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55-719: [REDACTED] County of East Frisia 1464–1744 [REDACTED]   Kingdom of Prussia 1744–1808 [REDACTED] Kingdom of Holland 1808–1810 [REDACTED]   First French Empire 1810–1813 [REDACTED]   Kingdom of Prussia 1813–1815 [REDACTED]   Kingdom of Hanover 1815–1866 [REDACTED]   Kingdom of Prussia 1866–1871 [REDACTED]   German Empire 1871–1918 [REDACTED]   Weimar Republic 1918–1933 [REDACTED]   Nazi Germany 1933–1945 [REDACTED]   Allied-occupied Germany 1945–1949 [REDACTED]   West Germany 1949–1990 [REDACTED]   Germany 1990–present The history of Aurich dates back to

110-645: A county . In 1430, led by chieftain Edzard Cirksena of Greetsiel , a freedom-alliance was formed against the ruling Focko Ukena . Together with his brother Ulrich, Edzard managed to remove the Ukena-faction from power. After the marriage in 1455 of Ulrich Cirksena with Theda Ukena , a granddaughter of his enemy, the majority of East Frisia was united. Only the Lordships of Jever and Friedeburg could maintain their independence. Sibet Attena ,

165-473: A feudalistic system in East Frisia during medieval times. Frisians regarded themselves as free people not obliged to any foreign authority. This period is called the time of the "Friesische Freiheit" (Frisian freedom) and is represented by the still well-known salute " Eala Frya Fresena " (Get Up, Free Frisian!) that affirmed the non-existence of any feudality. Frisian representatives of the many districts of

220-548: A nephew and aid to Ulrich received the lordships Esens , Stedesdorf and Wittmund , which together formed the Harlingerland . The Harlingerland did remain under the higher authority of the Cirksena family. Because Ocko I tom Brok had given the territory to the count of Holland in 1381, the status of the rulers of East Frisia was unclear. The ruler of East Frisia decided to improve his situation by turning directly to

275-517: A new rule. As chieftains (in Low German : "hovedlinge"; in standard German : "Fürsten") they took control over villages, cities, and regions in East Frisia; however, they still did not establish a feudal system as it was known in the rest of Europe . Instead, the system implemented in Frisia was a system of fellowship which has some similarity to older forms of rule known from Germanic cultures of

330-461: A part of the diocese of Bremen , the other the diocese of Münster . With the decay of the Carolingian empire, East Frisia lost its former bindings, and a unity of independent self-governed districts was established. Their elections were held every year to choose the "Redjeven" (councillors), who had to be judges as well as administrators or governors. This system prevented the establishment of

385-787: A popular destination for Dutch Calvinists fleeing from religious persecution in the Netherlands. Count Edzard II , however, was Lutheran . In 1595 the Dutch Republic interfered in the quarrel between the city and the count with the Treaty of Delfzijl , where the Lutheran count recognised the Dutch influence and the (Calvinistic) Reformed Church . Dutch troops were stationed in Emden and Leer . In 1602, count Enno attempted to drive out

440-589: A satellite of the Netherlands, Dutch garrisons being stationed in different cities permanently. Important cities like Emden were autonomously administered by their citizens, the Prince not having much influence on them. A Frisian Parliament, the Ostfreesk Landschaft, was an assembly of different social groups of East Frisia, jealously protecting the traditional rights and freedoms of the Frisians against

495-640: Is "Geest" and Heathland . The original language of East Frisia was East Frisian , which now is almost extinct , largely replaced by East Frisian Low Saxon . Original East Frisian survived somewhat longer in several remote places as for example in the islands, such as Wangerooge . Today a modern variant of East Frisian can be found in the Saterland , a district near East Frisia. In former times people from East Frisia who left their homes under pressure had settled in that remote area surrounded by moors and kept their inherited language alive. This language which forms

550-465: Is a historic region in modern Lower Saxony , Germany . The modern province is primarily located on the western half of the East Frisian peninsula , to the east of West Frisia and to the west of Landkreis Friesland but is known to have extended much further inland (As far south as modern Cologne, Germany) before modern representations of the territory. Administratively, East Frisia consists of

