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104-764: In 1997, the church was founded as the Evangelical Community Church-Lutheran by former members of the Missouri Synod . Founded and initially led by Irl Allen Gladfelter, the church was headquartered in Pittsburg , Pennsylvania ; by January 2004, Gladfelter was episcopally ordained by Peter Paul Brennan , who also ordained him as deacon and priest. Gladfelter was a member of the Anglo-Papalist Order of Corporate Reunion . After their ordinations, an Augustinian order

208-531: A free state in the era of Weimar Republic in 1918 after the end of World War I and the abdication of King Frederick Augustus III of Saxony . Its capital was the city of Dresden , and its modern successor state is the Free State of Saxony . Before 1806, Saxony was part of the Holy Roman Empire , a thousand-year-old entity that had become highly decentralised over the centuries. The rulers of

312-541: A revolution set off in the days before Germany's defeat in World War I . King Frederick Augustus III of Saxony followed him into abdication when workers' and soldiers' councils were set up in the cities of Dresden , Chemnitz and Leipzig . Within the newly formed Weimar Republic , on 1 November 1920, the Kingdom of Saxony was reorganized into the Free State of Saxony The 1831 Constitution of Saxony established

416-629: A bishop (see Treatise on the Power and Primacy of the Pope , paragraphs 63,64, citing St. Jerome ). The Augsburg Confession (Article XIV) holds that no one is to preach, teach, or administer the sacraments without a regular call. LCMS pastors are generally required to have a four-year bachelor's degree (in any discipline), as well as a four-year Master of Divinity degree, which is usually obtained from one of these institutions: Concordia Seminary in St. Louis or

520-738: A community in Perry County, Missouri , and in St. Louis . In Michigan and Ohio, missionaries sent by Wilhelm Löhe ministered to scattered congregations and founded German Lutheran communities in Frankenmuth, Michigan , and the Saginaw Valley of Michigan. In the 19th-century German Kingdom of Saxony , Lutheran pastor Martin Stephan and many of his followers found themselves increasingly at odds with Rationalism , Christian ecumenism , and

624-440: A court of law, not have their personal estate financially encumbered in any way, and not be under guardianship. The Diet was required to consider any business laid before it by the king, before proceeding to any other business. Members were to vote their consciences, and were not to accept instructions from their constituents. Members were granted full freedom of speech in the chambers, but were not permitted to insult each other,

728-441: A female line to inherit in the absence of qualified male heirs. Added provisions concerned the formation of a regency if the king was too young or otherwise unable to rule, as well as provisions concerning the crown prince's education. Any acts or decrees signed or issued by the king had to be countersigned by at least one of his ministers, who thus took responsibility for them. Without the ministerial countersignature, no act of

832-841: A fifth was added: Following the North German Confederation Treaty the Kingdom of Saxony entered the North German Confederation in 1866. As a consequence, the Kingdom returned Deputies to the Reichstag . After the founding of the German Empire on 18 January 1871, the deputies were returned to the Reichstag of the German Empire . Following this Saxony participated in Reichstag elections from February 1867. Zittau returned

936-532: A functioning basic document toward the establishment of altar and pulpit fellowship with other church bodies". The renewed interest in the ALC led a number of parties to fear that the synod was losing its doctrinal basis. In 1951, a small group of pastors and congregations left the synod to form the Orthodox Lutheran Conference , but the main impetus for the move was not church fellowship, but

1040-601: A name which partially reflected the geographic locations of the founding congregations. The LCMS has congregations in all 50 U.S. states and two Canadian provinces, but over half of its members are located in the Midwest . It is a member of the International Lutheran Council and is in altar and pulpit fellowship with most of that group's members. The LCMS is headquartered in Kirkwood, Missouri ,

1144-1048: A new church or whether it remained within the Lutheran hierarchy in Germany. Walther's view that they could consider themselves a new church prevailed. Beginning in 1841, the parish pastor in Neuendettelsau , Bavaria— Wilhelm Löhe —inspired by appeals for aid to the German immigrants in North America, began to solicit funds for missionary work among them. He also began training men to become pastors and teachers, sending his first two students—Adam Ernst and Georg Burger—to America on August 5, 1842. Löhe ultimately sent over 80 pastors and students of theology to America; these pastors founded and served congregations throughout Ohio, Michigan, and Indiana. Löhe also led an early and largely abortive effort to send missionaries to convert

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1248-618: A person is to be identified with the Antichrist. However, to the extent that the papacy continues to claim as official dogma the canons and decrees of the Council of Trent , the LCMS position is that the office of the papacy is the Antichrist. The LCMS officially supports literal creationism but does not have an official position on the precise age of the Earth. An official publication of

1352-566: A physical element, although the synod holds no official definition for sacrament. This means that some may disagree on the number of sacraments. All agree that Baptism and Communion are sacraments. Confession and absolution is called a sacrament in the Apology of the Augsburg Confession and so is also considered by many Lutherans to be a sacrament, because it was instituted by Christ and has His promise of grace, even though it

