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50-829: The Australian Wine Research Institute ( AWRI ) is a research institute with a focus on Australian wine , based in Adelaide , South Australia . It is based at the Wine Innovation Cluster, situated in the Waite Research Precinct , in the Adelaide suburb of Urrbrae, South Australia . The institute was established in 1955 at the Waite campus of the University of Adelaide . It is funded by grape growers and wineries . Its first scientific chief

100-399: A calculator for enologists in 2023. The tool assists enologists in determining the adequate amount of additives and aids in the winemaking process, Australian wine The Australian wine industry is one of the world's largest exporters of wine, with approximately 800 million out of the 1.2 to 1.3 billion litres produced annually exported to overseas markets. The wine industry is

150-564: A celebratory dinner was more likely to be accompanied by an inferior French wine than a premium Australian wine. This is partly due to exchange rate fluctuations, making Australian wines appear much cheaper than French wines in the UK and hence perceived as being of poorer quality. While this situation may be somewhat mitigated by the continued rise in the Australian dollar during 2010, the stronger currency threatens to weaken Australian exports to

200-514: A cultural site located near Hahndorf . To this day, Hahndorf itself supports a thriving community of artists and craftspeople, either in the town or nearby countryside. The Adelaide Hills wine region includes all areas of the Hills above 300 m (980 ft). The elevation leads to cooler nights during the warm summer months, important for increasing the flavour of wines during the ripening season, and higher rainfall. The Adelaide Hills region

250-454: A few degrees cooler in the Hills than in Adelaide city centre and Plains . The days are warm in January and February, but the region generally experiences cool nights. This significant diurnal variation results in cool mean daily temperatures even in summer. The area receives a light snowfall approximately once every three to four years, occasionally enough to stay on the ground for half

300-456: A number of varietals, such as Chardonnay, Pinot noir and Shiraz. Moreover, Australians have innovated in canopy management and other viticultural and in wine-making techniques, and they have a general attitude toward their work that sets them apart from producers in Europe. Australian wine-makers travel the wine world as highly skilled seasonal workers, relocating to the northern hemisphere during

350-474: A portion used for winemaking. Early Australian winemakers faced many difficulties, particularly due to the unfamiliar Australian climate. But because it is also warm, dry, and Mediterranean overall, making Australia ideal for wine production, they eventually achieved considerable success. "At the 1873 Vienna Exhibition the French judges, tasting blind, praised some wines from Victoria, but withdrew in protest when

400-468: A significant contributor to the Australian economy through production, employment, export, and tourism. There is a $ 3.5 billion domestic market for Australian wines, with Australians consuming approximately 500 million litres annually. Norfolk Islanders are the second biggest per capita wine consumers in the world with 54 litres. Only 16.6% of wine sold domestically is imported. Wine

450-585: A time when China was Australia's most lucrative market. As relations between the two countries improved the tariffs were removed in March 2024. In 2024, in part due to overproduction as well as falling consumption, Australian vignerons uprooted millions of vines. Major grape varieties are Shiraz , Pinot noir , Cabernet Sauvignon , Merlot , Chardonnay , Sauvignon blanc , Sémillon , and Riesling . The country has no native grapes, and Vitis vinifera varieties were introduced from Europe and South Africa in

500-764: Is a major annual sporting event, which makes use of some of South Australia's most popular cycling locations, including the Hills. The area is home to the annual Medieval Fair held at Gumeracha across one weekend every April, and the English Ale Festival, also annually held each May. Highlights of the Medieval Fair include live jousting tournaments held on horseback, blacksmithing and dance demonstrations, needlework and costume creation, and authentic music provided by wandering troubadours. The genesis and popularity of these two colourful festivals, where patrons are encouraged to come in costume, springs from