605-416: Is also added to black tea in the winter. The tea is alleged to cure headaches, stomach problems, and stress, among many other ailments. The tea is not only a kind of beverage for the population, but also part of its cultural tradition. Over the years the region developed a unique tea ceremony that can be strictly observed in older households. As a part of these rules, the oldest woman in the round has to serve

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660-426: Is also used to flavour the tea. The tea is generally served in traditional small cups, with little cookies during the week and cake during special occasions or on weekends as a special treat. Some of the most common traditional cakes and pastries to accompany tea are apple strudel , black forest cake , and other cakes flavored with chocolate and hazelnut. Brown rum , mixed with kluntjes and left for several months,

715-596: Is the dominant church, while in Leer, Norden and Aurich the Lutherans are the dominant church. However, the main church of the Reformed Christians is in Leer. There are 266,000 Lutherans and about 80,000 Reformed – so about 346,000 of the approximately 465,000 citizens of East Frisia profess one of the two denominations. The Concordat of Emden in 1599 set rules for the cooperation of Lutherans and Calvinists in

770-569: The Eems valley. The territory fell to Prussia in 1744. Following the Emden Convention concluded on March 14, 1744, between the city of Emden and Frederick II of Prussia , the latter was allowed to march without resistance into East Frisia, when the last count Charles Edzard died on May 25 without children. In 1807 it was annexed by France and added to the Kingdom of Holland as

825-674: The Holy Roman Emperor . As a result, Emperor Frederick III raised Ulrich in 1464 to an imperial count . The emperor gave to Ulrich I the Imperial County in Norden, Emden, Emisgonien in East Frisia . After the death of Ulrich I, his widow Theda ruled in the name of their children, who were still minors. Theda managed to withstand the threats of Duke Charles the Bold of Burgundy and count Gerd of Oldenburg . In 1481 she added

880-709: The 13th century, when the settlement of Aurechove was mentioned in a Frisian document called the Brokmerbrief in 1276. There are various hypotheses about the interpretation of the city name. It either refers to a person (Affo, East Frisian first name ) and his property (Reich) or it refers to waterworks on the fertile, water-rich lowland of the Aa (or Ehe) river, upon which the city was built; medieval realizations were Aurichove, Aurike, Aurikehove, Auerk, Auryke, Auwerckhove, Auwerick, Auwerck, Auwreke, Awerck, Awreke, Awrik, Auwerich and Aurickeshove . In 1517, Count Edzard from

935-642: The Dutch with support from the Emperor and the Spanish king, but he was rebuffed. In a new treaty in 1603 he was forced to accept the Dutch occupation and religious consequences for an undetermined amount of time. In the Thirty Years' War , Imperial troops entered the county in 1628. While they did not clash with the Dutch troops present in the county, the Dutch States-General did stop supplying

990-462: The East Frisian people drink more tea than any other people group, about 300 litres per person every year. Strong black tea is served whenever there are visitors to an East Frisian home or other gathering, as well as with breakfast, in mid-afternoon and mid-evening. The tea is sweetened with kluntjes , a rock candy sugar that melts slowly, allowing multiple cups to be sweetened. Heavy cream

1045-466: The Frisian element is predominant in the coastal area, while the population of the higher Geest area expresses more Saxon influence. Historical information becomes clearer by early Carolingian time, when a Frisian kingdom united the whole area from present-day West Frisia (the Dutch provinces of Friesland and Groningen and part of North Holland ) throughout East Frisia up to the river Weser . It

1100-652: The House of Cirksena began rebuilding the town after an attack. In 1539, the land authorities were brought together in Aurich, making it the county capital and, later, East Frisia , remaining the seat of the land authorities when East Frisia was inherited by the Kingdom of Prussia in 1744. After the Prussian Army was defeated in the Battle of Jena in 1807, Aurich became part of the Kingdom of Holland in 1808. In 1810,

1155-603: The Kingdom of Holland was annexed by France and Aurich was made the capital of the department Ems-Oriental of the First French Empire . After Napoleon was defeated in 1814, it passed to the Kingdom of Hanover in 1815, and then was annexed by Prussia in 1866 and made part of the Province of Hanover . From 21 October 1944, until 23 December 1944, a Nazi concentration camp was established in Aurich. The camp

