Misplaced Pages

#502497

65-687: The Australian Architecture Association is based in Sydney. The current president is Tone Wheeler. In late 2004, the Australian Architecture Association began to offer talks by internationally renowned architects as the Black Talk Series. In 2005, regular architecture tours showcasing important buildings and architecture of Sydney led by volunteer tour leaders began in Sydney city and architecturally significant suburbs of Surry Hills and Castlecrag . In 2006,

130-518: A basic building code with certain minimum standards for new buildings and a requirement that every plan was to be submitted for new buildings. He saw his role as one of nation-building with a responsibility to provide facilities that were functional and provided a sense of community pride. By the end of his tenure, Macquarie had overseen the construction of 92 brick buildings, 22 stone buildings, 52 weatherboard houses, four bridges, seven quays and moles, and over 200 miles of road. In 1814, Francis Greenway ,

195-663: A colony in Sydney Cove in January 1788 after the First Fleet sailed 9 months from Portsmouth . The early years of the colony suffered from a sense of provisionality and the attitude of the majority of convicts and their guardians that they would return to Britain once they had "done their time." The colony was poorly equipped, had little food supplies, and did not understand the climate or soil. For its first two years it faced starvation. In 1790, Governor Arthur Phillip began

260-426: A convict serving a fourteen-year sentence for forgery, arrived in Sydney. Over a short period of time, a partnership between him and Macquarie saw the construction of fine public buildings that were classically inspired, restrained decoratively and well-portioned and included Hyde Park Barracks , St James Church , St Matthews at Windsor , and Old Liverpool Hospital at Liverpool . An 1819 commission of inquiry into

325-525: A devoted helpmate in his future work. William was encouraged by the great parliamentarian and abolitionist, William Wilberforce , to continue his work against the slave trade in Antigua. The work would be arduous and unpaid, but he agreed to undertake it, and in 1813 he traveled to Antigua with his wife and daughter Judith. In spite of his frequently poor health, his endeavors met with great success. His main duties involved founding and operating schools for

390-471: A false raid in an effort to obtain guns that Dawes believed they intended to use against members of the colonial government. Dawes was motivated by the desire to help the people of Sierra Leone, but his religious zeal, his opposition to the local Methodist ministers, and what they considered his overbearing nature alienated him from many of the colonists and even from other colonial officials such as Thomas Clarkson . His health suffering from both stress and

455-572: A penal colony, even though the number of free settlers was increasing. Amateur builders took time to work out what local materials were suitable. Those significant buildings that were built were of such poor workmanship and materials that they needed constant maintenance. Lieutenant William Dawes produced a town plan for Sydney in 1790 but it was ignored in the under-resourced and often lawless society, and Sydney's layout still shows this lack of planning. The earliest significant buildings in Sydney were simple restrained Georgian buildings that were suited to

520-560: A position as an instructor of mathematics at Christ's Hospital school , a position he retained until November 1800. Whilst serving in this position, he gave evidence before a committee of the House of Lords in June 1799, who were then considering a bill to regulate the slave trade. In the early months of 1801, Dawes returned to serve his third and final term as governor of Sierra Leone, remaining there until February 1803. During his final term he

585-715: A renewed interest in the use of brick. Mass production of bricks commenced in the 1870s, although hand production continued until the end of the 19th century. By 1880, two-thirds of the population had been born in Australia and a growing nationalism viewed the country as paradise compared to the Old World . With a booming economy, Australians sought to prove they could compete with the Old World–;during this time many Australian department stores, coffee houses and grand hotels were constructed. Most of them were built in

650-640: Is a World Heritage Site . The tallest point in the city is the Sydney Tower built in the late 1970s-early 1980s, when height restrictions were far more lenient. The observation tower provides views of the entire city. Sydney is home to Australia's first building by renowned Canadian architect Frank Gehry , the Dr Chau Chak Wing Building (2015), based on the design of a tree house . An entrance from The Goods Line –a pedestrian pathway and former railway line–is located on

715-551: Is a mix of more modest girder , truss and cable bridges . The most iconic bridge in the city, the through arch Sydney Harbour Bridge , links the North Shore with the CBD across Port Jackson . The design was influenced by New York City 's Hell Gate Bridge . It is the sixth longest spanning-arch bridge in the world and the tallest steel arch bridge, measuring 134 m (440 ft) from top to water level. The Anzac Bridge