550-468: Is a popular destination for school groups as well as interstate and international visitors. Many native species of fauna can be encountered within the hills region. Among the more common species include the kookaburra , tawny frogmouth , southern brown bandicoot , kangaroo, brown tree frog , and bearded dragon . Several of the less common species include the antechinus ( Morialta Conservation Park ), heath monitor ( Scott Creek Conservation Park ) and

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600-580: Is also found in South Australia, California (particularly Paso Robles, originating with Tablas Creek Vineyard ), and Washington (Columbia Valley); smaller production exists in Argentina and South Africa. A very similar blend is traditional to Priorat (in Catalonia , Spain), still based on Garnacha (Grenache), but adding Mazuelo (Carignan), Syrah, and Merlot (same GS, different M's). Grenache

650-692: Is close enough to commute to the city, yet is the gateway to the country, so residents enjoy the best of both worlds – the country community life and the convenience of the city. Desirability of the area has increased, particularly since realignment of the road and construction of the Heysen Tunnels on the South Eastern Freeway improved road access. Rising real estate prices reflect this. The tunnels, completed in 1999 are named after Sir Hans Heysen , an eminent local landscape painter whose home and studio, "The Cedars", has been maintained as

700-750: Is dominated by a small number of major wine companies. The largest wineries are the Casella winery in Yenda, NSW ( Yellow Tail wines) and the Berri Estates winery in Glossop, SA. The ownership of wineries varies but their location has largely been the same since the introduction of stainless steel tanks in the 1990s, there was a major change in the wine industry in the 1980s when local winegrower cooperatives ceased operations or were privatised. The majority of grapes are grown in warm climate regions, including

750-596: Is home to the Basket Range Cricket Club. A small independent weekly newspaper, The Courier , is published in Mount Barker and serves many Hills towns. Founded in 1880, the paper has never missed a print run. It has been in the hands of the same family, the Marstons, since 1954, with a circulation of 7,500 as of May 2020, down from 15,000 in its heyday in the 1970s and 1980s. It is generally

800-666: Is no evidence that she placed an order as a result. The production and quality of Australian wine was much improved by the arrival of free settlers from various parts of Europe, who used their skills and knowledge to establish some of Australia's premier wine regions. For example, emigrants from Prussia in the mid-1850s were important in establishing South Australia's Barossa Valley as a winemaking region. In smaller scale, winemakers from Switzerland also helped in establishing Geelong wine region in Victoria in 1842. In 1853, Australia had less than six hundred hectares of grapes, with only

850-457: Is one of the oldest wine region within Australia. The first vines were planted in the Hills at Echunga by John Barton Hack in 1839, three years after South Australia was declared a province , with the first wines produced in 1843. The Mount Lofty area, home to Adelaide's television transmission towers, has a lookout area, restaurant and the fire-spotting tower that used to be run by

900-499: Is produced in every state, with more than 60 designated wine regions totalling approximately 160,000 hectares; however Australia's wine regions are mainly in the southern, cooler parts of the country, with vineyards located in South Australia , New South Wales , Victoria , Western Australia , Tasmania and Queensland . The wine regions in each of these states produce different wine varieties and styles that take advantage of

950-557: Is responsible for most of the production of wine in Australia. In recent years, the Tasmanian wine industry has emerged as a producer of high quality wines. In particular, the Tamar Valley has developed a reputation for its Chardonnay and Pinot noir, which are well suited to the cooler Tasmanian climate. Queensland is also developing a wine industry with over 100 vineyards registered in the state. Some notable wines are produced in

1000-434: Is the lightest of the three grapes, producing a pale red juice with soft berry scents and a bit of spiciness. As a blending component, it contributes alcohol, warmth and fruitiness without added tannins . Shiraz can contribute full-bodied, fleshy flavours of black fruits and pepper. It adds colour, backbone and tannins and provides the sense of balance such blends require. Mourvèdre contributes elegance, structure and acidity to

