72-680: See text Aulax is a South African Proteaceae genus of just three species of evergreen shrubs commonly known as "featherbushes". It is unusual among the many South African Proteaceae in having male and female flowers on separate plants. The bushes have fine needle-like foliage. In spring and summer female plants produce funnel-shaped Leucospermum -like flowerheads that develop into seed cones. The catkin-like male flowers are yellow. Described species are listed below: In all respects except frost hardiness, these are tough plants. They tolerate extreme heat , very low humidity, and prolonged drought. Like virtually all Proteaceae plants, they grow best on
144-563: A Southern Hemisphere family, with its main centres of diversity in Australia and South Africa. It also occurs in Central Africa, South and Central America , India , eastern and south eastern Asia , and Oceania . Only two species are known from New Zealand, although fossil pollen evidence suggests there were more previously. It is a good example of a Gondwanan family, with taxa occurring on virtually every land mass considered
216-472: A closed cup (the limb ); the filament of each stamen is fused along its entire length with the midrib of a tepal, so that the anthers appear almost sessile , trapped within the limb; and the four carpels form a single compound pistil , the apex of which is also trapped within the limb. Four prominent scale-like nectaries surround the ovary . Structurally, the flowers of most Adenanthos species are radially symmetrical ( actinomorphic ); but in
288-563: A combination of brachy-paracytic stomata and the unusual trichome bases or, in other cases, the unusual structure of pollen tetrads. Xylocaryon was identified as a member of the Proteaceae from the similarity of its fruit to the extant genus Eidothea . Fossils attributable to this family have been found on the majority of areas that formed the Gondwana supercontinent. A wide variety of pollen belonging to this family dating back to
360-502: A greater biodiversity for Proteaceae than currently exists, which supports the fact that the distribution of many taxa has changed drastically with the passage of time and that the family has suffered a general decline, including high levels of extinction during the Cenozoic . First described by French botanist Antoine Laurent de Jussieu , the family Proteaceae is a fairly large one, with around 80 genera, but less than 2,000 species. It
432-481: A light gritty soil with good drainage. They propagate from seed or half-hardened late summer-autumn cuttings. Proteaceae About 80, see text The Proteaceae / ˌ p r oʊ t i ˈ eɪ s iː / form a family of flowering plants predominantly distributed in the Southern Hemisphere . The family comprises 83 genera with about 1,660 known species . Australia and South Africa have
504-678: A remnant of the ancient supercontinent Gondwana, except Antarctica . The family and subfamilies are thought to have diversified well before the fragmentation of Gondwana, implying all of them are well over 90 million years old. Evidence for this includes an abundance of proteaceous pollen found in the Cretaceous coal deposits of the South Island of New Zealand . It is thought to have achieved its present distribution largely by continental drift rather than dispersal across ocean gaps. No conclusive studies have been carried out on
576-581: A smaller scale. The name Proteaceae was adapted by Robert Brown from the name Proteae coined in 1789 for the family by Antoine Laurent de Jussieu , based on the genus Protea , which in 1767, Carl Linnaeus derived from the name of the Greek god Proteus , a deity who was able to change between many forms. This is an appropriate image, seeing as the family is known for its astonishing variety and diversity of flowers and leaves. The genera of Proteaceae are highly varied, with Banksia in particular providing
648-456: A source of dyes, firewood and as wood for construction. Aboriginal Australians eat the fruit of Persoonia , and the seeds of species from other genera, including Gevuina and Macadamia , form part of the diet of the indigenous peoples but are also sold throughout the world. The tender shoots of Helicia species are used in Java, and the nectar from the inflorescences of a number of species
720-682: A striking example of adaptive radiation in plants. This variability makes it impossible to provide a simple, diagnostic identification key for the family, although individual genera may be easily identified. Plant stems with two types of radii, wide and multi-serrated or narrow and uni-serrated, phloem stratified or not, trilacunar nodes with three leaf traces (rarely unilacunar with one trace), sclereids frequent; bark with lenticels frequently horizontally enlarged, cork cambium present, usually superficial. Roots lateral and short, often grouped in bundles ( proteoid roots ) with very dense root hairs, rarely with mycorrhiza . Generally speaking,