SECTION 10

#1732797828503

780-528: Is a reflection of the shoddy heritage attitudes that persisted in the 20th-century, despite protests from Sydneysiders and pleas for green bans : the ornate Free Classical -style theatre was purchased cheaply by property developer Leon Fink , who subsequently demolished the building days after purchasing it. Sydney Mayor Clover Moore, then the MP for Bligh, addressed a crowd in Martin Place in 1988 to help save

845-402: Is an 8-lane cable-stayed bridge spanning Johnstons Bay between Pyrmont and Glebe Island. Of the more than sixty Australian residential architectural styles that developed in Sydney over the years, more than half were used in residential architecture. Prominent residential styles included: William Dawes (British Marines officer) William Nicolas Dawes (1762–1836) was an officer of

910-685: Is known to have had at least two sons. William Rutter Dawes, born 17 December 1797, baptised 11 February 1798, St Mary, Portsea. He was buried at Portsea, 26 May 1798. William Rutter Dawes , was born on 19 March 1799 at Christ's Hospital then in the City of London (it moved to Horsham , West Sussex in 1902). Trained as a clergyman, he became an astronomer of note. He was said to have done all he could to bring comfort to his father and stepmother's declining years. John Macaulay Dawes, baptised 29 June, 1800, City of London, named in honor of William's friend Zachary Macaulay , died in infancy. Dawes

975-447: Is known to have praised his linguistic abilities, referring to him as "Mr. Dawes budyiri karaga" ("Mr. Dawes pronounces well" or "Mr. Dawes good mouth"). He contemplated settling permanently in Australia. He intended to farm part-time, but wanted to have the security of an official position within the colony, as well. In Oct. 1791 he was offered a position in the colony as an engineer. Arthur Phillip made it clear that he would be awarded

1040-465: Is named after him. There was once an island known as Dawes Island, in Sydney Harbour; when it was joined to an adjacent smaller island, the resulting larger island became known as Spectacle Island , after its shape. Dawes was given a letter of introduction by Rev. Johnson to William Wilberforce , whose acquaintance he made in early 1792. Wilberforce was impressed with Dawes, remarking that he

1105-468: Is not characterised by any one architectural style , but by an extensive juxtaposition of old and new architecture over the city's 200-year history, from its modest beginnings with local materials and lack of international funding to its present-day modernity with an expansive skyline of high rises and skyscrapers, dotted at street level with remnants of a Victorian era of prosperity. Under the tenure of early nineteenth-century Governor Lachlan Macquarie ,

1170-546: Is still home to Australia’s oldest public building, Old Government House , located in Parramatta . Sydney's notable new buildings were designed by the Austrian-Australian architect Harry Seidler , as well as by international architects such as Jørn Utzon , Jean Nouvel , Richard Rogers , Renzo Piano , Norman Foster , and Frank O. Gehry throughout the 1960s up until the 2010s. The British established

1235-668: The General Post Office (1890), the Lands Department Building (1881 & 1893) and the Chief Secretary’s Building (1878). He also was responsible for many suburban post offices, court houses and other civic buildings. Most of Sydney's public buildings from this time, including Barnet's, were built from local stone and were a variety of styles including Italianate , Gothic , and neo-Classical with heavily worked façades. The early 1860s saw

1300-692: The MLC Centre and World Tower are higher measured to roof at 228m and 230m respectively, the tallest conventional skyscraper measured to its spire tip is the Citigroup Centre at 243m, completed in 2000. Crown Sydney , in Barangaroo , surpassed all of these buildings (with the exception of Sydney Tower) upon its completion in 2020 as Sydney's tallest building at 271.3 m (890 ft). There are 23 major bridges within Sydney. There are no significant suspension bridges . Instead, there

1365-524: The 1830s and his buildings included Tusculum in Potts Point, Elizabeth Bay House , and Camden Park . The 1840s saw an increasingly buoyant economy and confident society pushed along by the end of convict transportation and the commencement of an independent legislature. A building boom embraced the neo-Gothic style whereby the colony's strong need to identify with the home country was manifest. Public, commercial and domestic architecture overlooked