1050-480: The Black Summer bushfires of 2019 to 2020, winemaking was adversely affected in production areas struck by fire or smoke, which affects flavour through smoke taint . The Adelaide Hills wine region was particularly badly hit, losing up to 30% of is vineyards. Some winemakers found innovative ways to get around the problem of tainted grapes. In 2020, China placed taxes of more than 200% on Australian wines at

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1100-566: The Country Fire Service . Gumeracha is home to the largest rocking horse in the world , standing at 18.3 metres (60.0 ft) (approximately the height of a six-storey building) and open to the public, it serves to advertise an adjacent wooden toy factory and wildlife park. The National Motor Museum is at Birdwood . The National Motor Museum is the endpoint of the " Bay to Birdwood " event, in which up to 5,000 motor vehicles are driven by their owners from Glenelg past

1150-803: The Peramangk people occupied the Adelaide Hills region, including the land from the foothills, north from Mount Barker through Harrogate , Gumeracha , Mount Pleasant and Springton to the Angaston and Gawler districts in the Barossa Valley , and also southwards to Strathalbyn and Myponga on the Fleurieu Peninsula , as well as some sites on the River Murray to the east of the hills. The Adelaide Hills were among

1200-473: The penal colony of New South Wales by Governor Phillip on the First Fleet (1788). Wine produced from this was initially for household use. An attempt at wine making from these first vines failed, but with perseverance, other settlers managed to successfully cultivate vines for winemaking , and Australian made wine was available for sale domestically by the 1820s. In 1822 Gregory Blaxland became

1250-402: The provenance of the wine was revealed, on the grounds that wines of that quality must clearly be French." Australian wines continued to win high honours in French competitions. A Victorian Syrah (also called Shiraz) competing in the 1878 Paris Exhibition was likened to Château Margaux and "its taste completed its trinity of perfection." One Australian wine won a gold medal "first class" at

1300-531: The 1882 Bordeaux International Exhibition and another won a gold medal "against the world" at the 1889 Paris International Exhibition. That was all before the destructive effects on the industry of the phylloxera epidemic. Australia has rapidly become a world leader in both the quantity and quality of wines it produces. For example, Australian wine exports to the US rose from 578,000 cases in 1990 to 20,000,000 cases in 2004 and in 2000 it exported more wine than France to

1350-745: The 1998 vintage 99 points out of a possible 100. Wine critic Hugh Johnson has called Grange the only First Growth of the Southern Hemisphere. The influential wine critic Robert Parker , who is well known for his love of Bordeaux wines, has written that Grange "has replaced Bordeaux's Pétrus as the world's most exotic and concentrated wine". Other red wines to garner international attention include Henschke Hill of Grace, Clarendon Hills Astralis, D'Arenberg Dead Arm, Torbreck Run Rig and other high-end Penfolds wines such as St Henri shiraz. Australia has almost 2000 wine producers, most of whom are small winery operations. The market

1400-537: The Hills include parrots such as the Adelaide rosella , rainbow and musk lorikeets as well as large cockatoos like the Major Mitchell , and the yellow-tailed black cockatoo . Smaller resident species include the superb blue wren and eastern spinebill . Sporting and recreational activities are also popular in the hills region, with sports such as Australian rules football , cricket and soccer having very strong participation rates. The Basket Range Oval

1450-585: The Riverina, Murray Valley and Riverland wine regions, located in southern NSW, north western Victoria and South Australia. A 2019 report by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission examined grape production in these areas and the myriad competition and consumer issues facing growers. The information included on wine labels is strictly regulated. One aspect of this is that the label must not make any false or misleading statements about

1500-427: The UK for the first time in history. The industry has at times suffered from its own productivity. In the late 1980s, governments sponsored growers to pull out their vines when Australia was a net importer of wine. Low grape prices in 2005 and 2006 have led to calls for another sponsored vine pull. Cleanskin wines were introduced into Australia during the 1960s as a means to combat oversupply and poor sales. During