792-792: A thick rootstock buried in the ground that shoots up new stems after a fire, and others are reseeders , meaning the adult plants are killed by the fire, but disperse their seeds, which are stimulated by the smoke to take root and grow. The heat was previously thought to have stimulated growth, but the chemicals in the smoke have now been shown to cause it. There are four dioecious genera ( Aulax , Dilobeia , Heliciopsis and Leucadendron ), 11 andromonoecious genera and some other genera have species that are cryptically andromonoecious: two species are sterile and only reproduce vegetatively ( Lomatia tasmanica , Hakea pulvinifera ). The species vary between being autocompatible and autoincompatible, with intermediate situations; these situations sometimes occur in
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#1732771879746864-443: A woollybush form of leaf with pungent laciniae, and A. acanthophyllus is a flat ( laminar ), deeply lobed leaf with sharp points along its margins. Some sources state that some leaves of some species are tipped with extrafloral nectaries . Unusually for members of the family Proteaceae, Adenanthos flowers are solitary, rather than clustered together in large showy inflorescences . In fact, morphologically speaking,
936-533: Is southwest Western Australia , where 31 species occur. The other two species occur in South Australia and western Victoria (Australia) . They are mainly pollinated by birds. The growth habits of Adenanthos species range from prostrate shrubs to small trees , with most species occurring as erect shrubs. There are two basic growth forms. Plants that lack a lignotuber have a single stem. Such plants usually grow into fairly erect shrubs; and sometimes
1008-701: Is also cultivated for its edible nuts, in Chile and New Zealand , and they are also used in the pharmaceutical industry for their humectant properties and as an ingredient in sunscreens . It is the most cold-resistant of the tree families that produce nuts. It is also planted in the British Isles and on the Pacific coast of the United States for its tropical appearance and its ability to grow in cooler climates . Many Proteaceae species are cultivated by
1080-617: Is carried out by bees , beetles , flies , moths , birds ( honeyeaters , sunbirds , sugarbirds and hummingbirds ) and mammals (rodents, small marsupials , elephant shrews and bats ). The latter two means were evolutionarily derived from entomophily in different, independent events. The dispersion of some species exhibit serotiny , which is associated with their pyrophytic behaviour. These trees accumulate fruits on their branches whose outer layers or protective structures ( bracts ) are highly lignified and resistant to fire. The fruit only release their seeds when they have been burnt and when
1152-452: Is drunk in Australia. Traditional medicines can be obtained from infusions of the roots, bark, leaves, or flowers of many species that are used as topical applications for skin conditions or internally as tonics, aphrodisiacs, and galactogens to treat headaches, cough, dysentery, diarrhea, indigestion, stomach ulcers, and kidney disease. The wood from the trees of this family is widely used in construction and for internal uses such as decoration;
1224-432: Is highly specialised. It usually involves the use of a "pollen-presenter", an area on the style -end that presents the pollen to the pollinator. Proteaceae flower parts occur in fours. The four tepals are fused into a long, narrow tube with a closed cup at the top, and the filaments of the four stamens are fused to the tepals in such a way that the anthers are enclosed within the cup. The pistil initially passes along
1296-436: Is it slightly broader than the style, and conical in shape, but in section Eurylaema is oval and flattened. In both cases the stigmatic groove is a furrow on one side of the style end. The fruit of Adenanthos is a simple dry hard-shelled nut that surrounds the seed but does not adhere to it (an achene ). It is brown, ellipsoid in shape, and ranges in size from three to eight mm long, and one to two millimetres wide. It
1368-415: Is not often seen on the plant because it develops within the involucre of the flower, which persists long after the flower itself has withered and fallen. By the time the fruit is mature, the involucre has dried and spread, so that the fruit is free to fall to the ground as soon as it abscisses from the plant. In some species this happens as soon as the fruit is mature; in others, the fruit may be retained on
1440-469: Is recognised by virtually all taxonomists . Firmly established under classical Linnaean taxonomy , it is also recognised by the cladistics -based APG and APG II systems. It is placed in the order Proteales , whose placement has itself varied. A classification of the genera within Proteaceae was made by Lawrie Johnson and Barbara Briggs in their influential 1975 monograph " On the Proteaceae:
1512-406: Is the only genus in the family where solitary flowers are the norm. It was discovered in 1791, and formally published by Jacques Labillardière in 1805. The type species is Adenanthos cuneatus , and 33 species are recognised. The genus is placed in subfamily Proteoideae , and is held to be most closely related to several South African genera. Endemic to Australia , its centre of diversity
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#17327718797461584-525: Is thought to be extinct. The species of this family are particularly susceptible to the destruction or fragmentation of their habitat , fire, parasitic diseases, competition from introduced plants, soil degradation and other damage provoked by humans and their domesticated animals. The species are also affected by climate change . The Proteaceae have a rich fossil record, despite the inherent difficulties in identifying remains that do not show diagnostic characteristics. Identification usually comes from using
1656-444: Is valued for its vivid yellow flowers and grape-like fruit. Adenanthos sericeus (woolly bush) is planted for its attractive soft leaves and its small red or orange flowers. Hicksbeachia pinnatifolia (beef nut, red bauple nut) is commonly planted for its foliage and edible nuts. The Proteaceae are particularly susceptible to certain parasites, in particular the oomycete Phytophthora cinnamomi , which causes severe root rot in
1728-461: The Adenanthos flower does occur in an inflorescence, but one in which the number of flowers has been reduced to one, leaving only a few vestigial clues to the elaborate structure from which it derived. Each flower is positioned at the end of a short peduncle . The peduncle has minute basal bracts at its base, and sometimes at its midpoint, providing evidence of the loss of some lateral axes. At
1800-462: The Faroe Islands at a latitude of 62° north. Among the banksias , many of which grow in temperate and Mediterranean climates, the vast majority are shrubs; only a few are trees that are valued for their height. Among the tallest species are: B. integrifolia with its subspecies B. integrifolia subsp. monticola , which is noteworthy as the plants that form the subspecies are
1872-417: The nursery industry as barrier plants and for their prominent and distinctive flowers and foliage. Some species are of importance to the cut flower industry , especially some Banksia and Protea species. Sugarbushes ( Protea ), pincushions ( Leucospermum ) and conebushes ( Leucadendron ), as well as others like pagodas ( Mimetes ), Aulax and blushing brides ( Serruria ), comprise one of
1944-727: The type specimen of A. terminalis from near Port Lincoln . As HMS Investigator was commencing its anticlockwise circumnavigation, a French expedition under Nicolas Baudin was exploring the coastline in a clockwise direction. The two expeditions famously encountered each other in 1802 at what would be named Encounter Bay in South Australia , then Baudin continued westward, arriving at King George Sound in February 1803. There, botanist Jean Baptiste Leschenault de la Tour , assisted by gardener's boy Antoine Guichenot , collected plant specimens including A. cuneatus , A. obovatus and A. sericeus . The genus Adenanthos
2016-713: The 33 species are endemic. The south coast of Western Australia, between the Stirling Range and the Fitzgerald River area, is particular diverse, with 17 species occurring on the Esperance Plains alone. This is one of two areas dominated by kwongan heath , a vegetation complex renowned for its species richness and high levels of endemism; the other area of kwongan, further north on the west coast around Mount Lesueur , harbours surprisingly few Adenanthos species. Species occur throughout most of
2088-432: The Greek stems άδὴν ( aden , glandula , "gland") and ανθος ( anthos , flos , "flower"). Irish botanist E. Charles Nelson states that the name refers to the prominent and copiously productive nectaries. Labillardière published three species, naming them A. cuneata , A. sericea and A. obovata , giving them feminine gender consistent with his view of the gender of the genus name. He did not say which of
2160-432: The Proteaceae are one of few flowering plant families that do not form symbioses with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. They exude large amounts of organic acids ( citric acid and malic acid ) every 2–3 days in order to aid the mobilization and absorption of phosphate. Many species are fire-adapted ( pyrophytes ), meaning they have strategies for surviving fires that sweep through their habitat. Some are resprouters , and have
2232-609: The Upper Cretaceous ( Campanian - Maastrichtian ) from the south east of Australia and pollen from the Middle Cretaceous ( Cenomanian - Turonian ) from northern Africa and Peru described as Triorites africaensis . The first macrofossils appear twenty million years later in the Palaeocene of South America and the north east of Australia. The fossil record of some areas, such as New Zealand and Tasmania, show