1456-446: A professor from Germany to help found it. The seminary's first president, Wilhelm Sihler , had also been sent by Löhe to America several years before. Due to Löhe's great zeal and indefatigable labors, LCMS' first president, C. F. W. Walther, said of him, "Next to God, it is Pastor Loehe to whom our Synod is indebted for its happy beginning and rapid growth in which it rejoices; it may well honor him as its spiritual father. It would fill

1560-518: A proxy from among three candidates suggested by that house, and appointed the president and proxy of the lower house, as well. (See below.) The king was given sole power to promulgate laws, and to carry them into effect, and only by his consent could any proposal for a law be advanced in the Diet. He equally had authority to issue emergency decrees and even to issue non-emergency laws that he found needful or "advantageous", though such instruments required

1664-790: A result of the discussions, the Löhe missionaries and Wyneken and his assistant (F. W. Husmann) decided to leave their synods. Planning meetings were held in St. Louis in May 1846 and in Fort Wayne, Indiana, in July 1846. On April 26, 1847, twelve pastors representing fourteen German Lutheran congregations met in Chicago and officially founded the German Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Missouri, Ohio and Other States. Walther became

1768-801: A suburb west of St. Louis and is divided into 35 districts —33 of which are geographic and two (the English and the SELC ) non-geographic. The current president is Matthew C. Harrison , who took office on September 1, 2010. The Missouri Synod emerged from several communities of German Lutheran immigrants during the 1830s and 1840s. Isolated Germans in dense forests of the American frontier in Indiana , Ohio , and Michigan were brought together and ministered to by missionary F. C. D. Wyneken . A communal emigration from Saxony under Bishop Martin Stephan created

1872-419: A view termed as "realized millennialism" in which the "thousand years" of Rev 20:1–10 is taken figuratively as a reference to the time of Christ's reign as king from the day of his ascension. Hence, the millennium is a present reality (Christ's heavenly reign), not a future hope for a rule of Christ on earth after his return (the parousia ) (cf. Mt 13:41–42; Mt 28:18; Eph 2:6; Col 3:1–3). The LCMS believes that

1976-401: Is commonly known as the doctrine of consubstantiation , though the term is generally rejected by Lutherans and is explicitly rejected by the LCMS as an attempt to define the holy mystery of Christ's presence. The Missouri Synod flatly rejects millennialism and considers itself amillennialist. This means that it believes there will be no literal 1000-year visible earthly kingdom of Jesus,

2080-625: Is not tied to a physical element. Unlike Calvinists , Lutherans agree that the means of grace are resistible ; this belief is based on numerous biblical references as discussed in the Book of Concord . Regarding the Eucharist , the LCMS rejects both the Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation and the Reformed teaching that the true body and blood of Christ are not consumed with

2184-704: Is valuable to Christians. Its teachings point forward in time to the Cross of Christ in the same way that the New Testament points backward in time to the Cross. That Lutheran doctrine is summarized by C. F. W. Walther in The Proper Distinction Between Law and Gospel . The LCMS holds that all "false teachers who teach contrary to Christ's Word are opponents of Christ" and, insofar as they do so, are anti-Christ. The LCMS does not teach, nor has it ever taught, that any individual pope as

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2288-575: The Bible and Book of Concord . Worship in LCMS congregations is generally thought of as orthodox and liturgical, utilizing a printed order of service and hymnal, and is typically accompanied by a pipe organ or piano . The contents of LCMS hymnals from the past, such as The Lutheran Hymnal and Lutheran Worship , and those of its newest hymnal, Lutheran Service Book , highlight the synod's unwavering stance towards more traditional styles of hymnody and liturgy. More traditional LCMS Lutherans point to

2392-593: The Bible is the only standard by which church teachings can be judged, and holds that Scripture is best explained and interpreted by the Book of Concord —a series of confessions of faith adopted by Lutherans in the 16th century. LCMS pastors and congregations agree to teach in harmony with the Book of Concord because they believe that it teaches and faithfully explains the Word of God, not based on its own authority alone. Since

2496-679: The Brief Statement and the ALC's Declaration in 1938, but again no further action was taken. For the first thirty years of its existence, the Missouri Synod focused almost exclusively on meeting the spiritual needs of German-speaking Lutherans, leaving work among English-speaking Lutherans to other synods, particularly the Tennessee and Ohio synods. In 1872, members of the Tennessee Synod invited representatives from

2600-706: The Concordia Theological Seminary in Fort Wayne, Indiana or at the two seminaries run by the Lutheran Church–Canada . Candidates may earn their Master of Divinity degree at other seminaries but may then be required to take colloquy classes at either St. Louis or Ft. Wayne. Seminary training includes classwork in historical theology, Biblical languages ( Biblical Greek and Hebrew ), practical application (education, preaching, and mission), and doctrine (the basic teachings and beliefs of

