13.3% in the United States, 8.8% in Brazil , 4.9% in Sweden, and around 2% in Australia, with the rest being scattered in smaller numbers across the globe. Other Chilean refugees settled (not ranked by order of size) in Spain, Mexico, Costa Rica , United Kingdom, Canada, France, Germany, New Zealand, and Italy. Many pro-Allende refugees in
2976-474: The late 17th century indicate that the population reached a maximum total of 152,000, consisting of 72% whites and mestizos, 18% Indians, and 10% blacks and mulattos. For many years, Spanish-descent settlers and religious orders imported African slaves to the country, which in the early 19th century constituted 1.5% of the national population. Despite this, the Afro-Chilean population was small, reaching
3038-663: The majority of Chileans reside in Chile, significant communities have been established in multiple countries, most noticeably Argentina , United States , Australia and Canada and countries of the European Union . Although small in number, Chilean people also make up a substantial part of the permanent population of Antarctica and the Falkland Islands (see: Chileans in the Falkland Islands ). As in other Latin American countries, in Chile, from
3100-410: The music and dances show Spanish origins, even though both have been adapted and are distinct from dress, music and dance in Spain today. The ranches called fundos, where the huasos lived and worked show strong similarity with Spanish vernacular architecture , especially in the canal roofs and the interior courtyards. The fundo is now thought of as traditional Chilean architecture and is associated with
3162-497: The need of approaching Hispanic American republics in terms of sisterhood (opposing "primacies" and "maternities"). Further development of the concept had to wait for the 1920s, when a group of intellectuals was influenced by the ideas of ultranationalist French thinker Charles Maurras and rescued the term. The term was used by Spanish priest Zacarías de Vizcarra , who was living in Buenos Aires . He proposed in 1926 that
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#17327795330143224-480: The onset of Spanish colonization and settlement , miscegenation or mestizaje was the norm rather than the exception. Today, ethnic and racial self-identities are highly fluid and can differ between persons of the same family, including siblings of the same parentage. It is dictated not only by strict physical appearance, nor more loosely by ancestry (actual or presumed), but by cultural patterns , social class , wealth and access, language, and prevailing biases of
3286-539: The original European cultural practices such as the British afternoon tea and biscuits, French casseroles and coffee, German cakes and sausage, and Italian pasta and mineral waters. The cultural influences can also be seen in the architecture of the cities. The Chilean folk culture is not embraced as it is an offshoot of the culture of the Spaniards who settled the country in the colonial period. Since 1990, with
3348-532: The overwhelming majority the population up until the Spanish conquest . During the colonial period , troops were sent out to the Americas by the Spanish Crown in order to protect distant colonies. Spanish folk immigrated from all regions of Spain, particularly Andalusia , Extremadura , Basque Country , Asturias , Navarra and Castile . Of the Spanish, many immigrants ultimately settled in Chile after
3410-399: The population is a Latin American foreigner, with communes such as Ollagüe (31%), Mejillones (16%), Sierra Gorda (16%) and Antofagasta (11%), with high percentages of Latin American immigrants, mainly Bolivians, Colombians and Peruvians. With the independence of Chile in the 1810s, Mapuche began to be seen as Chileans by other Chileans, contrasting with previous perceptions of them as
3472-423: The source of their Chilean identity. There is a strong correlation between the ratio of a Chilean's European and indigenous genetic components and their socioeconomic situation. There is a marked continuum existing between the lower classes of a high component of indigenous ancestry and the upper classes of a predominant component of European ancestry. Indigenous inheritance, whether cultural or genetic,
3534-407: The southern provinces of Chile. It is estimated that 150,000 to 200,000 Chileans could have German ancestors. About 700,000 Chileans, or 5% of Chile's population, have Arab ancestry. Of these 500,000 are Palestinian descendants . Other historically significant immigrant groups include: Croatians , whose numbers today are estimated at 380,000 persons, about 2.4% of the population. 4.6% of
3596-715: The three groups, the phenotypically "white," "mestizo," and "indigenous," would represent a genetic continuum rather than isolated groups, including the presence of some Indigenous DNA in Chileans who appear more European and some European DNA in Chileans who appear more Indigenous. A 2002 national poll revealed that a slim majority of 51.7% of Chileans stated that they believed that they possessed "indigenous blood". Some 43.4% of respondents said that they believed they had "some" Amerindian ancestry and another 8.3% believed they had "much" Amerindian ancestry, but 40.3% responded that they believed that they had no Amerindian ancestry. Despite
3658-493: Was a spiritual world that united Spain and its former colonies by the Spanish language and Catholicism. He attributed the concept to Vizcarra, instead of Unamuno. In the Hispanidad of Maeztu, the Christian and humanist features that would identify Hispanic peoples would replace rationalism, liberalism and democracy, which he called alien to the Hispanic ethos . His work "relentlessly" linked Catholicism and Hispanidad and
3720-490: Was highly influential with Argentine nationalists and the Spanish far right, including Francoism . Although declaredly anti-racist because of its Catholic origin, the sense of racial egalitarianism in Maeztu's idea of Hispanidad was restricted to the scope of heavenly salvation. Spanish Primate Isidro Gomá y Tomás issued in Argentina, on 12 October 1934, a Maeztu-inspired manifesto, In Support of Hispanidad : "America
3782-768: Was used in the pages of student books during the beginning of the Francoist dictatorship. After the Spanish Civil War, the Our Lady of the Pillar became a symbol of Hispanidad in Spain and was linked to the National Catholicism of the Franco´s regime to the ideas of patriotism and "Hispanic essences". Franco created the Council of the Hispanidad on 2 November 1940. It was thought at first to be
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#17327795330143844-589: Was used, with a similar meaning, in the 1803 edition of the Dictionary of the Spanish Royal Academy as a synonym of Hispanismo (Hispanism), which, in turn, was defined as "the peculiar speech of the Spanish language". In the early 20th century, the term was revived, with several new meanings. Its reintroduction is attributed to Miguel de Unamuno in 1909, who used the term again on 11 March 1910, in an article, La Argentinidad , published in
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