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50-532: The chancellery's primary function is to align the policies and public relations of the Federal Government . It represents the executive on federal level in matters of the Constitution of Austria and in international courts . It is also in charge of women's rights and gender equality , civil service , public administration and management , exercised by Ines Stilling in the rank of

100-972: A major cause of death – where it found little progress , suggests that successful control of conjoined threats such as pollution, climate change, and biodiversity loss requires a global , "formal science –policy interface", e.g. to " inform intervention, influence research, and guide funding". Broadly, science–policy interfaces include both science in policy and science for policy. Federal Ministry for European and International Affairs Wöginger • Rendi-Wagner • Kickl • Maurer • Meinl-Reisinger • [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] [REDACTED] The Ministry of Foreign Affairs ( German : Bundesministerium für europäische und internationale Angelegenheiten , abbreviated BMEIA, colloquially Außenministerium )

150-684: A Federal Minister and member of the Austrian cabinet. It is further responsible for national security – if not in the Federal Ministry of the Interior 's area of competence –, information privacy and information society , mass media affairs, news conferences and photojournalism , OECD relations, bioethics , and minority rights . Next to Hofburg Palace, residence of the Holy Roman Emperors and Habsburg Monarchs ,

200-406: A broader range of actors involved in the policy space that includes civil society organizations , the media , intellectuals , think tanks or policy research institutes , corporations, lobbyists , etc. Policies are typically promulgated through official written documents. Policy documents often come with the endorsement or signature of the executive powers within an organization to legitimize

250-496: A complex combination of multiple levels and diverse types of organizations drawn from the public, private, and voluntary sectors that have overlapping realms of responsibility and functional capacities". Key components of policies include command-and-control measures, enabling measures, monitoring, incentives and disincentives. Science-based policy, related to the more narrow concept of evidence-based policy , may have also become more important. A review about worldwide pollution as

300-432: A fairly successful public regulatory policy is that of a highway speed limit. Constituent policies are less concerned with the allocation of resources or regulation of behavior, and more focused on representing the preferences and values of the public. These policies involve addressing public concerns and issues that may not have direct economic or regulatory implications. They often reflect the broader values and beliefs of

350-408: A policy whose reach extends further than the problem it was originally crafted to address. Additionally, unpredictable results may arise from selective or idiosyncratic enforcement of policy. The intended effects of a policy vary widely according to the organization and the context in which they are made. Broadly, policies are typically instituted to avoid some negative effect that has been noticed in

400-444: A policy. It can also be referred to as a "stages model" or "stages heuristic". It is thus a rule of thumb rather than the actual reality of how policy is created, but has been influential in how political scientists looked at policy in general. It was developed as a theory from Harold Lasswell 's work. It is called the policy cycle as the final stage (evaluation) often leads back to the first stage (problem definition), thus restarting

450-406: A rate so high that citizens are deterred from earning the money that is taxed. The policy formulation process theoretically includes an attempt to assess as many areas of potential policy impact as possible, to lessen the chances that a given policy will have unexpected or unintended consequences. In political science , the policy cycle is a tool commonly used for analyzing the development of

500-487: A sequence set in motion a chain of causally linked reactions and counter-reactions which trigger subsequent development". This is a concept separate to policy sequencing in that the latter may require actions from a multitude of parties at different stages for progress of the sequence, rather than an initial "shock", force-exertion or catalysis of chains of events. In the modern highly interconnected world, polycentric governance has become ever more important – such "requires

550-810: A sequential order. The use of such frameworks may make complex polycentric governance for the achievement of goals such as climate change mitigation and stoppage of deforestation more easily achievable or more effective, fair, efficient, legitimate and rapidly implemented. Contemporary ways of policy-making or decision-making may depend on exogenously-driven shocks that "undermine institutionally entrenched policy equilibria" and may not always be functional in terms of sufficiently preventing and solving problems, especially when unpopular policies, regulation of influential entities with vested interests, international coordination and non-reactive strategic long-term thinking and management are needed. In that sense, "reactive sequencing" refers to "the notion that early events in

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600-439: Is heuristic and iterative . It is intentionally normative and not meant to be diagnostic or predictive . Policy cycles are typically characterized as adopting a classical approach, and tend to describe processes from the perspective of policy decision makers. Accordingly, some post-positivist academics challenge cyclical models as unresponsive and unrealistic, preferring systemic and more complex models. They consider

650-441: Is a deliberate system of guidelines to guide decisions and achieve rational outcomes. A policy is a statement of intent and is implemented as a procedure or protocol. Policies are generally adopted by a governance body within an organization. Policies can assist in both subjective and objective decision making . Policies used in subjective decision-making usually assist senior management with decisions that must be based on