2704-750: The Electorate of Saxony of the House of Wettin had held the title of elector for several centuries. The Holy Roman Empire was dissolved in August 1806 following the defeat of Emperor Francis II by Napoleon at the Battle of Austerlitz , thereby rendering Saxony an independent state. Following the defeat of Saxony's ally Prussia at the Battle of Jena in October 1806, Saxony joined the Confederation of

2808-634: The Evangelical Lutheran Synodical Conference of North America . In 1876, the constituent synods of the Synodical Conference considered a plan to reorganize into a single unified church body with a single seminary. Some preliminary moves were made in this direction (including the 1880 absorption of the Illinois Synod into the LCMS' Illinois District), but opposition from some synods postponed

2912-454: The German Empire , with Wilhelm I as its emperor. John , as Saxony's incumbent king, had to accept the Emperor as primus inter pares , although he, like the other German princes, retained some of the prerogatives of a sovereign ruler, including the ability to enter into diplomatic relations with other states. Wilhelm I's grandson Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated in 1918 as a result of

3016-701: The Kingdom of Hanover – which were annexed by Prussia after the war. The Austrians and French insisted as a point of honour that Saxony must be spared, and the Prussians acquiesced. Saxony nevertheless joined the Prussian-led North German Confederation the next year. With Prussia's victory over France in the Franco-Prussian War of 1871, the members of the confederation were organised by Otto von Bismarck into

3120-881: The Missouri Synod , is a confessional Lutheran denomination in the United States . With 1.7 million members as of 2022 it is the second-largest Lutheran body in the United States, behind the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America . The LCMS was organized in 1847 at a meeting in Chicago , as the German Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Missouri, Ohio, and Other States ( German : Die Deutsche Evangelisch-Lutherische Synode von Missouri, Ohio und andern Staaten ),

3224-811: The Protestant Reformation and historic core of the Electorate – as well as Lower Lusatia , most of Upper Lusatia , the Thuringian Circle  [ de ] and the Neustadt Circle  [ de ] , among other territories, was annexed by Prussia; most of the Neustadt Circle was re-ceded to Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach by Prussia. Within Prussia most of the ceded territory other than Lusatia would become part of

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3328-590: The AELC, ALC, and LCA merged to form the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America , and LCUSA was dissolved. In 1900, the LCMS began sending missionaries to Brazil to minister to German-speaking immigrants in that country, and in 1904 created the Brazil District for the administration of the resulting congregations. Work was begun in Argentina in 1905 as part of the Brazil District. A separate Argentina District

3432-671: The Bible teaches about church fellowship." In practice of this, a Connecticut LCMS pastor was asked to apologize by the president of the denomination, and did so, for participating in an interfaith prayer vigil for the 26 children and adults killed at a Newtown elementary school , and an LCMS pastor in New York was suspended for praying at an interfaith vigil in 2001, 12 days after the September 11 attacks . Kingdom of Saxony The Kingdom of Saxony ( German : Königreich Sachsen )

3536-566: The Biblical perspective." The LCMS web site says that an individual's personal views regarding creation do not disqualify a person from being a member of the LCMS. The LCMS believes that the teachings of Freemasonry are in direct conflict with the Gospel and instructs its pastors and laypeople to avoid membership or participation in it . The LCMS practices infant baptism, based on Acts 2:38–39 and other passages of Scripture. It subscribes to

3640-490: The Diet at will, and there to participate in debate, but upon a division of the house they had to withdraw. A Bill of Rights was included in the constitution. It incorporated: The Diet, or legislature was divided into two houses, which were constitutionally equal in their rights and status, and neither house was to meet without the other. The upper chamber consisted of the following: Members of this house held their seats so long as they remained qualified to do so under

3744-417: The Diet's consent. Bills could be passed by a simple one-third-plus-one vote in both houses of the Diet; a majority vote was not necessary in either house. Any bill rejected or amended must contain a statement of why it was rejected or amended. No new taxes could be imposed without the Diet's consent, though the king was permitted to bypass this in certain instances. The parliament could impeach members of

3848-421: The Electors of Saxony became Catholic in order to accept the crowns of Poland-Lithuania , of which they were kings until 1763. The royal family remained Roman Catholic , ruling over a domain that was 95% Protestant . The ministry was defined in the constitution as consisting of six departments, all of which were made responsible to the Diet: Members of the ministry had the right to appear in either chamber of

3952-421: The English Synod became responsible for two colleges, organized dozens of congregations and parochial schools, took over the publication of The Lutheran Witness (an English-language newspaper published by LCMS pastors in Cleveland , Ohio), and published several hymnals and other books. English work became more widespread in the LCMS during the first two decades of the twentieth century, with older members of