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2304-627: The basis of phylogenetic data it is further placed in tribe Leucodendreae , a morphologically heterogeneous group with no obvious diagnostic characters, and dominated by South African genera. Within Leucodendreae it appears as sister clade to a clade comprising the South African subtribe Leucodendrinae , and is therefore placed alone in subtribe Adenanthinae . The placement of Adenanthos in Proteaceae can be summarised as follows: The first infrageneric arrangement of Adenanthos
2376-1170: The calcareous soils of the Great Australian Bight . The most easterly occurrence in Western Australia is at Twilight Cove . The two species that occur outside southwest Western Australia are Adenanthos macropodianus (Kangaroo Island glandflower), which is endemic to Kangaroo Island ; and Adenanthos terminalis (yellow glandflower), which occurs in South Australia on the Eyre Peninsula and Kangaroo Island , and from Adelaide eastwards into western Victoria . A range of honeyeater species have been observed feeding at Adenanthos flowers, including Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris (eastern spinebill), Anthochaera chrysoptera (little wattlebird), Phylidonyris pyrrhoptera (crescent honeyeater), Phylidonyris novaehollandiae (New Holland honeyeater), Gliciphila melanops (tawny-crowned honeyeater), Zosterops lateralis (silvereye) and Melithreptus brevirostris (brown-headed honeyeater). One study found that
2448-826: The chemical substances present in this broad family. The genera Protea and Faurea are unusual as they use xylose as the main sugar in their nectar and as they have high concentrations of polygalactol, while sucrose is the main sugar present in Grevillea . Cyanogenic glycosides , derived from tyrosine , are often present, as are proanthocyanidines ( delphinidin and cyanidin ), flavonols ( kaempferol , quercetin and myricetin ) and arbutin . Alkaloids are usually absent. Iridoids and ellagic acid are also absent. Saponins and sapogenins can be either present or absent in different species. Many species accumulate aluminium . Many traditional cultures have used Proteaceae as sustenance, medicine, for curing animal hides, as
2520-581: The collection cannot be attributed to any other known voyage. Two years after Vlamingh, Dampier visited the north-west coast, collecting around 40 specimens of 23 plant species from sites at Shark Bay and in the Dampier Archipelago . There is no record in either case of specimens of Adenanthos being seen or collected, but A. cygnorum is fairly common at the Swan River, and A. acanthophyllus occurs at Shark Bay, albeit only at
2592-449: The common name of Adenanthos in the second edition of John Stanley Beard 's A Descriptive Catalogue of West Australian Plants . Nelson also notes that the phrase stick-in-jug does not appear in any common name of a species. The common names of species are instead based around several other generic terms that do not apply to the genus as a whole: The centre of diversity for the genus is Southwest Western Australia , to which 31 of
2664-587: The common names used for this genus. He notes that the only common name applied to the genus as a whole is stick-in-jug (sometimes stick-in-the-jug ), but argues that this seems to be in use only within Western Australia's Department of Conservation and Land Management (CALM; now the Department of Environment and Conservation ). Be that as it may, the name dates back at least to 1970, when Western Australian State Botanist Charles Gardner gave it as
2736-415: The cup splits apart, and the pistil is released to spring more or less upright. Many of the Proteaceae have specialised proteoid roots , masses of lateral roots and hairs forming a radial absorptive surface, produced in the leaf litter layer during seasonal growth, and usually shrivelling at the end of the growth season. They are an adaptation to growth in poor, phosphorus-deficient soils, greatly increasing
2808-413: The diagnostic feature of Proteaceae is the compound pseudanthium . In many genera, the most obvious feature is the large and often very showy inflorescences , consisting of many small flowers densely packed into a compact head or spike. This character does not occur in all Proteaceae, however; Adenanthos species, for example, have solitary flowers. In most Proteaceae species, the pollination mechanism
2880-458: The distinctive leaf form characteristic of those Adenanthos species known as woollybushes , in which the leaf is segmented, sometimes many times, into long thin laciniae , round in cross-section ( terete ), and often covered in a fine down of soft hairs. The number of laciniae varies greatly. In A. pungens , for example, the leaves may be entire , or there may be a single segmentation into two or three laciniae; in A. sericeus ,