700-809: Is also concerned with economic integration , European Union law , the Austrian relations to Central and Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), as well as development aid . It is responsible for matters of the International Atomic Energy Agency with its seat in Vienna, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and the International Red Cross . The Diplomatic Academy of Vienna , formerly part of

750-535: Is considered to be the origin of an independent Austrian diplomatic service, which was when Emperor Charles VI assigned the administration of foreign relations of the Habsburg monarchy to a separate minister. For about 200 years, the external relations of the Austrian Empire proclaimed in 1804 and succeeding Austria-Hungary remained the monarch's prerogative and his assigned minister not accountable to

800-735: Is done. The State of California provides an example of benefit-seeking policy. In recent years, the numbers of hybrid cars in California has increased dramatically, in part because of policy changes in Federal law that provided USD $ 1,500 in tax credits (since phased out) and enabled the use of high-occupancy vehicle lanes to drivers of hybrid vehicles. In this case, the organization (state and/or federal government) created an effect (increased ownership and use of hybrid vehicles) through policy (tax breaks, highway lanes). Policies frequently have side effects or unintended consequences . Because

850-420: Is justified in claiming that a specific policy is evidence-based if, and only if, three conditions are met. First, the individual or organization possesses comparative evidence about the effects of the specific policy in comparison to the effects of at least one alternative policy. Second, the specific policy is supported by this evidence according to at least one of the individual's or organization's preferences in

900-488: Is the government ministry of Austria responsible for diplomatic missions and immigration , the administration of foreign policy , and the maintenance of the country's relations with international organisations , especially the European Union . It oversees the Austrian embassies, consular representatives and other emissaries, and administers the naturalisation process and handles citizenship questions along with

950-665: The 1848 revolutions , Minister-President Prince Felix of Schwarzenberg took his seat at the chancellery and made it the centre of his rule. Until the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in 1918, the building was the seat of the k.u.k. Minister of Foreign Affairs , from 1867 also Chairmen of the Ministers' Council for Common Affairs arbitrating between the Cisleithanian (Austrian) and Transleithanian (Hungarian) minister-presidents. During

1000-537: The Baroque chancellery building designed by the Genoese architect Johann Lukas von Hildebrandt for chancellor Friedrich Karl von Schönborn was inaugurated in 1719 as Geheime Hofkanzlei , concerned with the foreign policy of Emperor Charles VI . From 1753 until 1792 Prince Wenzel Anton of Kaunitz-Rietberg resided here as State Chancellor of Empress Maria Theresa , Emperor Joseph II and Emperor Leopold II . In

1050-831: The Imperial Council nor the Diet of Hungary . From 1809 until the Revolutions of 1848 , the office of the Austrian Foreign Minister was shaped by Prince Klemens von Metternich . Upon the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 , the Imperial and Royal ( k. u. k. ) Foreign Ministry of Austria-Hungary was one three common ministries responsible for both parts of the real union . In 1882 Foreign Minister Count Gustav Kálnoky forged

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1100-784: The Interior Ministry . On 1 March 2007 the former Federal Ministry for External Affairs ( Bundesministerium für auswärtige Angelegenheiten , BMaA) was renamed "Federal Ministry for European and International Affairs" which, as of 1 March 2014, changed to "Federal Ministry for Europe, Integration and Foreign Affairs". It is responsible for a variety of matters concerning Austria's foreign policy and relations, including matters of public international law , treaties and Austria's international representation in receiving states as well as to international organisations. It grants support for Austrian citizens staying or living abroad and foreign aid by mutual legal assistance treaties . The ministry

1150-678: The July Crisis of 1914, the declaration of war against Serbia was prepared here at the behest of Minister Count Leopold Berchtold . On 30 October 1918 the German-speaking deputies of the Cisleithanian Imperial Council convened as a provisional National Assembly of German Austria to elect a Staatsrat government headed by Chancellor Karl Renner . According to the 1920 Constitution of Austria ( Bundes-Verfassungsgesetz , B-VG) authored by Hans Kelsen ,

1200-795: The National Council parliament elected Leopold Figl the first post-war chancellor on December 20. The chancellery building was restored until 1950. The organization has changed by every governing period in Austria since 1970. The Chancellor Sebastian Kurz is currently (2020: Second Kurz government ) assisted by two Chancellary ministers within the Federal Chancellery, managing the agency's presently (2020) six departments ( Sektionen ) as follows: 48°12′30″N 16°21′50″E  /  48.20833°N 16.36389°E  / 48.20833; 16.36389 Policy Policy

1250-606: The Triple Alliance with the German Empire and the Kingdom of Italy , which, however, could not arrest the proceeding Austrian isolation nor internal nationalist unrest. During the July Crisis of 1914, Minister Count Leopold Berchtold , urged by Chief of Staff Count Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf , issued the fatal ultimatum to Serbia , followed by the declaration of war a few days later. After World War I and

