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46-627: The Riviera covered the coastal areas centered around the Imperial Free City of Trieste and its port , it stretched from Grado via Duino , Brijuni to Opatija and the border with the Habsburg Kingdom of Croatia . The southeastern continuation is called the Croatian Littoral . Today split between Italy , Slovenia and Croatia , the coast still presents a picturesque landscape, numerous historic buildings, and

92-540: A base. The Austrian acquisition of Lombardy-Veneto (1815–66) meant that Trieste was no longer in a frontier zone, encouraging the construction of the first major trunk railway in the Empire, the Vienna–Trieste Austrian Southern Railway ( German : Südbahn ), was completed in 1857, a valuable asset for trade and the supply of coal. The importance of Trieste as a trading and shipbuilding city to

138-637: A free port and causing a loss of the city's autonomy; the municipal autonomy was not restored after the return of the city to the Austrian Empire in 1813. For the French, the Illyrian Provinces provided a military frontier against the remaining Austrian lands and a military base against the Turks, as well as providing distant endowments for Marshals of the Empire . When Napoleon defeated

184-722: A group of Italian Fascists, led by Francesco Giunta , burned down the Narodni dom (" National Hall "), the community hall of Trieste's Slovenes. The end of Trieste autonomy was a consequence of the March on Rome in 1922. Immediately after their rose to power, the Fascists abolished the Austrian administrative structure of the Julian March , which was divided between the newly formed Province of Trieste , of which Trieste became

230-563: A mere municipality , and the Province of Pola ; the remainder of the territory was annexed by the Province of Udine . The particular Friulian dialect , called Tergestino , spoken until the beginning of the 19th century, was gradually overcome by the Triestine dialect (with a Venetian base, deriving directly from vulgar Latin ) and other languages, including German grammar, Slovene and standard Italian languages. While Triestine

276-591: A new name to the Austrian Littoral as Julian March ( Italian : Venezia Giulia ) without any other legal change, Fascist violence which occurred to Socialists and Christian Democrats in other parts of Italy, were suffered by Slovene organizations in Trieste. The union to Italy brought a loss of importance to the city, as it was now a city on the margin of Italy's map, cut off from its economic hinterland. The Slovene ethnic group (around 25% of

322-485: A rapid expansion of Triestine trade, which peaked in 1913 at over 6 million tons of goods, with the port almost entirely reliant on Austro-Hungarian trade, as opposed to transshipment ; even after the Italian acquisition of the city, Trieste continued to be a port for central and southeastern Europe, rather than Italian trade, mainly for coffee, sugar and tropical fruits, wines, oils, cotton, iron, wood and machinery. At

368-842: A year-round mild Mediterranean climate . The Austrian coast ran from the border with the Kingdom of Italy ( Veneto ) on the Gulf of Trieste down to Pula on the southern tip of the Istrian peninsula and to Opatija on the Kvarner Gulf . The Istrian coast up to Trieste is now part of the Italian municipality of Muggia ( Slovene : Milje ), the Coastal-Karst of Slovenia, and the County of Istria in Croatia . The coast north of Trieste

414-581: Is partially rocky, and partially sandy, with the Laguna di Grado; it is now part of the autonomous Friuli-Venezia Giulia region of Italy. In Ancient Roman times, the region was the site of important settlements like Aquileia . From the Late Middle Ages until the 1797 Treaty of Campo Formio , most of the area was administered by the Republic of Venice , while in 1382, Trieste was joined with

460-626: The Adriatisches Küstenland , the Austrian Littoral region. In the later part of the 19th century, Pope Leo XIII considered moving his residence to Trieste (or to Salzburg ), due to what he considered a hostile anti-Catholic climate in Italy, following the capture of Rome by the newly founded Kingdom of Italy . However, the Austrian monarch Franz Josef I gently rejected this idea. The modern Austro-Hungarian Navy used Trieste's shipbuilding facilities for construction and as

506-572: The Austrian Littoral ( German : Österreichisches Küstenland ). Following an unsuccessful Habsburg invasion of Venice in the prelude to the War of the League of Cambrai , the Venetians occupied Trieste again in 1508, and under the terms of the peace were allowed to keep the city. The Habsburg Empire recovered Trieste a little over a year later, however, when conflict resumed. With their acquisition by

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552-649: The Austrian Littoral , were disputed among its successor states. On November 3, 1918, the Armistice of Villa Giusti was signed ending hostilities between Italy and Austria-Hungary. Trieste, with Istria and Gorizia was occupied by the Italian Army after the Austro-Hungarian troops had been ordered to lay down their arms, a day before the Armistice was due to enter into effect, effectively allowing