4056-420: The Forty-four",. was signed by Theodore Graebner and four other professors at Concordia Seminary and by H. B. Hemmeter, who had recently retired as president of Concordia Theological Seminary, among others. The statement provoked immediate response from others in the synod. In 1947, its centennial year, the church body shortened its name from "The Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Missouri, Ohio, and other States" to

4160-418: The Gospel saves. Both the Law and the Gospel are gifts from God; both are necessary. The function of the law is to show people their sinful nature and drive them to the Gospel, in which the forgiveness of sin is promised for the sake of the death and resurrection of Jesus Christ. The LCMS holds that the Old Testament and the New Testament both contain both Law and Gospel . The Old Testament, therefore,

4264-454: The Holy Scriptures contain two crucial teachings— Law and Gospel . The Law is all those demands in the Bible which must be obeyed in order to gain salvation. However, because all people are sinners , it is impossible for people to completely obey the Law. Therefore, the Law implies an inevitable consequence of God's wrath, judgment, and damnation. The Gospel, on the other hand, is the promise of free salvation from God to sinners. The Law condemns;

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4368-447: The LCMS decided to remain in the synod, hoping to influence its direction. In 1967, the LCMS agreed with the second American Lutheran Church (the successor to the first ALC) and the Lutheran Church in America (LCA) to form the Lutheran Council in the United States of America (LCUSA), but only on the assurance that a program of theological discussion would be implemented. With the election of J. A. O. Preus II as its president over

4472-454: The LCMS expanded its missionary efforts through the creation of its own radio station— KFUO (AM) (1924)—and its own international radio program— The Lutheran Hour (1930). Several years later, the synod began broadcasting its own TV drama— This Is the Life (1952). In 1945, a group of 44 leaders and theologians in the synod issued a statement criticizing the synod's approach toward other Lutheran bodies. The document, known as 'A Statement of

4576-492: The LCMS is a confessional church body, its ordained and commissioned ministers of religion are sworn by their oaths of ordination or installation, or both, to interpret the Sacred Scriptures according to the Book of Concord . Its ordained and commissioned ministers of religion are asked to honor and uphold other official teachings of the synod, meaning "to abide by, act, and teach in accordance with," but are not sworn to believe, confess and teach them as correct interpretations of

4680-450: The LCMS on January 1, 1964. When the 1959 synodical convention did not take any action against the liberal movement, a number of pastors and laymen met in a State of the Church Conference at Trinity Lutheran Church in New Haven, Missouri , in which that church's pastor, Herman Otten, presented a book of documentation of the various controversies that had arisen in the LCMS since 1950 and before. Several additional conferences were held, with

4784-413: The Lutheran Confessions in their defense of liturgical worship. Towards the later parts of the twentieth century and up until present day, some congregations have adopted a more progressive style of worship, employing different styles such as contemporary Christian music with guitars and praise bands and often project song lyrics onto screens instead of using hymnals. While this shift in style challenges

4888-425: The Missouri Synod hosted a series of four free conferences in order to explore the possibility of entering into fellowship agreements with other conservative Lutheran synods. As a result of these conferences, the LCMS entered into fellowship with the Norwegian Synod in 1857. In 1872, these two synods joined the Wisconsin , Ohio , Minnesota, and Illinois Synods, which were also conservative Lutheran bodies, to form

4992-461: The Missouri, Holston, and Norwegian synods to discuss the promotion of English work among the more "Americanized" Lutherans, resulting in the organization of the "English Evangelical Lutheran Conference of Missouri." This conference was reorganized in 1888 as an independent church body, the English Evangelical Lutheran Synod of Missouri and Other States, which subsequently merged into the LCMS as its English District in 1911. In its first twenty years,

5096-531: The Native Americans. In 1844 and 1845, he solicited colonists to form a German Lutheran settlement in Michigan, with the thought that this settlement would also serve as the base for missionary activity among the Native Americans. The colonists left Germany on April 20, 1845, under the leadership of Pastor August Crämer, and arrived in Saginaw County, Michigan , in August of that year. They founded several villages— Frankenmuth , Frankenlust , Frankentrost , and Frankenhilf (now known as Richville )—and worked to convert

5200-416: The Native Americans. They had limited success, however, and the villages became nearly exclusively German settlements within a few years. In addition to sending pastors, theological students, and colonists to America, Löhe played an instrumental role in the formation of Concordia Theological Seminary in Fort Wayne, Indiana , raising funds for the new institution and sending eleven theological students and

5304-420: The Polish Duchy of Warsaw , which was placed in a personal union with Saxony under Frederick Augustus I. Saxony remained within the Confederation until its dissolution in 1813 with Napoleon's defeat at the Battle of Leipzig . Following the battle, in which Saxony – virtually alone of all the German states – had fought alongside the French, King Frederick Augustus I was deserted by his troops, taken prisoner by