1300-426: The intent of the organization, whether government, business, professional, or voluntary. Policy is intended to affect the "real" world, by guiding the decisions that are made. Whether they are formally written or not, most organizations have identified policies. Policies may be classified in many different ways. The following is a sample of several different types of policies broken down by their effect on members of

1350-469: The 1760s, Kaunitz had the building significantly enlarged according to plans by Nicolò Pacassi . While Napoleon 's troops occupied Vienna, Prince Klemens von Metternich was appointed Foreign Minister of the Austrian Empire in 1809 and moved into the chancellery building with his family to live here during the winter months. In 1814/15 his residence served as venue of the Vienna Congress . After

1400-572: The additional nuance of a demarcation". As part of the amendment to the Federal Ministries Act and the swearing-in of Sebastian Kurz as Foreign Minister on 16 December 2013, the responsibilities of the former State Secretariat for Integration were transferred to the Foreign Ministry. Effective March 1, 2014, it was therefore renamed "Federal Ministry for Europe, Integration and Foreign Affairs". On 29 January 2020, it

1450-493: The basis of the impact they will have. Policies can be understood as political, managerial , financial, and administrative mechanisms arranged to reach explicit goals. In public corporate finance, a critical accounting policy is a policy for a firm/company or an industry that is considered to have a notably high subjective element, and that has a material impact on the financial statements . It has been argued that policies ought to be evidence-based. An individual or organization

1500-414: The behavior and practices of individuals, organizations, or industries. These policies are intended to address issues related to public safety, consumer protection, and environmental conservation. Regulatory policies involve government intervention in the form of laws, regulations, and oversight. Examples include environmental regulations, labor laws, and safety standards for food and drugs. Another example of

1550-729: The break-up of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy, foreign affairs were attended to by the Federal Chancellery. It was not before 1959 that a separate Federal Ministry for Foreign Affairs ( German : Bundesministerium für auswärtige Angelegenheiten or BMaA ) was established. With the government under Federal Chancellor Alfred Gusenbauer, the former BMaA was renamed "Federal Ministry for European and International Affairs" in 2007 to better reflect and express "the interconnection, networking, partnership and solidarity characterising Austria's international relations", as former Foreign Minister Ursula Plassnik put it. The old name had "rather conveyed

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1600-504: The cycle. Harold Lasswell 's popular model of the policy cycle divided the process into seven distinct stages, asking questions of both how and why public policies should be made. With the stages ranging from (1) intelligence, (2) promotion, (3) prescription, (4) invocation, (5) application, (6) termination and (7) appraisal, this process inherently attempts to combine policy implementation to formulated policy goals. One version by James E. Anderson, in his Public Policy-Making (1974) has

1650-424: The decision making or legislative stage. When the term policy is used, it may also refer to: The actions an organization actually takes may often vary significantly from its stated policy. This difference is sometimes caused by political compromise over policy, while in other situations it is caused by lack of policy implementation and enforcement. Implementing policy may have unexpected results, stemming from

1700-467: The environments that policies seek to influence or manipulate are typically complex adaptive systems (e.g. governments, societies, large companies), making a policy change can have counterintuitive results. For example, a government may make a policy decision to raise taxes, in hopes of increasing overall tax revenue. Depending on the size of the tax increase, this may have the overall effect of reducing tax revenue by causing capital flight or by creating

1750-436: The following stages: Anderson's version of the stages model is the most common and widely recognized out of the models. However, it could also be seen as flawed. According to Paul A. Sabatier, the model has "outlived its usefulness" and should be replaced. The model's issues have led to a paradoxical situation in which current research and updated versions of the model continue to rely on the framework created by Anderson. But

1800-456: The framework of global dynamics. Policies or policy-elements can be designed and proposed by a multitude of actors or collaborating actor-networks in various ways. Alternative options as well as organisations and decision-makers that would be responsible for enacting these policies – or explaining their rejection – can be identified. "Policy sequencing" is a concept that integrates mixes of existing or hypothetical policies and arranges them in

1850-437: The given policy area. Third, the individual or organization can provide a sound account for this support by explaining the evidence and preferences that lay the foundation for the claim. Policies are dynamic; they are not just static lists of goals or laws. Policy blueprints have to be implemented, often with unexpected results. Social policies are what happens 'on the ground' when they are implemented, as well as what happens at

1900-417: The law can compel or prohibit behaviors (e.g. a law requiring the payment of taxes on income), policy merely guides actions toward those that are most likely to achieve the desired outcome. Policy or policy study may also refer to the process of making important organizational decisions, including the identification of different alternatives such as programs or spending priorities, and choosing among them on

