List of forms of government
53-601: The Australian Electoral Commission ( AEC ) is the independent statutory authority and agency of the Australian Government responsible for the management of federal Australian elections , by-elections and referendums. The Commonwealth Electoral Act 1902 set up the framework for the Commonwealth electoral system, which was administered until 1916 as a branch of the Department of Home Affairs , by
106-602: A Divisional Returning Officer responsible for administration of elections within the division. Each state also has an Australian Electoral Officer responsible for the administration of Senate elections. The AEC has a National Office in Canberra and an office in each state and territory: Adelaide , Brisbane , Darwin , Hobart , Melbourne , Perth , and Sydney . The AEC's main role is to conduct federal elections , by-elections and referendums , maintain up-to-date electoral rolls , and administer redistributions undertaken by
159-424: A body corporate . '. A statutory authority is a generic term for an authorisation by Parliament given to a person or group of people to exercise specific powers. A statutory authority can be established as a corporate Commonwealth entity or a non-corporate Commonwealth entity. A statutory authority may also be a body within a Commonwealth entity, exercising the powers given by Parliament but administratively part of
212-512: A comparison made by Simonides between Spartan education of citizens and horse husbandry: Simonides called Sparta "the tamer of men," because by early strictness of education, they, more than any nation, trained the citizens to obedience to the laws, and made them tractable and patient of subjection, as horses that are broken in while colts. According to the Roman historian Plutarch , the semi-legendary Lycurgus of Sparta considered education of
265-516: A fee for registration: $ 500 for the Commonwealth, Victoria and the Northern Territory ; and $ 2,000 for New South Wales. Since 1984, Australian political parties have been publicly funded by the AEC. The objective of public funding is to reduce the influence of private money upon elections, and consequently, the influence of private money upon the shaping of public policy. After each election,
318-494: A prince to live in the court without a troop of guards and followers, extraordinary apparel, such and such torches and statues, and other like particulars of state and magnificence; but that a man may reduce and contract himself almost to the state of a private man, and yet for all that not to become the more base and remiss in those public matters and affairs, wherein power and authority is requisite. In his treatise Leviathan , English philosopher Thomas Hobbes heavily criticised
371-400: A respect unto men only as men, and to the equity of the things themselves, and not unto the glory that might follow. Aurelius was also taught by his father how to live as a public figure restrained by modesty: That I lived under the government of my lord and father, who would take away from me all pride and vainglory, and reduce me to that conceit and opinion that it was not impossible for
424-408: A spirit of perfect patriotism: 'To conclude, Lycurgus bred up his citizens in such a way that they neither would nor could live by themselves; they were to make themselves one with the public good, and, clustering like bees around their commander, be by their zeal and public spirit carried all but out of themselves, and devoted wholly to their country. Civic education for toughness and martial prowess
477-574: A state-owned corporation as "a statutory authority that has corporate status". Statutory authorities at the State or Territory level are established under corresponding State or Territory laws. Each statutory authority tends to have its own enabling legislation, or originating act , even if it was established before the relevant over-riding legislation. For example, the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)
530-482: Is 'the school of Hellas', since: in education, where our rivals from their very cradles by a painful discipline seek after manliness, at Athens we live exactly as we please, and yet are just as ready to encounter every legitimate danger. However, English philosopher Thomas Hobbes believed that the Athenians were only taught to think they had personal freedom in order to discourage them from seeking reform. In
583-427: Is also responsible for registering political parties intending to field candidates at federal elections, monitoring the activities of those political parties, including receiving returns from parties of donations and expenditures, and the publication of the information. The AEC also plays an electoral education role, aiming to educate citizens about the electoral process by which representatives are elected, and by which
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#1732765304457636-481: Is an offence to fail to vote without valid or sufficient reason, at any federal or state election, and may be punishable by a nominal monetary penalty. The amount varies between federal and state jurisdictions. Usually, people are issued with warnings when it is found they have not voted, and are given an opportunity to show cause. Acceptable reasons for not voting may include being illness, being overseas on election day, religious belief, being incarcerated, etc. "I forgot"
689-477: Is no life? So now, because of him our city here is crammed with bureaucratic types and stupid democratic apes who always cheat our people. Nobody carries on the torch— no one's trained in that these days. During his diatribe, he emphasises the importance of poetry to civic education: Small children have a teacher helping them, for young men there's the poets—we've got a solemn duty to say useful things. Similarly, Plutarch would later speak of