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5408-438: The Prussians, and considered to have forfeited his throne by the allies, who put Saxony under Prussian occupation and administration. This was probably more due to the Prussian desire to annex Saxony than to any crime on Frederick Augustus's part, and the fate of Saxony would prove to be one of the main issues at the Congress of Vienna . In the end, 60% of the Kingdom, including the historically significant Wittenberg – home of

5512-419: The Rhine , subordinating itself to the First French Empire , then the dominant power in Central Europe . On 20 December 1806 Frederick Augustus III, the last elector of Saxony, became King Frederick Augustus I . In 1807 the Treaties of Tilsit ceded the Lordship of Cottbus  [ de ] , formerly a collection of Prussian enclaves within Saxon Lower Lusatia , to Saxony. The treaties also established

5616-399: The Sacred Scriptures. The Missouri Synod also teaches biblical inerrancy , the teaching that the Bible is inspired by God and is without error. For this reason, they reject much—if not all—of modern liberal scholarship. The Brief Statement of the Doctrinal Position of the Missouri Synod , written by Franz August Otto Pieper , was adopted by the synodical convention in 1932 as a summary of

5720-510: The United States in November 1838. Their ships arrived between December 31, 1838, and January 20, 1839, in New Orleans with one ship lost at sea. Most of the remaining immigrants left almost immediately, with the first group arriving in St. Louis on January 19, 1839. The final group, led by Stephan, remained in New Orleans for ten days, possibly to wait for the passengers of the lost ship Amalia . The immigrants ultimately settled in Perry County, Missouri , and in and around St. Louis. Stephan

5824-493: The WELS publicly admonished the LCMS, and, in 1961, it finally broke fellowship with the LCMS. Both the ELS and the WELS withdrew from the Synodical Conference in 1963, leaving only the LCMS and the Synod of Evangelical Lutheran Churches (SELC), an historically Slovak-American church, as members. In 1971, the SELC merged with the LCMS, forming the SELC District . The National Evangelical Lutheran Church , an historically Finnish-American Lutheran church, had already merged with

5928-417: The Word of God, both written and preached, and the Sacraments are means of grace through which the Holy Spirit gives the gift of God's grace, creates faith in the hearts of individuals, forgives sins for the sake of Christ's death on the cross , and grants eternal life and salvation. Many Missouri Synod Lutherans define a sacrament as an action instituted by Jesus that combines a promise in God's Word with

6032-530: The church was dissolved as a registered non-profit corporation within the United States; it remained active in Latin America and the Caribbean , and Africa. The Augustana Catholic Church accepted papal primacy and papal infallibility even though it was not under papal control. The Augustana Catholic Church established altar and pulpit fellowship (full communion) with the Association of Evangelical Lutheran Churches. Missouri Synod The Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod ( LCMS ), also known as

6136-408: The complete implementation of this plan, and the Predestinarian Controversy of the 1880s scuttled the plan entirely. As a result of the controversy, several pastors and congregations withdrew from the Ohio Synod to form the Concordia Synod; this synod merged with the LCMS in 1886. Efforts were made in the 1920s to establish fellowship with the Ohio, Iowa , and Buffalo synods. Representatives from

6240-428: The congregations of the LCMS or of a congregation of one of its sister churches with which it has formally declared altar and pulpit fellowship (i.e., agreement in all articles of doctrine). Missouri Synod congregations implement closed communion in various ways, requiring conformity to official doctrine in various degrees. Usually, visitors are asked to speak with the pastor before coming to that congregation's altar for

6344-407: The consecrated bread and wine in the Eucharist. Rather, it believes in the doctrine of the sacramental union , Real Presence , that the Body and Blood of Christ are truly present "in, with, and under" the elements of bread and wine. Or, as the Smalcald Articles express this mystery: "Of the Sacrament of the Altar, we hold that the bread and wine in the Supper are Christ's true body and blood." This

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6448-421: The constitution, and determined by lot at the commencement of the first session of the Diet), though all were eligible for immediate re-election. The lower house was to nominate four members, of whom the king was to choose one to be president of that house, and another to be his proxy. Members of the Diet must be at least 30 years of age; electors must be 25 years of age, not have been convicted of any offense in

6552-497: The constitution, or in certain cases until they had reached the age of sixty or participated in three sessions of the Diet. The lower house of the Diet consisted of: A proxy was to also be chosen for each representative, who would take the representative's place, should they be incapacitated, absent, resign or be removed. Each representative was elected for nine years; however, approximately one-third were required to resign their seats every three years (the exact figures were set in

6656-402: The counter-signature of at least one of his ministers, and had to be presented to the next Diet for approval. He could not, however, change the constitution itself or the electoral laws in this manner. He was permitted to veto laws passed by the Diet (though he was required to give his reasons for so doing, in each instance), or to send them back with proposed amendments for reconsideration. He