2952-460: The end of the peduncle sits the flower, sessile or very nearly so, and surrounded at the base by an imbricate involucre . Very rarely, an involucre may enclose two flowers rather than just one, providing further evidence of reduction from a complex, multi-flowered inflorescence. Inflorescences occur individually at the end of branches ( terminal ) or at branch junctions ( axillary ). Most species have terminal inflorescences, and in these cases
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3024-426: The evolution and classification of a southern family ", until it was largely superseded by the molecular studies of Peter H. Weston and Nigel Barker in 2006. Proteaceae are now divided into five subfamilies: Bellendenoideae , Persoonioideae , Symphionematoideae , Proteoideae and Grevilleoideae . In 2008 Mast and colleagues updated Macadamia and related genera in tribe Macadamieae. Furthermore, Orites megacarpus
3096-540: The genus for the Flora of Australia series. By this time, the ICBN had issued a ruling that all genera ending in -anthos must be treated as having masculine gender . This resulted in orthographic changes to all species names in the genus; for example, A. obovata became A. obovatus . Nelson's arrangement of Adenanthos is as follows: Nelson has published a thorough but somewhat light-hearted analysis of
3168-575: The genus undertaken by Ernest Charles Nelson in 1975 yielded results in which the members of A. sect. Eurylaema occurred together. Nelson therefore retained Bentham's two sections in his 1978 revision of Adenanthos , though A. sect Stenolaema was renamed to the autonym A. sect. Adenanthos in accordance with modern rules of botanical nomenclature . He further divided A. sect. Adenanthos into two subsections, A. subsect. Anaclastos and A. subsect. Adenanthos , but discarded them again in his 1995 treatment of
3240-839: The greatest concentrations of diversity. Together with the Platanaceae (plane trees), Nelumbonaceae (the sacred lotus) and in the recent APG IV system the Sabiaceae , they make up the order Proteales . Well-known Proteaceae genera include Protea , Banksia , Embothrium , Grevillea , Hakea , and Macadamia . Species such as the New South Wales waratah ( Telopea speciosissima ), king protea ( Protea cynaroides ), and various species of Banksia , Grevillea , and Leucadendron are popular cut flowers . The nuts of Macadamia integrifolia are widely grown commercially and consumed, as are those of Gevuina avellana on
3312-504: The ground has been fertilized with ashes from the fire and is free from competitors. Many species have seeds with elaiosomes that are dispersed by ants ; the seeds with wings or thistledown exhibit anemochory , while the drupes and other fleshy fruit exhibit endozoochory as mammals and birds ingest them. Some African and Australian rodents are known to accumulate fruit and seeds of these plants in their nests in order to feed on them, although some manage to germinate. Proteaceae are mainly
3384-408: The inflorescences are usually subtended by leaves, if not branchlets, so the flowers are obscured by the foliage. The species with axillary inflorescences tend to be much more showy. The flower of Adenanthos is structurally the same as that of many other Proteaceae. Flower parts occur in multiples of four ( tetramerous ), but the four tepals are fused into a long, narrow perianth -tube topped by
3456-417: The inside of the perianth tube, so the stigma, too, is enclosed within the cup. As the flower develops, the pistil grows rapidly. Since the stigma is trapped, the style must bend to elongate, and eventually it bends so far, the perianth is split along one seam. The style continues to grow until anthesis , when the nectaries begin to produce nectar . At this time, the perianth splits into its component tepals,
3528-555: The leaf is repeatedly tri-segmented into as many as 50 laciniae. This leaf form is seen in around half of the species. Other common leaf forms include a wedge-shaped ( cuneate ) leaf with shallow lobes along the apex, seen, for example, in A. cuneatus and A. stictus ; the oval-shaped ( obovate ) entire leaves of A. ellipticus and A. obovatus ; and the long thin leaves of A. detmoldii and A. barbiger . Only two species have leaves that are sharply pointed ( pungent ): A. pungens has
3600-571: The lost ships of Jean-François de Galaup, comte de La Pérouse , visited Esperance Bay on the south coast of Western Australia in 1792, collecting A. cuneatus there. In December 1801 and January 1802, at the start of Matthew Flinders ' famous circumnavigation of Australia, HMS Investigator visited King George Sound for several weeks. The botanist to the voyage, Robert Brown , made an extensive plant specimen collection, including A. cuneatus , A. sericeus and A. obovatus . A few months later he collected what would become
3672-497: The main stem thickens to become a trunk , resulting in a small tree. Plants with a lignotuber , on the other hand, have many stems arising from the underground rootstock, usually resulting in smaller shrubs with a mallee habit. As with most other Proteaceae genera, leaf shape is highly variable in Adenanthos . Though the leaves are always simple (as in not compound ), they may be lobed, or even deeply divided into segments, usually by three. This segmentation has its extreme in