742-632: Is not considered acceptable. Section 245 of the Commonwealth Electoral Act provides that if an elector has been asked the reason for failing to vote and declares a religious belief, this statement shall be regarded as conclusive with no further action being taken. Traditionally, voters could not register after the Close of Roll for an election. In 2004, the Howard government passed legislation that prevented registration after 8 pm on
795-474: Is required before a party can field candidates , receive public funding , have party identification on ballot papers and use above-the-line voting in Senate elections. In all jurisdictions, conditions relating to a party name require party names to have a maximum of six words, not be obscene and not to resemble the name of another, unrelated party, be likely to cause confusion with another party nor contain
848-403: Is the maintenance of the electoral roll , which in some other countries are called electoral registers. In Australia the process of getting onto the electoral roll is called "enrolment". The AEC maintains Australia's federal electoral roll, which is used for federal elections, by-elections and referendums. Australia has maintained a permanent federal electoral roll since 1908 and, by amendment to
901-575: The Australian Constitution is changed ( referendums ). It also plays a role in industrial voting and protected action ballots (e.g., votes on industrial action ). The rules for federal elections are contained in the Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 , while the rules for referendums are contained in the Referendum (Machinery Provisions) Act 1984 . The AEC is required to maintain a register of political parties . Such registration
954-519: The Coalition total of $ 27.2 million, while the Labor Party received $ 20.8 million. Other significant recipients were Australian Greens with $ 5.5 million, Palmer United Party with $ 2.3 million, and Liberal Democratic Party with $ 1.0 million. In 2016, $ 62.7 million was distributed, with the funding rate being 262.784 cents per vote. One of the functions of the AEC
1007-821: The Department of Home and Territories until 1928, back to Department of Home Affairs to 1932, and then Department of the Interior until 1972. The Australian Electoral Office was created in 1973 by the Australian Electoral Office Act 1973 . In 1984 the Australian Electoral Office was reformed through amendments to the Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 and is currently known as the Australian Electoral Commission. After
1060-723: The Federal Court of Australia ), the Electoral Commissioner, and a non-judicial member (usually the Australian Statistician ). The Electoral Commissioner has the powers of a secretary of a department under the Public Service Act 1999 and Financial Management and Accountability Act 1998 . The chairperson and the third, non-judicial member both hold their offices on a part-time basis. Each House of Representatives electorate has
1113-489: The Socratic dialogue Crito , Crito of Alopece learns from Socrates the importance in civic education of following expert opinion, rather than majority opinion. Socrates uses the analogy of the training gymnast, who he implies ought to follow his gymnastics trainer, not whatever the majority of people think about gymnastics. Crito also hears Socrates' argument that a citizen ought to obey his city's laws partly because it
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#17327653044571166-402: The AEC distributes a set amount of money to each political party, per vote received. A candidate or Senate group needs 4% of the primary vote to be eligible for public funding. After the 2013 election , political parties and candidates received $ 58.1 million in election funding, with the funding rate being 248.800 cents per vote. The Liberal Party received $ 23.9 million, as part of
1219-577: The AEC would count ticks as "yes" votes but would not count crosses as "no" votes. Dutton’s comments were criticised as undermining faith in Australia’s electoral system and of echoing Trumpian misinformation regarding election integrity. Later in 2023, the Commission topped an annual Commonwealth government trust survey, with 87 per cent of respondents indicating some level of trust in the AEC’s running of
1272-539: The Commission's work, the highest trust rating of any government authority. The AEC is accountable to the Joint Standing Committee on Electoral Matters of the Parliament of Australia , and must report on how elections were carried out and the success of elections in general. As specified under the Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918 , the AEC consists of a chairperson (a judge or a retired judge of
1325-632: The Commonwealth Electoral Act, enrolment has been compulsory for federal elections since 1924. Though each state and territory also has its own electoral commission or office, voters need to register only with the AEC, which shares the registration details with the relevant state electoral bodies. The federal roll also forms the basis of state (except in Victoria and Western Australia, which maintain their own roll) and local electoral rolls. AEC registration covers federal, state and local election voter enrolment. In Australia and in each state or territory, it
1378-615: The assumption that his plans are good; indeed, it is right to rest our hopes not on a belief in his blunders, but on the soundness of our provisions. Nor ought we to believe that there is much difference between man and man, but to think that the superiority lies with him who is reared in the severest school. French essayist Michel de Montaigne commended how Agesilaus II , the son of Archidamus, followed his father's approach closely: One asking to this purpose, Agesilaus, what he thought most proper for boys to learn? "What they ought to do when they come to be men," said he. Plutarch relates
1431-473: The authority) and a number. Just as with laws enacted by Parliament, all laws made by a statutory authority must be published in the Government Gazette. The Parliament of Australia , or a State or Territory Parliament , will delegate its authority to a statutory authority for several reasons; The power to enact legislation has been delegated by Australian Parliaments (State and/or Federal) in