6760-417: The distribution of holy communion. Other traditional Lutherans reject such practices as unbiblical, with a minority of congregations continuing the historic practice of male suffrage , similar to the Wisconsin Synod . The LCMS bars its clergy from worshiping with other faiths, holding "that church fellowship or merger between church bodies in doctrinal disagreement with one another is not in keeping with what

6864-435: The document in 1950. The two committees continued meeting to develop Part II of the Common Confession covering additional topics. The ALC accepted Part II in 1954. The 1956 convention of the LCMS recognized the Common Confession as one document in two parts that is a statement "in harmony with the Sacred Scriptures and the Lutheran Confessions"; however, it also declared that the document should not be "regarded or employed as

6968-477: The end, only six did as the conservative wing continued to gain strength in the LCMS. FAL declared fellowship with the WELS in 1973, but did not survive very long thereafter. In 1976, about 250 of the congregations supporting Seminex left the LCMS to form the Association of Evangelical Lutheran Churches (AELC). The LCMS restricted its participation with LCUSA shortly after the AELC schism and announced that it would not participate in any merger discussions. In 1988,

7072-425: The fallen Holy Roman Empire. During the 1866 Austro-Prussian War , Saxony sided with Austria , and the Royal Saxon Army was generally seen as the only ally to bring substantial aid to the Austrian cause, having abandoned the defence of Saxony itself to join up with the Austrian army in Bohemia. This effectiveness probably allowed Saxony to escape the fate of other north German states allied with Austria – notably

7176-477: The fellowship agreement. A number of pastors and others did not think that Preus's method of dealing with false doctrine would be successful. On November 1–2, 1971, members of the Conference for Authentic Lutheranism in California and the Free Association for Authentic Lutheranism in the Midwest met in Libertyville, Illinois , north of Chicago, to form a new church body, the Federation for Authentic Lutheranism (FAL). They expected 50 to 60 congregations to join, but in

7280-431: The first time. Most congregations invite those uneducated on the subject of the Eucharist to join in the fellowship and receive a blessing instead of the body and blood of Christ. Ordination is seen as a public ceremony of recognition that a man has received and accepted a divine call, and hence is considered to be in the office of the Holy Ministry. The Treatise on the Power and Primacy of the Pope agrees that "ordination

7384-510: The fledgling denomination's first president. The synod was quickly noted for its conservatism and self-professed orthodoxy. The synod's constitution required all members (both pastors and congregations) to pledge fealty to the entire Book of Concord , to reject unionism and syncretism of every kind, to use only doctrinally pure books in both church and school, and to provide for the Christian education of their children. Among other things, these requirements meant that altar and pulpit fellowship

7488-466: The incumbent, Oliver Harms , in 1969, the LCMS began a sharp turn towards a more conservative direction. A dispute over the use of the historical-critical method for Biblical interpretation led to the suspension of John Tietjen as president of Concordia Seminary . In response, many of the faculty and students left the seminary and formed Seminex (Concordia Seminary in Exile), which took up residence at

7592-461: The king was to be considered valid. The king was given the right to declare any accused person innocent, or alternately to mitigate or suspend their punishment or pardon them (but not to increase penalties); such decrees did not require ministerial co-signature. He was also given supreme power over religious matters in Saxony. He appointed the president of the upper house of the Diet, together with

7696-426: The king, any member of the royal family, or the parliament. Members who violated any of these rules could be disciplined by their respective house, up to and including permanent expulsion with ineligibility for re-election. The Diet could propose the formation of new laws or changes in existing ones, but no bill could be brought forward without the king's express consent. Conversely, no new law could be enacted, without

7800-421: The major beliefs of the LCMS. The LCMS believes that justification comes from God "by divine grace alone, through faith alone, on account of Christ alone." It teaches that Jesus is the focus of the entire Bible and that faith in him alone is the way to eternal salvation . The synod rejects any attempt to attribute salvation to anything other than Christ's death and resurrection . The synod teaches that

7904-410: The ministry by unanimous vote of both houses; ministers so impeached were to be tried by a special court; the decision of this court was final, and even the king's right of pardon did not extend to persons convicted by it. In the wake of the tumultuous 1848 revolutions , Saxony's Landtag extended voting rights (though still maintaining property requirements) and abolished voting taxes. In 1871, Saxony

8008-445: The nearby Eden Theological Seminary in suburban St. Louis. The same convention which elected Preus as president also established altar and pulpit fellowship with the ALC. This was seen by many as a gesture toward Harms, who had supported the declaration of fellowship. Eight years later, the 1977 convention declared a state of "fellowship in protest" as the ALC exhibited closer ties to the more liberal LCA. The 1981 convention terminated