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1210-559: The North Sea shore. This had a great effect on establishing a feeling of national identity and independence. Until the late Middle Ages Ostfriesland resisted the attempts of German states to conquer the coasts. During the 14th century adherence to the Redjeven constitution decayed. Catastrophes and epidemics such as pestilence intensified the process of destabilization. This provided an opportunity for influential family-clans to establish

1265-577: The North. There was a specific relation of dependence between the inhabitants of the ruled area and the chieftain, but the people retained their individual freedom and could move where they wanted. The Frisians controlled the mouth of the Ems river and threatened the ships coming down the river. For this reason the County of Oldenburg made several attempts to subjugate East Frisia during the 12th century. Thanks to

1320-407: The Prince. East Frisian independence ended in 1744, when the region was taken over by Prussia after the last Cirksena prince had died without issue. There was no resistance to this takeover, since it had been arranged by contract beforehand. Prussia respected the traditional autonomy of the Frisians, governed by the Frisian chancellor Sebastian Homfeld. In 1806 East Frisia (now called Oostfreesland)

1375-482: The area of East Frisia, the tea can also be poured out of the cup into its saucer and drunk from there. If you don't want any more tea, you have to put your spoon into the cup or else the host will refill your cup immediately after everyone in the round finished their current cup of tea. East Frisia is predominantly Protestant. In Rheiderland , Krummhörn and around Emden , the Reformed Church ( Calvinism )

1430-631: The chieftains. Some clans achieved a predominant state. One of these was the Tom Broks from the Brokmerland (nowadays: Brookmerland ) who ruled a large part of Eastern Friesland over several generations until a former follower, Focko Ukena from Leer , defeated the last Tom Brok. But a party of opposing chieftains under the leadership of the Cirksenas from Greetsiel defeated and expelled Fokko, who later died near Groningen. After 1465 one of

1485-729: The county of East Frisia. Since then it is a special feature of the Protestant Landeskirchen in East Frisia, that Lutherans and Calvinists are members of each other's local church communities in places, where only one of both exists. East Frisia is a rural area. However, there are some industrial sites such as the Volkswagen car factory in Emden and the Enercon (windturbine) company in Aurich . Leer is, after Hamburg ,

1540-559: The department of East-Frisia. After France directly annexed the kingdom in 1810, the territory became part of the French Ems-Oriental department. In 1815 it was added to the Kingdom of Hannover . It is presently part of the German state of Lower Saxony . East Frisia East Frisia or East Friesland ( German : Ostfriesland ; East Frisian Low Saxon : Oostfräisland ; Saterland Frisian : Aastfräislound )

1595-401: The district with the same name is different. Aurich is twinned with: County of East Frisia The County of East Frisia ( Frisian : Greefskip Eastfryslân ; Dutch : Graafschap Oost-Friesland ) was a county (though ruled by a prince after 1662) in the region of East Frisia in the northwest of the present-day German state of Lower Saxony . Originally East Frisia was part of

1650-526: The districts Aurich , Leer and Wittmund and the city of Emden . It has a population of approximately 469,000 people and an area of 3,142 square kilometres (1,213 sq mi). There is a chain of islands off the coast, called the East Frisian Islands ( German : Ostfriesische Inseln ). From west to east, these islands are Borkum , Juist , Norderney , Baltrum , Langeoog and Spiekeroog . The geographical region of East Frisia

1705-528: The emperor had to accept Edzard and his descendants as counts of East Frisia . East Frisia played an important role in the Reformation period. Menno Simons , founder of the Mennonite church, found refuge there. In 1654 the counts of East Frisia, seated at Aurich, were elevated to the rank of princes. Their power, however, remained limited because of a number of factors. Externally East Frisia became

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1760-585: The famous Klaus Störtebeker and Gottfried Michaelsen , who were a threat to the ships of the powerful Hanseatic League which they attacked and robbed. In 1400 a punitive expedition of the Hanseatic League against East Frisia succeeded. The chieftains had to promise to discontinue their support for the pirates. In 1402 Störtebeker, who was not a Frisian by birth, was captured and executed in Hamburg. The range of power and influence differed between

1815-540: The islands and the coast is unique in the world: the tide leaves a broad stretch of mudflat with creeks that attract an extraordinary number of species, worms and crabs as well as birds or seals . For this reason, the UNESCO World Heritage Fund declared the Wadden Sea , which had already been a national park, a global heritage site. Away from the coastal area, much of the physical geography