1484-567: The citizenry to be his main priority as framer of the Spartan constitution. Plutarch observes that 'the whole course of [Spartan] education was one of continued exercise of a ready and perfect obedience' in which 'there scarcely was any time or place without someone present to put them in mind of their duty, and punish them if they had neglected it.' He also describes how the Spartans limited civic education so as to maintain social control over
1537-527: The creation of the AEC in 1984, the senior electoral officer was designed the Chief Electoral Officer of the Commonwealth. Electoral commissions of each state and self-governing territory: AEC NSWEC VEC ECQ WAEC ECSA TEC ACTEC NTEC Statutory authority A statutory body or statutory authority is a body set up by law ( statute ) that is authorised to implement certain legislation on behalf of
1590-506: The day the writs were issued. This can be up to 10 days after the election has been announced. The legislation was considered controversial by some Australians, who contended it disenfranchised first-time voters, or those who forgot to update their enrolment. The law was repealed prior to the 2010 federal election , when advocacy group GetUp! obtained a High Court ruling the changes unconstitutional. 16 and 17 year olds can provisionally enrol and able to vote when they turn 18. Prior to
1643-467: The defects of tyranny. From his brother he imbibed a specific ideal for the Roman state: He it was also that did put me in the first conceit and desire of an equal commonwealth, administered by justice and equality; and of a kingdom wherein should be regarded nothing more than the good and welfare of the subjects. He also followed the example of his adopted father Antoninus Pius , who he said kept careful watch of government administration and finances,
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1696-535: The emphasis in contemporary civic education on studying Athenian democracy and Roman republicanism , saying that it wrongly encouraged monarchical subjects to restrain the actions of their monarchs. He thought that those citizens who imbibed the value of democracy from classic works were likely to oppose monarchy in the manner rabid dogs avoid water. Hobbes was deeply uncomfortable with Aristotelian civic education, which he said advised popular governance instead of monarchical rule. English philosopher Francis Bacon
1749-565: The entity." A statutory corporation is defined in the government glossary as a "statutory body that is a body corporate, including an entity created under section 87 of the PGPA Act" (i.e. a statutory authority may be a statutory corporation). An earlier definition describes a statutory corporation as "a statutory authority that is a body corporate", and the New South Wales Government 's Land Registry Services defines
1802-450: The following areas; Electoral education In the field of political science, civics is the study of the civil and political rights and obligations of citizens in a society . The term civics derives from the Latin word civicus , meaning "relating to a citizen". In U.S. politics, in the context of urban planning , the term civics comprehends the city politics that affect
1855-761: The history of Ancient Rome , the term civics also refers to the Civic Crown , to the Corona civica , which was a garland of oak leaves awarded to Romans who saved the lives of fellow citizens. In the History of the Peloponnesian War , Thucydides quotes a speech by Archidamus II wherein he stressed the importance for Sparta of civic education for the Spartan virtues of toughness, obedience, cunning, simplicity, and preparedness: And we are wise, because we are educated with too little learning to despise
1908-405: The host, and fought for Argos as he were her own son, glad at heart whenso the city prospered, deeply grieved if e'er reverses came; many a lover though he had midst men and maids, yet was he careful to avoid offence. In his Meditations , Marcus Aurelius tells of how he was educated as a citizen to value free speech , to refrain from rhetoric and giving hortatory lectures, and to perceive
1961-463: The huntress Atalanta 's son, Parthenopaeus, a youth of peerless beauty; from Arcady he came even to the streams of Inachus , and in Argos spent his boyhood. There, when he grew to man's estate, first, as is the duty of strangers settled in another land, he showed no pique or jealousy against the state, became no quibbler, chiefest source of annoyance citizen or stranger can give, but took his stand amid
2014-487: The laws, and with too severe a self-control to disobey them, and are brought up not to be too knowing in useless matters—such as the knowledge which can give a specious criticism of an enemy's plans in theory, but fails to assail them with equal success in practice—but are taught to consider that the schemes of our enemies are not dissimilar to our own, and that the freaks of chance are not determinable by calculation. In practice we always base our preparations against an enemy on
2067-465: The loss of 1,400 ballots during the recount for the 2013 Western Australia Senate election and the subsequent 2014 special election , the AEC came under significant scrutiny, leading to the resignation of Commissioner Ed Killesteyn. During the 2023 Australian Indigenous Voice referendum , Opposition Leader Peter Dutton claimed that the Commission’s counting process was “rigged”, on the basis that
2120-433: The political decisions of the citizenry of a city. Civic education is the study of the theoretical, political, and practical aspects of citizenship manifest as political rights, civil rights , and legal obligations. Civic education includes the study of civil law , the civil codes , and government with especial attention to the political role of the citizens in the operation and oversight of government. Moreover, in