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#17327718797463744-409: The nectar-feeders act as pollinators. The downside of this pollination strategy is that the probability of self-fertilisation is greatly increased; many Proteaceae counter this with strategies such as protandry , self-incompatibility, or preferential abortion of selfed seed. The systems for presenting pollen are usually highly diverse, corresponding to the diversification of the pollinators. Pollination
3816-605: The plant for some time. The production of seedless fruit ( parthenocarpy ) is common, as is seed abortion ( stenospermocarpy ). When a seed is present, it is white, ellipsoidal, and nearly fills the fruit. Early explorers who could have seen and collected Adenanthos include Willem de Vlamingh and William Dampier . Vlamingh explored the Swan River and visited Shark Bay in 1697. He almost certainly collected plant specimens, as two south-west Australian endemics were published many years later, based on specimens for which
3888-624: The plants that grow in Mediterranean climates. Fusarium oxysporum causes a disease called fusariosis in roots that causes a yellowing and wilting, with serious ecological damages to woodland plants and economic losses in plants of commercial interest. Other common infections are caused by species of Botryosphaeria , Rhizoctonia , Armillaria , Botrytis , Calonectria and other fungi. The IUCN considers that 47 Proteaceae species are threatened, of which one species, Stenocarpus dumbeensis Guillaumin , 1935, from New Caledonia,
3960-548: The plants' access to scarce water and nutrients by exuding carboxylates that mobilise previously unavailable phosphorus. They also increase the root's absorption surface, but this is a minor feature, as it also increases competition for nutrients against its own root clusters. However, this adaptation leaves them highly vulnerable to dieback caused by the Phytophthora cinnamomi water mould , and generally intolerant of fertilization . Due to these specialized proteoid roots,
4032-440: The pollen adheres to the style-end. Shortly after pollen release, the tips of the tepals separate, causing the limb to break apart. The style-end is released, the style springs erect, and the flower's pollen is thus held aloft where it may be deposited on the face of a nectarivorous bird . Unlike some other Proteaceae genera, the style-end of Adenanthos shows little evidence of adaption to either of its dual roles. In most species
4104-425: The same species. The flowers are usually protandrous. Just before anthesis, the anthers release their pollen , depositing it onto the stigma, which in many cases has an enlarged fleshy area specifically for the deposition of its own pollen. Nectar-feeders are unlikely to come into contact with the anthers themselves, but can hardly avoid contacting the stigma; thus, the stigma functions as a pollen-presenter , ensuring
4176-399: The small section Eurylaema , one anther is sterile and reduced to a staminode , rendering the flowers structurally merely bilaterally symmetrical ( zygomorphic ). In both cases the flower soon becomes zygomorphic, as the pistil grows faster and longer than the perianth tube, causing the style to flex until it pushes its way out through a slit in the perianth-tube, which bends away from
4248-664: The southern end of Peron Peninsula , where neither expedition is likely to have visited. The first known collection of the genus was made by Archibald Menzies , surgeon and naturalist to the Vancouver Expedition of 1791–1795. The Vancouver expedition discovered King George Sound in September 1791, and during their stay there Menzies collected specimens of many plant species, including two Adenanthos species, A. sericeus Jacques Labillardière , naturalist to Bruni d'Entrecasteaux 's expedition in search of
4320-548: The southwest. In northern areas, where there are fewer species, the genus does not extend into drier inland areas, being absent from northern parts of the Avon Wheatbelt region. To the south, however, they extend well inland, extending even beyond the southwest into the neighbouring desert: A. argyreus occurs as far inland as Southern Cross . Eastwards along the south coast, the genus occurs in disjunct populations on isolated pockets of siliceous sand surrounded by
4392-448: The species of this genus, around 170 species, are shrubs, although some of them are valued for their flowers. Another species that is cultivated in some parts of the world, although it is smaller, is Telopea speciosissima (Waratah), from the mountains of New South Wales , Australia . Some temperate climate species are cultivated more locally in Australia for their attractive appearance: Persoonia pinifolia (pine-leaved geebung )