1870-475: The larger Frisian realm. The Frisians had practically no higher authority above them. There did exist, though, respected families of chieftains ( Häuptling ), who aspired to increase their, mostly local, power and influence. In the 15th century, the Cirksena dynasty managed to establish its authority in practically all of East Frisia. In 1464, Ulrich I of East Frisia was raised to the status of Count by Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor , and East Frisia became

1925-551: The last chieftains from the house of Cirksena was made a count by Emperor Frederick III and accepted the sovereignty of the Holy Roman Empire . However, in 1514 the emperor ordered that a duke of Saxony should be the heir to the count of East Frisia. Count Edzard of East Frisia refused to accept this order and was outlawed. Twenty-four German dukes and princes invaded Frisia with their armies. Despite their numerical superiority they failed to defeat Edzard, and in 1517

1980-671: The lordship of Fredeburg to the county. Under her son Edzard I , there were quarrels with the chieftains of the Harlingerland and the Jeverland and with the prince-bishop of Münster and the Hansa -city of Hamburg . Jeverland and Harlingerland remained independent, but Butjadingen became subject to East Frisian authority. A new situation was created with the appointment of George of Saxony as imperial stadtholder of Friesland by Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor . This appointment

2035-537: The newly created unity. In 1515 the successors of George of Saxony relinquished their rights to Friesland to Duke Charles of Burgundy, the later emperor Charles V . The conflict ended in 1517 in a treaty between Edzard and Charles, in which Charles recognised the possessions of Edzard as an imperial county. After 1519 the Protestant Reformation made its way into East Frisia, initially with a very tolerant view towards Roman Catholicism . After Edzard I

2090-447: The other guests with tea, starting with the second oldest and then going down in age regardless of gender. The "kluntje" must be placed inside the teacup before the tea is poured right on top of it. After that some heavy cream is added carefully just as a top layer so it can make "clouds" (wulkjes) that swim on the tea itself. It's then forbidden to stir the tea, so the layers stay mild, strong and then sweet from top to bottom. Depending on

2145-471: The region is again suffering from the loss of young educated people, who go away to find better employment in, for example, southern Germany. Many communities face a rising number of aged people, creating structural problems in the future. There are few academic jobs in the area, and those are focused on engineering. The closest universities are the University of Oldenburg and Groningen . A Fachhochschule

2200-469: The rivers Ems and Weser was thereupon inhabited by the Chauci; however, after the second century AD there is no mention of the Chauci. They were partly displaced by Frisian expansion after about 500, and were later partially absorbed into the Frisian society. Saxons also settled the region and the East Frisian population of medieval times is based on a mixture of Frisian and Saxon elements. Nevertheless,

2255-600: The second most important location for shipping companies in Germany. Although just on the other side of the border to Emsland , the Meyer Werft is an important employer for East Frisians as well. Main industrial sites are the harbours of Emden and Leer , and Wilhelmshaven east of East Frisia. Around 1900, many people left East Frisia due to lack of jobs and emigrated to the United States or elsewhere. Today

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2310-552: The seven coastal areas of Frisia met once a year at the Upstalsboom, located at Rahe (near Aurich ). In the early Middle Ages, people could only settle on the higher situated Geest areas or by erecting in the marsh-areas " Warften ", artificial hills to protect the settlement, whether a single farming estate or a whole village, against the North Sea floods. In about 1000 AD the Frisians started building large dikes along

2365-488: The smallest language-island in Europe is called Saterland Frisian or, by its own name, Seeltersk . It is spoken by about 1000 people. East Frisian Low Saxon (or Eastern Friesland Low Saxon, as some people prefer to say for a better distinction from East Frisian, which is Frisian but not Low Saxon) is a variant of Low German with many of its own features due to the Frisian substrate and some other influences originating in

2420-535: The swampy terrain, the Frisian peasants defeated the Oldenburgian armies every time. In 1156 even Henry the Lion failed to conquer the region. The conflicts lasted for the next few centuries. In the 14th century Oldenburg gave up on plans to conquer Ostfriesland, restricting their attacks to irregular invasions, killing livestock then leaving. The East Frisian chieftains used to provide shelter for pirates such as