SECTION 20

#1732797828503

1430-502: The 1950s and the AMP Building at Circular Quay became Australia's tallest building several years later. The late 1980s and early to mid-1990s saw a skyscraper boom in Sydney, but height restrictions limited future buildings to the height of 235 metres, in part due to the close proximity of Sydney Airport . The largest structure is Centrepoint Tower standing at 309 metres, containing restaurants and observation decks. Although both

1495-627: The Australian Architecture Association started the annual Sydney Architecture Festival on World Architecture Day, first Monday of every October, with the Australian Institute of Architects and the New South Wales Architects Registration Board. By 2006, the AAA had around 700 members. The founding committee had a mix of architects, marketing professionals and publicists. The founding President

1560-478: The British Marines , an astronomer, engineer, botanist, surveyor, explorer, abolitionist , and colonial administrator. He traveled to New South Wales with the First Fleet on board HMS  Sirius . William Dawes was born at Portsmouth, Hampshire , in early 1762, the eldest child of Benjamin and Elizabeth (Sinnatt) Dawes. He was christened there on 17 March 1762. His father was a clerk of works in

1625-607: The NSW Institute of Technology (now UTS ) for some years. The emporium buildings were controversially demolished in 1986 for the World Square development, which remained a hole in the ground for nearly twenty years, before finally being completed in 2004. Despite the hugely contested and much lamented demolition, there are some legacies remaining in Sydney, such as the Hordern Pavilion , Hordern Towers (within

1690-895: The Ordnance Office at Portsmouth . He joined the marines as a Second Lieutenant on 2 September 1779. He was wounded in action against the French Navy under the Comte de Grasse at the Battle of the Chesapeake in 1781. Dawes volunteered for service with the New South Wales Marine Corps , which accompanied the First Fleet. Because he was known as a competent astronomer , he was asked to establish an observatory and make astronomical observations on

1755-625: The World Square development), and the Presbyterian Ladies' College in Croydon of which its oldest building, 'Shubra Hall' was the home of Anthony Hordern III until 1889. ...[Sydney]'s older architecture had seen little investment, or [the buildings] were being allowed to disintegrate until their destruction. With 146 high-rise buildings over 90m, Sydney has the largest skyline in Australia . Height restrictions were lifted in

1820-547: The beginning of the city's change into a largely high-rise city. Opened in 1973, the Sydney Opera House was designed by Danish architect Jørn Utzon . Its construction was partly financed by the Opera House Lottery. Utzon left under acrimonious circumstances before the building was finished; later work was completed by other architects. Located on Bennelong Point on Sydney Harbour , the building

1885-534: The building at public meetings organised by the Australian Institute of Architects. Another controversial demolition of a prominent Sydney building was Anthony Hordern & Sons , once Sydney's largest department store. The building was constructed in 1905 with an entrance in Italian marble in a Victorian style . The Anthony Hordern Brickfield Hill site, Palace Emporium, was subsequently used by

1950-811: The building. Another example of a recent demolition of a Sydney building was the loss of the head office of the Rural Bank at 52 Martin Place . The art deco building, designed in the 1930s by F.W. Turner, was controversially demolished in 1983 for a "modern" State Bank tower. Despite staunch public protest, building's design significance and a listing in the Australian Heritage Commission listing were unable to prevent it being destroyed. Articles in The Sydney Morning Herald on 2 February 1982 ran spreads about protecting

2015-713: The children of slaves. He also worked as a correspondent for the Church Missionary Society's official paper. Unfortunately, he had little to show materially for his years of dedicated service to the state and the cause of abolition. By December 1826, his financial situation had become so precarious that he petitioned the Secretary of State for the colonies, making claims for extra services rendered in New South Wales on account of his being in "circumstances of great pecuniary embarrassment". His claim

Australian Architecture Association - Misplaced Pages Continue

2080-468: The city's North Shore , and to a lesser extent in the Eastern Suburbs . Following on from Walter Burley Griffin 's work in the Sydney suburb of Castlecrag, this style of Australian architecture was visually sensitive to the environment and, like Griffin, often utilised natural local materials as structural elements. In the central business district , the lifting of height restrictions heralded