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#17327718797464464-414: The style. The apex of the style, called the stigma in most flowering plants, is often referred to as the style-end in Proteaceae, since it performs two distinct functions: it performs the usual stigmatic role of pollen-collector , but also functions as a pollen-presenter . At anthesis , both the style-end and the anthers are trapped within the limb, so that when the anthers release their pollen ,
4536-439: The tallest trees of the banksias and they are more frost-resistant than other banksias, B. seminuda , B. littoralis , B. serrata ; among those that can be considered small trees or large shrubs: B. grandis , B. prionotes , B. marginata , B. coccinea and B. speciosa ; all of these are planted in parks and gardens and even along roadsides because of their size. The rest of
4608-808: The three main plant groups of fynbos , which forms part of the Cape Floral Kingdom , the smallest but richest plant kingdom for its size and the only kingdom contained within a single country. The other main groups of plants in fynbos are the Ericaceae and the Restionaceae . South African proteas are thus widely cultivated due to their many varied forms and unusual flowers. They are popular in South Africa for their beauty and their usefulness in wildlife gardens for attracting birds and useful insects. The species most valued as ornamentals are
4680-435: The three was to serve as type species for the genus, but Nelson has since chosen A. cuneatus as lectotype , since Labillardière's description of it is referred to by the descriptions of the other two species. Labillardière also did not acknowledge a collector of the specimens upon which these names were based, and so it was long thought that Labillardière himself collected them. However, neither A. obovatus nor
4752-529: The trees that grow in southern latitudes as they give landscapes in temperate climates a tropical appearance; Lomatia ferruginea (Fuinque), Lomatia hirsuta (Radal) have been introduced in Western Europe and to the western United States . Embothrium coccineum (Chilean Firetree or Notro ) is highly valued in the British Isles for its dark red flowers and can be found as far north as
4824-539: The type subspecies of A. sericeus occurs at any location visited by Labillardière, suggesting that some of his specimens were obtained from some other collector whom he failed to credit. The realisation of this fact prompted a re-evaluation of the type material by Nelson, who attributed their collection to Leschenault. This view has been accepted by some scholars though others treat it more cautiously. The framework for classification of genera within Proteaceae
4896-590: The wood from species of Protea , Leucadendron and Grevillea is especially popular. Many species are used in gardening, particularly genera of Banksia , Embothrium , Grevillea , and Telopea . This use has resulted in the introduction of exotic species that have become invasive; examples include the hakea willow ( Hakea salicifolia ) and the silky hakea ( Hakea sericea ) in Portugal. Two species of Macadamia are cultivated commercially for their edible nuts. Gevuina avellana (Chilean hazel)
4968-440: Was first described and named by Labillardière in his 1805 Novae Hollandiae Plantarum Specimen . Though he did not give an explicit etymology for the genus name therein, the type specimen for A. cuneatus contains annotations that show Labillardière experimenting with various Greek word stems , listing in each case the corresponding Latin transliteration and meaning. He eventually settled on Adenanthos , formed from
5040-459: Was found not to be within the genus Orites , nor in the tribe Roupaleae, instead in the tribe Macadamieae, hence given the new species name Nothorites megacarpus . The full arrangement, according to Weston and Barker (2006) with the updates to genera from Mast et al. (2008), is as follows: Adenanthos Adenanthos is a genus of Australian native shrubs in the flowering plant family Proteaceae . Variable in habit and leaf shape, it
5112-480: Was laid by L. A. S. Johnson and Barbara Briggs in their influential 1975 monograph " On the Proteaceae: the evolution and classification of a southern family ". Their arrangement has been refined somewhat over the ensuing three decades, most notably by Peter H. Weston and Nigel Barker in 2006. Proteaceae is divided into five subfamilies, with Adenanthos placed in subfamily Proteoideae because of its cluster roots , solitary ovules and indehiscent fruits. On
5184-486: Was published in 1870 by George Bentham , in the fifth volume of his landmark Flora Australiensis . Bentham divided the genus into two sections on the basis of floral characteristics. Two species were unusual in having flowers with one sterile stamen , and perianth tubes that are curved and swollen above the middle; these were placed in A. sect. Eurylaema . The remaining twelve known species were placed in A. sect. Stenolaema . A phenetic analysis of
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