1550-468: The UK. 2007 statistics for the North American market show that Australian wine accounted for a 17% share of the total value of US imported wine, behind France with 31% and Italy with 28%. New marketing strategies developed for the key UK market encouraged customers to explore premium Australian brands while maintaining sales of the lower-margin high-volume brands, following research that indicated

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1600-743: The blend, producing flavours of sweet plums, roasted game and hints of tobacco. Australia's most famous wine is Penfolds Grange . The great 1955 vintage was submitted to competitions beginning in 1962 and over the years has won more than 50 gold medals. The vintage of 1971 won first prize in Syrah/Shiraz at the Wine Olympics in Paris. The 1990 vintage was named 'Red Wine of the Year' by the Wine Spectator magazine in 1995, which later rated

1650-519: The city and through the hills to finish at the museum, a distance of 70 km (43 mi), where a festival is held. There are two Bay to Birdwood events held on alternate years: the Run, held on even-numbered years, for vehicles manufactured up to 31 December 1959, while the Classic, held on odd-numbered years, is for vehicles manufactured between 1 January 1956 and 31 December 1986. The Tour Down Under

1700-453: The city to the town of Bridgewater in the heart of the hills but were cut back to terminate at Belair in 1987. For many Adelaide residents, a drive through the hills is a popular pastime, particularly due to proximity to the city and other suburbs. With Adelaide being a linear city extending 90 kilometres (56 mi) north to south, the hills are within 20 kilometres (12 mi) of the majority of residents. The Adelaide Hills region

1750-541: The crucial US market. Australian wine accounts for a very large imported wine market share in South Asian countries and is the second largest imported wine in India with a market share of 16%. Australia was China's largest supplier of imported wine, a standing achieved in part by free-trade agreements established between the two countries. However, in retaliation for the Australian government's support of an inquiry into

1800-611: The curriculum, and the number of older residents who still speak German. Some customs have grown, such as the Lobethal Christmas lights which began in the 1950s. Today, only one railway goes through the Adelaide Hills: the Adelaide to Melbourne railway line , which was first built in the 1870s and has had only some major realignments since (the most significant of which was the boring of a new tunnel at Sleeps Hill). Commuter passenger train services used to run from

1850-586: The earliest days of the colony of South Australia . The hills were then named "the Tiers", and the timber merchants "tiersmen". The first pub in the East End of Adelaide , built at 233-237 Grenfell Street , was known as the Woodman (later being rebuilt as The Producers Hotel). This explains the strong German cultural connection seen in the number of Lutheran churches, Lutheran schools which often have German on

1900-437: The first areas of South Australia to be settled by European settlers. A number of towns in the Hills were started as German settlements ; Hahndorf and Lobethal are two examples. The original town names and architecture still reflect this. Descendants of these first settlers and others of German origin still reside in the area. Wood was harvested by woodsmen in the hills and carted to the city for building new buildings from

1950-560: The first person to export Australian wine, and was the first winemaker to win an overseas award. In 1830 vineyards were established in the Hunter Valley. In 1833 James Busby returned from France and Spain with a serious selection of grape varieties including most classic French grapes and a good selection of grapes for fortified wine production. Wine from the Adelaide Hills was sent to Queen Victoria in 1844, but there

2000-483: The high-altitude Granite Belt region in the state's extreme south, production is centred on the towns of Stanthorpe and Ballandean . Some well-known wine-producing regions include: Greater Perth: South Western Australia: The Australian Wine export market was worth 2.8 billion Australian dollars (A$ ) a year in June 2007, having grown at 9%pa. Of this about A$ 2 billion is accounted for by North America and