2145-422: The climate (often by virtue of deep verandahs), available materials and craftsmanship, and were based in a spirit of making do and improvisation. Governor Macquarie 's tenure began in 1810 and he promoted the idea of Sydney as a successful society of free citizens. He commissioned a survey of all aspects of the colony including its buildings which he found to be in a "most ruinous state of decay". He implemented

2210-484: The colonists' refusal to follow his orders and declared that he would return to England. The colonists responded by shouting "Go! Go! Go!". The colonists blamed him for the decisions made by his employers. One of the Methodist ministers, Henry Beverhout , referred to Dawes as "Pharaoh", invoking the story of Moses to encourage the people of Sierra Leone to resist his governance. At one point the colonists actually staged

2275-400: The colony accused Macquarie of extravagance particularly in regard to construction and he was recalled to England. This effectively ended Greenway's career and little public construction was carried out until the late 1830s. Population growth , the granting of perpetual leases on town properties, the encouragement of free trade and exports underpinned a booming economy. Since the beginning of

2340-467: The colony, officers and administrators were housed on the eastern side of the Tank Stream , while lower ranks and commerce was consigned to the western side. By the 1830s this had become entrenched with fine homes on the Potts Point ridge. The derivative neo-Classical Georgian style was being replaced with the more ornate and eclectic Gothic Revival . John Verge was the most renowned architect in

2405-426: The copying of imported styles, mostly from Great Britain. New wealth and rapid increase in population came with the 1850s gold rush. A new middle class emerged who wanted homes, cities and public buildings that matched their new wealth and social status and construction of high quality buildings such as churches, commercial and public buildings, and ostentatious houses of the wealthy boomed. On the other hand, housing for

2470-519: The eastern border of the site. One Central Park , completed in 2014, is a mixed-use building located in Chippendale . Developed as a joint venture between Frasers Property and Sekisui House , it was constructed as the first stage of the Central Park urban renewal project. It consists of two high-rise apartment buildings, and features vertical hanging gardens . In 2013, One Central Park

2535-488: The intolerable climate, he returned to England in March 1794. Within a few months of returning he wed Judith Rutter at Portsea, Hampshire , on 29 May 1794. They had three children, a daughter and two sons, before Judith's death. In spite of his earlier difficulties with the colonists, Dawes was sent back to serve a second term as governor of Sierra Leone in January 1795, remaining until March 1796. In January 1799, he obtained

2600-694: The larger cities of Sydney and Melbourne, and some still stand in Sydney today. Anthony Hordern & Sons and the Australia Hotel did not survive, however the Grace Building (The Grace Hotel), which was inspired by the Tribune Tower in Chicago and completed in 1930, is leftover as an example from the flourishing period in Australia that ran from the 1880s until the late 1920s. Built in the then relatively new art deco style, The Grace

2665-671: The local climate in favour of styles transported from Britain, and projects with substantial budgets often produced an indiscriminate eclecticism. Conversely, projects with limited budgets that precluded ostentatious and derivative design often resulted a kind of vernacular style that responded to local conditions. Rather than a connecting device between rooms, the verandah became a sun-shading device, and solid sandstone walls and cross-ventilation stabilised both cold and hot temperature extremes. Victorian aspirations for respectability, formality, and materialism were compounded in Sydney by colonial yearning for respect, which in architecture resulted in

Australian Architecture Association - Misplaced Pages Continue

2730-463: The main entry was directly into the living room. Harry Seidler was instrumental in the introduction of Internationalism to Sydney. He studied under Walter Gropius at Harvard , worked with Marcel Breuer , and had been tutored by Josef Albers at Black Mountain College . The Rose Seidler House , for his parents, was the first of 10 buildings he built in Sydney between 1948 and 1952. The house

2795-734: The mountains west of Sydney, beyond the Nepean River and the Cowpastures ; the first attempt to cross the Blue Mountains . Dawes' skill in computing distances and map making were invaluable in the new colony. Dawes was also interested in studying the local Eora people. He developed a close relationship with a fifteen-year-old native girl, Patyegarang (Grey Kangaroo). She stayed in his hut acting as his language teacher, servant, and perhaps lover. During his time in Australia he became an authority on Aboriginal language. Patyegarang