1950-636: The ministry, since 1996 forms an autonomous organisation. The history of international diplomacy is closely connected to Vienna. Diplomats were for the first time classified as such at the Congress of Vienna in 1815. Furthermore, the United Nations ' conferences which led to the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations (1961) and the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (1963) were both held in Austria's capital city. The year 1720

2000-579: The office of the Austrian chancellor was established, with his residence on Ballhausplatz. Several chancellors of the Austrian First Republic also served as Foreign Ministers, a separate Federal Ministry for Foreign Affairs was not established until 1959 under Minister Bruno Kreisky . Until 1946 the building also housed the office of the Austrian Federal President . On 25 July 1934 Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss

2050-432: The organization, or to seek some positive benefit. A meta-analysis of policy studies concluded that international treaties that aim to foster global cooperation have mostly failed to produce their intended effects in addressing global challenges , and sometimes may have led to unintended harmful or net negative effects. The study suggests enforcement mechanisms are the "only modifiable treaty design choice" with

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2100-570: The organization. Distributive policies involve government allocation of resources, services, or benefits to specific groups or individuals in society. The primary characteristic of distributive policies is that they aim to provide goods or services to a targeted group without significantly reducing the availability or benefits for other groups. These policies are often designed to promote economic or social equity. Examples include subsidies for farmers, social welfare programs, and funding for public education. Regulatory policies aim to control or regulate

2150-641: The policy and demonstrate that it is considered in force. Such documents often have standard formats that are particular to the organization issuing the policy. While such formats differ in form, policy documents usually contain certain standard components including: Some policies may contain additional sections, including: The American political scientist Theodore J. Lowi proposed four types of policy, namely distributive , redistributive , regulatory and constituent in his article "Four Systems of Policy, Politics and Choice" and in "American Business, Public Policy, Case Studies and Political Theory". Policy addresses

2200-410: The potential to improve the effectiveness . Corporate purchasing policies provide an example of how organizations attempt to avoid negative effects. Many large companies have policies that all purchases above a certain value must be performed through a purchasing process. By requiring this standard purchasing process through policy, the organization can limit waste and standardize the way purchasing

2250-403: The public (influenced via media and education as well as by cultural identity ), contemporary economics (such as what is beneficial or a burden in the long- and near-term within it) and a general state of international competition (often the focus of geopolitics ). Broadly, considerations include political competition with other parties and social stability as well as national interests within

2300-870: The relative merits of a number of factors, and as a result, are often hard to test objectively, e.g. work–life balance policy. Moreover, governments and other institutions have policies in the form of laws, regulations, procedures, administrative actions, incentives and voluntary practices. Frequently, resource allocations mirror policy decisions. Policy is a blueprint of the organizational activities which are repetitive/routine in nature. In contrast, policies to assist in objective decision-making are usually operational in nature and can be objectively tested, e.g. password policy. The term may apply to government, public sector organizations and groups, as well as individuals, Presidential executive orders , corporate privacy policies , and parliamentary rules of order are all examples of policy. Policy differs from rules or law . While

2350-843: The society. Constituent policies can include symbolic gestures, such as resolutions recognizing historical events or designating official state symbols. Constituent policies also deal with fiscal policy in some circumstances. Redistributive policies involve the transfer of resources or benefits from one group to another, typically from the wealthy or privileged to the less advantaged. These policies seek to reduce economic or social inequality by taking from those with more and providing for those with less. Progressive taxation, welfare programs, and financial assistance to low-income households are examples of redistributive policies. In contemporary systems of market-oriented economics and of homogeneous voting of delegates and decisions , policy mixes are usually introduced depending on factors that include popularity in

2400-550: The very concept of the stages model has been discredited, which attacks the cycle's status as a heuristic. Due to these problems, alternative and newer versions of the model have aimed to create a more comprehensive view of the policy cycle. An eight step policy cycle is developed in detail in The Australian Policy Handbook by Peter Bridgman and Glyn Davis : (now with Catherine Althaus in its 4th and 5th editions) The Althaus, Bridgman & Davis model

2450-591: Was shot here by Nazi insurgents during the July Putsch . Upon the Austrian Anschluss to Nazi Germany and the resignation of President Wilhelm Miklas on 13 March 1938, Arthur Seyss-Inquart resided on Ballhausplatz as a Reichsstatthalter and head of the Ostmark state government, which was abolished by order of Adolf Hitler on 30 April 1939. Until the end of World War II , the building

2500-583: Was used as the seat of the local Reichsgau Wien administration under Josef Bürckel and Baldur von Schirach . Heavily damaged by Allied bombing , the chancellery building was recaptured by the provisional Austrian state government under Karl Renner with consent of the Soviet military authority in Allied-occupied Austria on 27 April 1945. Upon the Austrian legislative election of 1945 ,

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