598-598: The Balkans (which caused many Slavs to flee into the Küstenland , sowing the seeds of future Yugoslav union), and paving the way for the success of Napoleon 's invasion. On the Habsburg's annexation, Trieste had a patriciate , a bishop and his chapter , two municipal chapters totalling 200 people, armed forces and institutions of higher education . Italian irredentism was continually popular — writing in 1917,

644-629: The Habsburg monarchy which also controlled most of the hinterland . Trieste developed into an important port and trade hub and by 1719, a free port was constituted and further developed as the Habsburg Austria's principal commercial port and shipbuilding center. The Habsburgs had also acquired the adjacent lands of Gorizia and held some smaller eastern Istrian territories which were administered within Inner Austria . In 1815, after

690-624: The Napoleonic Wars , the remaining coastal villages became part of the new Austrian Empire and the completion of the Southern Railway line from Vienna to Trieste in 1857 not only helped to further develop trade between the two cities but also brought Viennese upper class society to the mild winters of the Littoral. Trieste developed into a buzzing cosmopolitan city visited by artists, musicians, poets and writers from all over

736-412: The Republic of Venice in 1797, he found that Istria was populated by Italians on the coast and in the main cities, but the interior was populated mainly by Croats and Slovenians; this dual ethnicity in the same peninsula created antagonism between Slavs and Italians for the supremacy of Istria, when nationalism first started to rise after Napoleon's fall. The restoration of Istria to the Austrian Empire

782-469: The 2011 census, Crikvenica had a total municipal population of 11,122, in the following settlements : Crikvenica was developed on the site of a Roman era settlement and military base called Ad Turres . Old Crikvenica was originally an offshoot of the village of Kotor, which is located on a nearby hill and shares its name with that of the village. The name of the town derives from the word for 'church' (Croatian: crkva , in dialect crikva ), referring to

828-543: The 2nd century AD, producing various ceramic items such as construction materials, amphorae , and pottery. NK Crikvenica is an association football team that play in the Third Football League , at the Gradski stadion , which is located near the centre of Crikvenica. The European route E65 ( Jadranska magistrala ) dominates the view to the south. The stadium once had a motorcycle speedway track around

874-571: The Austrian Empire (Austria-Hungary from 1867) and the rest of Europe. The surrounding coastal towns and villages developed into favorite hot spots for the rich and famous. In 1850, Lošinj ( Italian : Lussino , German : Lötzing ) became a summer residence of the Habsburg Imperial family, and in 1860 Miramare Castle was completed for Archduke Maximilian . In 1883, the beach resort on Brijuni Islands ( Italian Brioni )

920-574: The Austrian Riviera became part of Italy and was cut off from most of its hinterland. During the 1920s, the Riviera flourished somewhat as an "Austro-Italian Riviera", but the splendor of its heyday was gone. The French Riviera and Italian Riviera in the western Mediterranean became more favorable resorts. In 1947 Trieste, together with a small stretch of the adjacent coast became an independent Free Territory of Trieste . However, in 1954,

966-417: The Empire is testified by the expenditure made. The construction of Porto Nuovo cost 29 million crowns over 15 years (1868–83) and in the following decade another 10 million crowns were spent extending the port (roughly equivalent to 12 tons of gold). Up until 1914, over 14 million crowns of subsidies were paid to Austrian shipping companies using Trieste. This investment and railway-building resulted in

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1012-846: The Free Territory was dissolved and its territory split between Italy and Yugoslavia . Trieste, Grado, Sistiana and Muggia remained part of Italy. After the political closure of most of the Adriatic Coast in 1945 due to the Cold War, the State of Carinthia in Austria began to call its Wörthersee lake district the "Austrian Riviera." Imperial Free City of Trieste The Imperial Free City of Trieste and its Territory ( German : Reichsunmittelbare Stadt Triest und ihr Gebiet , Italian : Città Imperiale di Trieste e Dintorni )

1058-779: The Habsburgs, Carniola and the Julian March ceased to act as an east-facing outpost of Italy against the unsettled peoples of the Danube basin, becoming a region of contact between the land-based Austrian domains and the maritime republic of Venice, whose foreign policy depended on control of the Adriatic . Austro-Venetian rivalry over the Adriatic weakened each state's efforts to repel the Ottoman Empire 's expansion into