2860-522: The notable Aboriginal Bennelong as well as others to be hunting not only game, but also Aboriginals, died at the hands of an Aboriginal named Pemulwuy , who sought retribution. The British authorities considered the attack unprovoked and planned to carry out a punitive expedition against the Aborigines. Dawes felt that the game-keeper was to blame for the attack and refused to take part in the expedition, disobeying direct orders from Gov. Phillip. He

2925-557: The position only if he apologized for two incidents that had offended Phillip. The first involved Dawes purchasing flour from a convict during a food shortage. Phillip stipulated that this was illegal, claiming the flour to be part of the man's rations and, therefore, ineligible for trade. Dawes argued that the flour was the man's personal property, not rations, and that he had the right to sell it. The second supposed offence occurred in Dec 1790, after British game-keeper John MacIntyre, believed by

2990-518: The present day. Lax heritage conservation in Sydney has attracted the ire of Sydneysiders, who are often in opposition to what government or local authorities want for the city, something seen recently with government contesting the heritage-status of the Sirius building at The Rocks . The demolition of the Regent Theatre on George Street in 1988, which had been slowly falling into disrepair,

3055-489: The process of freeing convicts and granting them land, such as that at Rose Hill 20 km inland which provided a stable food supply to the colony. The British Government did not provide architects, builders to the new colony, or useful tools. Request for building tools were responded to tardily with more inappropriate tools, which was seen as a sign that the British Government was reluctant to invest money in

3120-536: The property developer had purchased the structure cheaply, only to pull it down. Whole classes of buildings remained under threat. —Peter Spearritt, 2016 Historic preservation exists in Sydney and is overseen by the New South Wales State Heritage Register , established in 1999. Some of Sydney's grandest edifices have been replaced with contemporary architecture, a trend which began in the 1960s and has continued throughout to

3185-401: The time he told Astronomer Royal Nevil Maskelyne that he harbored hopes of one day returning to Australia and serving under different leadership. He applied at some point to return to the colony as a settler, but nothing came of recommendations that he be appointed as superintendent of schools or as an engineer. It was unfortunate that Dawes became opposed to Phillip, because Dawes was just

3250-407: The type of man most needed in the colony. He made astronomical observations in Australia and was involved constructing the Sydney's first battery. Zachary Macauley spoke of his "undeviating rectitude", and in another place he said of him "Dawes is one of the excellent of the earth. With great sweetness of disposition and self-command he possesses the most unbending principles". Dawes Point in Sydney

3315-633: The voyage and in New South Wales. From March 1788 Dawes was employed in the settlement as an engineer and surveyor , and built the first Sydney Observatory on what is now Dawes Point , under the southern approach to Sydney Harbour Bridge . In his several roles, Dawes made astronomical observations, constructed batteries on the points at the entrance to Sydney Cove , laid out the government farm and first streets and allotments in Sydney and Parramatta . Dawes took part in several explorations to

SECTION 50

#1732797828503

3380-573: The working and lower middle class remained substandard and the prevalence of unhygienic and slum conditions grew. In the 1860s, architecture in Sydney focussed more on style than consideration of the building's function in relation to its setting and climate. An increase in Italian immigrants influenced residential construction which manifest itself in a growing popularity of surface ornamentation, plasterwork, squared massing, arcades and loggias, and square towers. The simplicity of early colonial architecture

3445-477: The works of Francis Greenway were the first substantial buildings for the fledgling colony. Later prominent styles were the Victorian buildings of the city centre created out of local Sydney sandstone , and the turn of the century Federation style in the new garden suburbs of the time. With the lifting of height restrictions in the post-World War II years, much of central Sydney's older stock of architecture

3510-404: Was Glenn Murcutt , winner of the 2002 Pritzker Prize and the founding committee consisted of: Wendy Lewin, Harry Seidler , Richard Johnson, James Grose, Ian Moore, Alex Popov , David Bare and Manu Siitonen. Supporting them were the founding directors, Stella de Vulder and Annette Dearing. Buildings and architecture of Sydney The architecture of Sydney , Australia’s oldest city,

3575-800: Was "an avowed friend of religion and order." Likely due to the influence of Wilberforce, Dawes was accepted into the Evangelical Clapham Sect . Just a few months later, in August 1792, he was then chosen to join John Clarkson in Sierra Leone , a colony founded as a home for Black Loyalists , African-Americans who had been promised their freedom if the served for the Britain in the American War of Independence . Clarkson