8112-543: The new Province of Saxony ; the Upper Lusatian territory was attached to Silesia and the remainder, including Lower Lusatia, became part of Brandenburg . Frederick Augustus was restored to the throne in the remainder of his kingdom, which still included the major cities of Dresden and Leipzig . The kingdom also joined the German Confederation , the new organization of the German states to replace

8216-595: The one in Milwaukee on May 15–16, 1961, attracting over 400 people. Plans were made at that conference for actions they wanted the 1962 synodical convention to take. The failure of the convention to do so led a dozen or so congregations and pastors to form the Lutheran Churches of the Reformation on April 28–29, 1964, at Emmaus Lutheran Church in Chicago. However, many of those opposed to the direction of

8320-453: The pages of an entire book to recount even briefly what for many years this man, with tireless zeal in the noblest unselfish spirit, has done for our Lutheran Church and our Synod in particular." In 1844 and 1845, these two groups (the Saxons and the Löhe men) as well as Wyneken and one of his assistants began discussing the possibility of forming a new, confessional Lutheran church body. As

8424-605: The present one, "The Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod". The 1947 convention also directed the Committee on Doctrinal Unity to meet with the Fellowship Commission of the ALC to develop a set of doctrinal theses. The first meeting was on May 17, 1948, and, after additional meetings, the Common Confession , Part I, was approved by the two committees on December 5–6, 1949. Both the ALC and the LCMS accepted

8528-426: The proper understanding of the church and the ministry . Within a few years, this conflict led to a separation between the Missouri Synod and Löhe, as Löhe's views were close to those of Grabau. Despite these conflicts, the Missouri Synod experienced fairly rapid growth in its early years, leading to the subdivision of the synod into four district synods (Central, Eastern, Northern, and Western) in 1854. This growth

8632-510: The prospect of a forced unionism of the Lutheran church with the Reformed church. In the neighboring Kingdom of Prussia , the Prussian Union of 1817 put in place what they considered non-Lutheran communion and baptismal doctrine and practice. In order to freely practice their Christian faith in accordance with the Lutheran confessions outlined in the Book of Concord , Stephan and between 600 and 700 other Saxon Lutherans left for

8736-433: The pupils may have been English-dominant bilinguals from the early 1880s on." The anti-German sentiment during the wars hastened the "Americanization" of the church and caused many churches to add English services and in some cases, drop German services entirely. During the years of language transition, the synod's membership continued to grow, until by 1947, the synod had grown to over 1.5 million members. During this time,

8840-486: The question of whether breaking an engagement (in the modern sense) is the same as the breaking of a betrothal (historically) and therefore a sin, as those leaving the synod contended. Concerns about the LCMS becoming more open to less conservative Lutheran bodies caused problems in the Synodical Conference. In 1955, the Evangelical Lutheran Synod (ELS) broke fellowship with the LCMS, and in 1957,

8944-405: The state as a parliamentary monarchy . The king was named as head of the nation. He was required to follow the provisions of the constitution, and could not become the ruler of any other state (save by blood inheritance) without the consent of the Diet, or parliament. The crown was hereditary in the male line of the royal family through agnatic primogeniture , though provisions existed allowing

9048-722: The statement of faith found in the Apostles' Creed, the Ten Commandments, and the Lord's Prayer being applicable to daily life. The doctrines are emphasized in Luther's Small Catechism . The original constitution of the LCMS stated that one of its purposes is to strive toward uniformity in practice, while more recent changes to those documents also encourage responsible and doctrinally sound diversity. The synod requires that hymns , songs, liturgies , and practices be in harmony with

9152-475: The synod continuing to speak primarily German and younger members increasingly switching to English . As one scholar has explained, "The overwhelming evidence from internal documents of these [Missouri Synod] churches, and particularly their schools ... indicates that the German-American school was a bilingual one much (perhaps a whole generation or more) earlier than 1917, and that the majority of

9256-577: The synod). The Missouri Synod teaches that the ordination of women as clergy is contrary to scripture. The issue of women's roles in the church body has continued to be a subject of debate within the synod. During the Cooperative Clergy Study Project in 2000, 10% out of 652 LCMS pastors surveyed stated that all clergy positions should be open to women, while 82% disagreed. Congregations were permitted to enact female suffrage within Missouri Synod congregations in 1969, and it

9360-610: The synod, the Brief Statement of 1932, states under the heading "Of Creation": "We teach that God has created heaven and earth, and that in the manner and in the space of time recorded in the Holy Scriptures, especially Gen. 1 and 2, namely, by His almighty creative word, and in six days." According to the recent 2004 LCMS synodical resolution 2-08A "To commend preaching and teaching Creation", all LCMS churches and educational institutions—including preschool through 12th grade, universities, and seminaries—are "to teach creation from

9464-602: The synods formulated the Chicago Theses as a for agreement, but the 1929 LCMS synodical convention did not accept them and instead created a committee that, in 1932, produced the Brief Statement of the Doctrinal Position of the Missouri Synod . After the Ohio, Iowa, and Buffalo synods merged in 1930 to form the first American Lutheran Church (ALC), representatives from the ALC and the LCMS came to agreement on