1104-654: The Hotel Therapia was opened with 120 beds and a Hydrotherapy Institute. In 1902 the Hotel Crikvenica was built, in 1903 the Bellevue and in 1905 the Miramare. In 1906 Crikvenica became officially a health resort and due to its favourable climate, in the space of just 16 years Crikvenica became the most important resort on the riviera. Today, together with Selce, it is one of the most attractive parts of

1150-709: The Italian nationalist Litta Visconti Arese described the city as: The last of the Italian Comuni still struggling in the twentieth century against the Germanic Empire and the Invasion of the Barbarians. Trieste became an important port and trade hub. In June 1717, it was made a free port within the Habsburg Empire by Emperor Charles VI (r. 1711–40), effective from his visit to

1196-577: The Italians to claim the region had been taken before the cessation of hostilities (a similar situation occurred in South Tyrol ). Trieste was lost to Austria at Saint-Germain-en-Laye and officially annexed to the Kingdom of Italy at Rapallo in 1920. If the Liberal governments ruling Italy at time granted Trieste of its ancient autonomy, maintained most of former Austrian laws, and simply gave

1242-596: The Kvarner coast, as well as of the North Adriatic coast of Croatia in general. In the late 19th and early 20th century, Crikvenica was a district capital in the Modruš-Rijeka County of the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia . A Roman ceramic workshop was discovered at Crikvenica, in an archaeological site called Igralište. The workshop operated from the latter part of the 1st century BC until the conclusion of

1288-699: The Western Roman Empire in 476, Trieste was a Byzantine military outpost. In 567 AD the city was destroyed by the Lombards , in the course of their invasion of northern Italy. In 788 it became part of the Frankish kingdom , under the authority of their count-bishop . From 1081 the city came loosely under the Patriarchate of Aquileia , developing into a free commune by the end of the 12th century. After two centuries of war, Trieste came with

1334-598: The beginning of the 20th century, Trieste was a buzzing cosmopolitan city frequented by artists and philosophers such as James Joyce , Italo Svevo , Sigmund Freud , Dragotin Kette , Ivan Cankar , Scipio Slataper , and Umberto Saba . The city was the major port of the Austrian Riviera , and perhaps the only real enclave of Mitteleuropa south of the Alps. Viennese architecture and coffeehouses still dominate

1380-476: The centre of the whole Vinodol coast. A great fire of 1776, in which nearly entire Kotor was burnt down, accelerated the migration from the hills towards the coastal areas. In the 19th century Crikvenica began to attract many tourists, which brought about a turning point in its history. In 1877 a harbour was built in Crikvenica, in 1888 a bathing beach and as early as 1891 the first hotel had opened. In 1895

1426-401: The city on 10 September 1718, and remained a free port until 1 July 1891, when it was eclipsed by Fiume (now Rijeka ). From June 1734, Charles VI began assembling a navy in the city. The reign of Charles VI's successor, Maria Theresa (r. 1740–65), marked the beginning of a flourishing era for the city, starting with her order for the dismantling of the city walls in 1749, in order to allow

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1472-464: The exports and imports of the Austrian Lands were channelled. The city administration and economy were dominated by the city's Italian population element; Italian was the language of administration and jurisdiction. In the later 19th and early 20th century, the city attracted the immigration of workers from the city's hinterlands , many of whom were speakers of Slovene . After the fall of

1518-560: The freer expansion of the city, and ordering expansive building works and canal dredging . In 1768, the German art historian Johann Joachim Winckelmann was murdered by a robber in Trieste, while on his way from Vienna to Italy. Trieste was occupied by French troops three times during the Napoleonic Wars , in 1797, 1805 and in 1809. Between 1809 and 1813, it was annexed to the Illyrian Provinces , interrupting its status as

1564-479: The largest linguistic group in 10 of the 19 urban neighborhoods and represented the majority in 7 of them (including all 6 in the city centre). Of the 11 villages included within the city limits, the Slovene speakers had an overwhelming majority in 10, and the German speakers in one ( Miramare ). German speakers amounted to 5% of the city's population, with the highest proportions in the city centre. A small number of

1610-586: The monastery church of the Pauline Fathers , which was built by Nikola IV Frankopan nearby in 1412. Nikola IV. Frankopan issued a grant in Modruš , which is also the oldest written document in which the name Crikvenica is mentioned. Beside the church and the monastery at the mouth of the Dubračina , the nearby port of Grižane grew up. In 1760 the local worthy moved from Bribir to Crikvenica and thus it became