2475-493: The varied history of East Frisia. It is similar to the Gronings dialect spoken in the adjacent Netherlands province of Groningen. In modern Germany, East Frisians in general are the traditional butt of ethnic jokes similar to Polish jokes in the United States. This is mainly the case in the North. In an otherwise coffee drinking country, East Frisia is noted for its consumption of tea and its tea culture . Per capita,

2530-741: Was a subcamp to the Neuengamme concentration camp . After World War II , Aurich became part of the new state of Lower Saxony . The local council has 40 members The elections in September 2016 showed the following results Aurich's coat of arms is drawn by the blazon : "Arms: Landscape with chief two-thirds sky and base third earth, a shield Gules emblazoned with letter ' A ' Or, an open-topped crown Or above, two growing trees Vert at sides. Crown: A battlement Gules with three merlons and two embrasures. Supporters: Two branches of mistletoe with leaves and berries Or.". The coat of arms of

2585-759: Was annexed by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland and later became part of the French Empire . Most of East Frisia was renamed the Département Ems-Oriental, while a small strip of land, the Rheiderland, became part of the Dutch Département Ems-Occidental. The French Emperor Napoléon I undertook the greatest reform of Frisian society in history: He introduced mayors, where the local administration

2640-604: Was given to Oldenburg, and in return, Oldenburg relinquished its claims to Jever. In response, Maria of Jever drove out the East Frisian occupiers of Jever in 1531, and in 1532 she recognised the Duke of Burgundy, Charles V as her feudal lord. The Harlingerland was loaned to the Duchy of Guelders . The power of the count was put under pressure in the 16th century, partially because of the Dutch Revolt . The city of Emden became

2695-548: Was inhabited in Paleolithic times by reindeer hunters of the Hamburg culture . Later there were Mesolithic and Neolithic settlements of various cultures. The period after prehistory can only be reconstructed from archaeological evidence. Access to the early history of East Frisia is possible in part through archaeology and in part through the studying of external sources such as Roman documents. The first proven historical event

2750-400: Was it was re-annexed by Prussia. However, in 1815, Prussia had to cede East Frisia to the Kingdom of Hanover , which itself was annexed by Prussia in 1866. The landscape is influenced by its proximity to the North Sea. The East Frisian Islands stretch for 90 kilometres along the coast. They offer dunes and sand beaches, though in their center they have grass and woods as well. The area between

2805-553: Was ruled by kings like the famous Radbod whose known names were still mentioned in folk tales until recent times. Frisia was a short-lived kingdom, and it was crushed by Pippin of Herstal in 689. East Frisia then became part of the Frankish Empire . Charles the Great then divided East Frisia into two counties. At this time, Christianization by the missionaries Liudger and Willehad started; one part of East Frisia became

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2860-730: Was still in the hands of autonomous groups of elders (like the Diekgreven, Kerkenolderlings etc.), introduced the Code Civil and reformed the ancient Frisian naming system by newly introducing family names in 1811. In the following years the East Frisians registered their family names, often depending on their father's name, area or (if unfree) master. After the Napoleonic Wars East Frisia was occupied first by Prussian and then by Russian soldiers and in 1813

2915-440: Was succeeded by his son Enno II in 1528, the suppression of Catholicism began. Most East-Frisian monasteries and abbeys were secularised. Aside from this, a wide rift emerged between the Lutherans and the Calvinists . In 1517 an agreement was signed in which the marriage between Enno II and Maria of Jever was planned. But Enno II broke the agreement and instead married Anna of Oldenburg in 1529. In this marriage, Butjadingen

2970-407: Was the arrival of a Roman fleet under Drusus in 12 BC; the ships sailed into the course of the Ems river and returned. The earlier settlements, known solely through material remnants but whose people's name for themselves remains unknown, led up to the invasion of Germanic tribes belonging to the Ingvaeonic group. Those were Chauci mentioned by Tacitus , and Frisians . The region between

3025-404: Was the last attempt to unify all of Frisia under one ruler. Count Edzard recognised George as his feudal lord. Rebellions broke out, however, in Friesland and the Groninger Ommelanden . In 1506 Edzard broke his allegiance to George, forming an alliance with Groningen instead. Edzard was now recognised by the Groninger Ommelanden as its ruler. In 1512, primogeniture was introduced to preserve

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