2173-622: The power of the poet Thales to, in the words of the English poet John Milton , 'prepare and mollify the Spartan surliness with his smooth songs and odes, the better to plant among them law and civility'. Plutarch also spoke of the deep influence of Homer 's 'lessons of state' on Lycurgus , framer of the Spartan constitution. In the Euripides tragedy The Suppliants , King Adrastus of Argos describes how Hippomedon received his civic education for endurance, martial skill, and service to
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2226-676: The relevant country or state, sometimes by being empowered or delegated to set rules (for example regulations or statutory instruments ) in their field. They are typically found in countries which are governed by a British style of parliamentary democracy such as the United Kingdom and the Commonwealth countries like Australia , Canada , India and New Zealand . They are also found in Israel and elsewhere. Statutory authorities may also be statutory corporations , if created as
2279-502: The separate Redistribution Committee (the Australian Electoral Commission is not directly involved in electoral boundary changes). Under a joint roll arrangement with the states and territories, the AEC maintains enrolment for the whole of Australia, for rolls used in state and local government elections, other than Western Australia, The AEC publishes detailed federal election results and investigates electors who appear to fail to vote, or may have voted multiple times in an election. The AEC
2332-583: The state: Such another was Hippomedon, third of all this band; from his very boyhood he refrained from turning towards the allurements of the Muses , to lead life of ease; his home was in the fields, and gladly would he school his nature to hardships with a view to manliness, aye hasting to the chase, rejoicing in his steeds or straining of his bow, because he would make himself of use unto his state. Adrastus also describes how Parthenopeus received his education for citizenship in his adopted city: Next behold
2385-447: The things we have to learn before we can do them, we learn by doing them." They adduce that for this purpose schools must encourage ethical behavior and personal responsibility. In order to achieve these goals schools must allow students the three great freedoms—freedom of choice, freedom of action and freedom to bear the results of action—that constitute personal responsibility. The "strongest, political rationale" for democratic schools
2438-413: The way Spartan citizens spent their time learning to acquire virtues such as courage and temperance, to the exclusion of studying any other subject. Spartan boys were also taught music and songs in praise of courage and in condemnation of cowardice. Essentially, the Spartan ideal of civic education was a process whereby the interest of the citizen becomes totally united with the interest of the polity, in
2491-725: The word "independent" or "independent party". All Australian jurisdictions also have a minimum membership requirement, which differs widely, especially when compared with the total number of people enrolled in the jurisdiction. These range from 100 in the Australian Capital Territory and Tasmania , 200 in South Australia , 500 in Victoria and Western Australia , 1,500 for the Commonwealth and 750 in New South Wales . Four jurisdictions require
2544-485: The young: Reading and writing they gave them, just enough to serve their turn; their chief care was to make them good subjects, and to teach them to endure pain and conquer in battle. However, the youth were also required to express themselves forcefully and succinctly, as well to think and reflect on matters of civic virtue, including such questions as who is or is not a good citizen of Sparta. Montaigne would later praise this particular technique of education, admiring
2597-455: Was aware of the relevance of civic education to what he termed 'civil merit'. However, in his essay The Advancement of Learning , Bacon also argues that civic education should be preceded by religious and moral education, so that those who judge policy will not be under the influence of moral relativism . Sudbury schools contend that values , social justice and democracy must be learned through experience as Aristotle said: "For
2650-548: Was established in 1949 by the Science and Industry Research Act , but it has since come under the jurisdiction of the Commonwealth Authorities and Companies Act 1997 as legislation covering statutory authorities has evolved. Laws made by statutory authorities are usually referred to as regulations. They are not cited in the same fashion as an act of parliament, but usually with specific initials (depending on
2703-485: Was his city which educated him for citizenship. In the Aristophanes comedy The Frogs , the character of the playwright Aeschylus scolds fellow tragedian Euripides for writing scenes pernicious to proper ideals of citizenship: What crimes is he not guilty of? Did he not put up on display pimps and women giving birth in holy shrines and having sex with their own brothers, and then claim that living
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#17327653044572756-445: Was not only within the purview of Spartan men: Plutarch recounts how Lycurgus 'ordered the maidens to exercises themselves with wrestling, running, throwing the quoit , and chasing the dart' with a view to creating healthy children for the state. Pericles' Funeral Oration provides insight into Athens' sharply contrasting form of civic education from Sparta, for personal freedom, rather than blind obedience, where he boasts that Athens
2809-430: Was open to hearing ideas about how to serve the common good, and cared neither for ambition nor pandering to the popular will: Again, that secrets he neither had many, nor often, and such only as concerned public matters: his discretion and moderation, in exhibiting of the public sights and shows for the pleasure and pastime of the people: in public buildings. [ sic ] congiaries, and the like. In all these things, having
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