1656-453: The population according to the 1910 census) suffered persecution by rising Italian Fascism . The period of violent persecution of Slovenes began with riots on 13 April 1920, which were organized as a retaliation for the assault on Italian occupying troops in Split by the local Croatian population. Many Slovene-owned shops and buildings were destroyed during the riots, which culminated when

1702-522: The population spoke Serbo-Croatian (around 1.3% in 1911), and the city also counted several other smaller ethnic communities: Czechs , Istro-Romanians , Serbs and Greeks , which mostly assimilated either to the Italian or Slovene-speaking community. Crikvenica Crikvenica ( pronounced [ˈtsrikvɛnitsa] ) is a town in Croatia , located on the Adriatic in the Primorje-Gorski Kotar County . The names of

1748-412: The proportion of Slovene speakers amounted to 12.6% in the city centre, 47.6% in the suburbs, and 90.5% in the surroundings. They were the largest ethnic group in 9 of the 19 urban neighborhoods of Trieste, and represented an absolute majority in 7 of them. The Italian speakers, on the other hand, were 60.1% of the population in the city centre, 38.1% in the suburbs, and 6.0% in the surroundings. They were

1794-592: The signing of a peace treaty on 30 October 1370 in front of St. Bartholomew's Church in the village of Šiška ( apud Sisciam ) (now part of Ljubljana ) under the Republic of Venice . The Venetians retained the town until 1378, when it became the property of the Patriarchate of Aquileia . Discontent with the patriarch's rule, the main citizens of Trieste in 1382 petitioned Leopold III of Habsburg , Duke of Austria to become part of his domains, in exchange for his defence. This united Charlemagne 's southern marches under Habsburg rule, subsequently consolidated as

1840-619: The streets of Trieste to this day. Together with Trento , Trieste was a main focus of the irredentist movement, which aimed for the annexation to Italy of all the lands they claimed were inhabited by an Italian-speaking population. Many local Italians enrolled voluntarily in the Royal Italian Army (a notable example is the writer Scipio Slataper ). After the end of World War I , the Austro-Hungarian Empire dissolved, and many of its border areas, including

1886-454: The town in various languages include: Crikvenica is located southeast of Rijeka and is the largest settlement on the coast of the Vinodol coastal area. Towns near Crikvenica include Kraljevica , Selce and Novi Vinodolski . Over the last twenty years, urban expansion of Crikvenica itself and of the nearby town of Selce has resulted in the two merging into a mini-conglomerate. In

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1932-720: Was a possession of the Habsburg monarchy in the Holy Roman Empire from the 14th century to 1806, a constituent part of the German Confederation and the Austrian Littoral from 1849 to 1920, and part of the Italian Julian March until 1922. In 1719 it was declared a free port by Emperor Charles VI ; the construction of the Austrian Southern Railway (1841–57) turned it into a bustling seaport , through which much of

1978-426: Was confirmed at the Congress of Vienna , but a nationalistic feud began to develop between the Slavs and the Italians. Following the Napoleonic Wars, Trieste continued to prosper as the free imperial city of Trieste ( German : Reichsunmittelbare Stadt Triest ), a status that granted economic freedom, but limited its political self-government. The city's role as main Austrian trading port and shipbuilding centre

2024-419: Was later emphasised with the foundation of the merchant shipping line Austrian Lloyd in 1836, whose headquarters stood at the corner of the Piazza Grande and Sanità. By 1913, Austrian Lloyd had a fleet of 62 ships comprising a total of 236,000 tons. With the introduction of the constitutionalism in the Austrian Empire in 1860, the municipal autonomy of the city was restored, with Trieste becoming capital of

2070-553: Was set up, and in 1904 the Austrian Riviera Journal ( Österreichische Riviera Zeitung ) was first published in Pula ( Italian , German Pola ). Resorts: Several luxury hotels were built during this era, like the Hotel Kvarner in Opatija (1884) and Hotel Palace in Portorož (1910). The eastern shore of Kvarner Gulf was then under administration of the Hungarian part of Austria-Hungary with additional resorts developing, like Kraljevica ( Italian : Porto Re ), Crikvenica and Novi Vinodolski . In 1919, after World War I,

2116-404: Was spoken by the largest part of the population, German was the language of the Austrian bureaucracy and Slovene was predominant in the surrounding villages. From the last decades of the 19th century, Slovene language speakers grew steadily, reaching 25% of the overall population of the municipality of Trieste in 1911 (30% of the Austro-Hungarian citizens in Trieste). According to the 1911 census,

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