2050-774: The late 18th and early 19th centuries. Some varieties have been bred by Australian viticulturists, for example Cienna and Tarrango . The most widely cultivated grape variety in Australia is Shiraz. About 130 different grape varieties are used by commercial winemakers in Australia. Over recent years many winemakers have been rediscovering so-called "alternative varieties" other than those listed above. Many varieties from France, Italy and Spain, for example Petit Verdot , Pinot grigio , Sangiovese , Tempranillo , Nebbiolo , Malbec , Barbera , Arneis , Fiano (grape) and Viognier are becoming more common. Wines from many other varieties are being produced. Australian winemaking results have been impressive and it has established benchmarks for

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2100-517: The off-season at home. They are an important resource in the globalisation of wine and wine critic Matt Kramer notes that "the most powerful influence in wine today" comes from Australia. GSM is a name commonly used for a red wine consisting of a blend of Grenache , Shiraz (Syrah), and Mourvèdre . Blends where Shiraz is the main component are sometimes referred to instead as SGM . This blend originated from those used in some Southern Rhône wines , including Châteauneuf-du-Pape , though it

2150-607: The origins of Covid-19, China imposed tariffs of over 200% on Australian wine in October 2020. These tariffs have been lifted as of April 2024 following an improvement in relations between the two countries. Canada is the fourth-largest export market for Australian wines with the major exporting provinces being British Columbia, Ontario and Quebec. With the restrictions on the sale of Australian wine being removed in British Columbia, Australian wine will be on more shelves in

2200-474: The particular Terroir such as: climatic differences, topography and soil types . The major varieties are predominantly Shiraz , Cabernet Sauvignon , Chardonnay , Merlot , Semillon , Pinot noir , Riesling , and Sauvignon blanc . Wines are often labelled with the name of their grape variety, which must constitute at least 85 percent of the wine. Vine cuttings from the Cape of Good Hope were brought to

2250-401: The province with lower tariffs. Australian wine research and production is supported by the government through partnerships with the publicly funded CSIRO and Wine Australia worth $ 18 million. In an average year, alcohol production in Australia is estimated to produce between $ 3.3 and $ 5.5 billion in taxable income. Adelaide Hills The Adelaide Hills region is located in

2300-650: The relatively large numbers of British expatriates who reside in the Hills. Throughout the year there are folk music sessions and concerts held in various small towns like Mt Pleasant , Mylor and Balhannah - connected with this same cultural community. The Hills region includes the Cleland National Park , and within it the Cleland Wildlife Park with its free-roaming kangaroos , wallabies and emus . The park also has enclosed areas for dingos , koalas , native birds and snakes, and

2350-500: The source of the grapes. Many names (called geographic indications ) are protected. These are divided into "South Eastern Australia", the state names , zones (shown in the map), regions, and subregions. The largest volume of wine is produced from grapes grown in the warm climate Murray-Darling Basin zones of Lower Murray , North Western Victoria and Big Rivers. In general, the higher-value premium wines are made from smaller and cooler-climate regions. The South Australian wine industry

2400-424: The southern Mount Lofty Ranges east of the city of Adelaide in the state of South Australia . The largest town in the area, Mount Barker is one of Australia's fastest-growing towns. Before British colonisation of South Australia , the area was inhabited by the Peramangk people. The Adelaide Hills wine region comprises areas of the Adelaide Hills above 300 m (980 ft). Before European settlement,

2450-658: The very rare inland carpet python (greater Mount Barker region). Many walking trails, including a portion of the Heysen Trail and bike trails, including the start of the Mawson Trail abound within the Hills. The Heysen Trail itself extends from the tip of the Fleurieau Peninsula, through the Adelaide Hills and on up to the Flinders Ranges, three hours drive north of Adelaide. Birds found in

2500-634: Was John Fornachon . An early researcher was Bryce Rankine , who later taught at the Roseworthy College , an oenology institution. The primary aim of the institute in the 1950s was to create good Australian table wines as opposed to traditional fortified wines . Research done by the institute has looked at "oxidation, hazes and deposits caused by trace amounts of iron and copper, and the need for better yeast strains, more effective use of sulphur dioxide , and pH control" as well as "research into new grape varieties". The institute introduced

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