3640-448: Was "designed to use the first two storeys in the manner of a department store. The remaining storeys were intended to provide rental office accommodation for importers and other firms engaged in the softgoods trade". The Great Depression and World War II created a severe housing shortage for Australia in the late 1940s. A shortage of materials and skilled labour compounded the shortages, as did restrictive bank lending practises whereby it

3705-467: Was a revelation to conservative 1950s Sydney. In contrast to Seidler's strongly European flavour of Modernism was the softer form practised by the so-called Sydney School of the 1950s and 1960s. This loose collection of architects, comprising, among others, Bill Lucas, Bruce Rickard , Neville Gruzman and Ken Woolley , favoured organic and natural houses, often built on steep slopes and hidden from view in natural bushland. These projects were largely on

3770-728: Was awarded a 5 star Green Star – 'Multi-Unit Residential Design v1' Certified Rating by the Green Building Council of Australia , making it the largest multi-residential building (by nett lettable area) in Australia to receive such a designation. Sydney lost most of its notable inter-war cinemas between the mid-1960s and the mid-1980s, including the Winter Garden at Rose Bay , the Odeon at Manly and most disgracefully of all The Regent in George Street, where

3835-491: Was demolished to make way for Modern high rise buildings – according to Singh d'Arcy, in The Apartment House (2017), "From the 1950s onwards, many of Sydney's handsome sandstone and masonry buildings were wiped away by architects and developers who built brown concrete monstrosities in their place. The 1980s saw uncomfortable pastiches of facades with no coherence and little artistic merit". Despite this, Sydney

3900-491: Was finally persuaded to take part by the chaplain, Rev. Johnson. Afterwards, he stated publicly that he regretted being "persuaded to comply with the order". Phillip was incensed by what he viewed as a further act of insubordination. Dawes refused to retract his statement or to apologize for either incident, and was shipped off in December 1791 on HMS  Gorgon with the first group of Royal Marines to return to England. At

3965-739: Was offered and rejected the governorship of the Seychelles . Finally returning to England in 1804, he settled in South Lambeth in London, but later moved to Bledlow in Buckinghamshire, where he trained missionaries for the Church Missionary Society (1804–1808). His wife, Judith, had died ca. 1800. William remarried on 25 May 1811, at St. Pancras Old Church, London, to Grace Gilbert. She would prove to be

SECTION 60

#1732797828503

4030-548: Was replaced by decorative facades using ornate cast iron with higher ceilings featuring elaborate mouldings. Major new civic buildings included Edmund Blacket 's Main Quadrangle Building at the University of Sydney completed in 1859. James Barnet was Colonial Architect from 1862 and was Sydney's most prolific Victorian architect. His buildings included The Australian Museum (1864), Customs House (1884),

4095-447: Was serving as governor there. Dawes' first term as governor wasn't without problems. He upset many colonists when he insisted, on orders from England, that the colonists abandon the lots they currently occupied and move to new lots allocated to them by Dawes. This was only one of several of Clarkson's actions that he was forced to countermand. According to an account by one colonist, Anna Maria Falconbridge , Dawes became frustrated by

4160-565: Was supported by his former comrade Watkin Tench , now a lieutenant-general, but the petition was ultimately unsuccessful. William Dawes died in Antigua in 1836. Dawes was described as “...outstanding in ability and character.” Gillen states that “...he was never given proper recognition, nor given financial compensation equal to the value of his work”. William Dawes and Judith Rutter had four children. Judith Dawes, born 22 June 1795, baptised at St Mary Magdalene, Woolwich , on 4 September 1795 and named for her mother. She married in Antigua and

4225-787: Was the norm for borrowers to put up a deposit of 50% of the value of a house. Building plots of around 115 square metres aggravated the problems further. These factors fed a building industry recession and the cost of building home in the decade following the war grew by 600%. In response, young architects who had worked in Europe and returned to Australia brought a simplicity to design and construction and renewed interest in logical structure and free planning. Verandahs and porches were less common on houses, and slightly pitched roofs replaced hipped roofs. Designs no longer featured non-functional ornamentation, ceilings were lower and rooms were expected to be multi-purpose. Vestibules were eliminated, hallways, and separate dining and living rooms were eliminated and

#502497