9568-483: The traditionalism of hymnody that the LCMS holds strongly, the LCMS has released a statement on worship stating that, "The best of musical traditions, both ancient and modern, are embraced by the Lutheran church in its worship, with an emphasis on congregational singing, reinforced by the choir." The LCMS endorses the doctrine of close or closed communion —the policy of sharing the Eucharist ordinarily only with those who are baptized and confirmed members of one of

9672-535: Was a German monarchy that existed in Central Europe between 1806 to 1918. The territory of the Kingdom comprised from the former Electorate of Saxony . A member of historical confederacies, it joined the Confederation of the Rhine after the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire , later joining the German Confederation after Napoleon was defeated in 1815. From 1871, it was part of the German Empire . It became

9776-441: Was affirmed at the synod's 2004 convention that women may also "serve in humanly established offices" as long as those offices do not include any of the "distinctive functions of the pastoral office". Thus in some congregations of the LCMS, women now serve as congregation president or chairperson, etc. This is the cause of contention within the LCMS, with some congregations utilizing women in public worship to read lessons and assist in

9880-532: Was an administrative, not theological division, and the two groups still share close ties and are in full communion with one another. A small number of congregations in Ontario and Quebec that are in the non-geographical English and SELC districts remain within the LCMS. One of the signature teachings of the Lutheran Reformation is Sola scriptura —"Scripture alone." The LCMS believes that

9984-498: Was due largely to the synod's efforts, under the leadership of its second president, F. C. D. Wyneken, to care for German immigrants, help them find a home among other Germans, build churches and parochial schools , and train pastors and teachers. The synod continued these outreach efforts throughout the 19th century, becoming the largest Lutheran church body in the United States by 1888. By the synod's fiftieth anniversary in 1897, it had grown to 687,000 members. Between 1856 and 1859,

10088-595: Was established in 1926/1927. Both districts became independent church bodies that retain close relationships with the LCMS: the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Brazil in 1980, and the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Argentina in 1988. The LCMS supervised an extensive roster of congregations in Canada until 1988, when the Canadian component became a separate and autonomous organization, Lutheran Church-Canada . However, this

10192-505: Was established within the church. During Gladfelter's tenure, the denomination accepted papal primacy and infallibility, and clergy were required to sign a mandatum, affirming their rejection of teaching beliefs contrary to Roman Catholic doctrine ; by May 2009, the church filed a formal petition to enter full communion with the Latin Church, and in 2011, Gladfelter resigned as leader and reconciled with Roman Catholicism. As of 2013,

10296-661: Was high (82% in 1909). The judiciary was made independent of the civil government. The High Court of Judiciature, created in Sections 142 to 150, was also given authority to rule upon "dubious" points in the constitution; its decision was decreed to be final, and was protected from royal interference. Following the adoption of the 1831 constitution, by the Order of April 6, 1835 District Directorates ( Kreisdirektionen ) were established. These were subsequently known as Kreishauptmannschafts . Originally there were four: In 1900

10400-426: Was incorporated into the German Empire and more voting rights were gradually extended. By the early 1900s, Saxony's local politics had settled into a niche in which Social Democrats , Conservatives , and National Liberals were splitting the share of votes and Landtag seats three ways. (In 1909: Social Democrats won 27% of seats, Conservatives won 31% of seats, National Liberals won 31% of seats). Voter participation

10504-455: Was initially the bishop of the new settlement, but he soon became embroiled in charges of corruption and sexual misconduct with members of the congregation and was expelled from the settlement, leaving C. F. W. Walther as the leader of the colony. During that period, there was considerable debate within the settlement over the proper status of the church in the New World : whether it was

10608-419: Was nothing else than such a ratification" of local elections by the people. The LCMS does not believe that the rite of ordination, though an accepted and praiseworthy ceremony, is divinely mandated or an extension of an episcopal form of apostolic succession but sees the office grounded in the Word and Sacrament ministry of the Gospel, arguing that Scripture makes no distinction between a presbyter (priest) and

10712-466: Was permitted to issue extraordinary decrees to obtain money for state expenditures refused by the Diet, through the Supreme Court, though such decrees could only last for one year. He was permitted to dissolve the Diet, though new elections for the lower house had to be held within six months; he was also permitted to convoke extraordinary sessions of the legislature at his discretion. From 1697

10816-506: Was usually restricted to those Lutheran congregations and synods who were in complete doctrinal agreement with the Missouri Synod. The LCMS' conservatism soon drew it into conflict with other Lutheran synods, the majority of which were then experimenting with so-called " American Lutheranism ". In addition, the LCMS also quickly became embroiled in a dispute with the Buffalo Synod and its leader, Johannes Andreas August Grabau , over

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