Inconclusive
68-751: The term Austro-Turkish War may refer to: Austro-Turkish War (1593–1606) Austro-Turkish War (1663–1664) Austro-Turkish War (1683–1699) Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718) Austro-Turkish War (1737–1739) Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791) Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878 See also [ edit ] Ottoman wars in Europe Ottoman–Habsburg wars in Hungary (1526–1568) Habsburg-Ottoman War (disambiguation) Great War (disambiguation) Topics referred to by
136-597: A bloody reputation for so much loss of life. Costly battles like those fought at Buda and Osijek were avoided but not absent in the upcoming conflicts. In any case Habsburg interests were split between fighting for devastated European land under Islamic control, trying to stop the gradual decentralization of Imperial authority in Germany , and for Spain's ambitions in North Africa, the Low Countries and against
204-717: A move against Vienna. Peace was finally concluded in Adrianople in 1568 and renewed in 1576, 1584, and 1591. War would not again break out between the Habsburgs and Ottomans until 1593, in the Long Turkish War . However, throughout this period of peace small-scale warfare continued, a conflict known as the "Little War" (German: Kleinkrieg ). In 1571 the Turks destroyed the Hodejov castle and in 1575 they conquered
272-529: A number of noble men in order to fill up the court's exhausted treasury, Bocskay, an educated strategist, resisted. He collected desperate Hungarians together with disappointed members of the nobility to start an uprising against the Habsburg ruler. The troops marched westwards, supported by the Hajduk of Hungary, won some victories and regained the territories that had been lost to the Habsburg army until Bocskay
340-535: A report from 1594, the Ottoman soldiers had not adopted the pistol yet. In 1602, the grand vizier reported from Hungarian front about the firepower superiority of the Christian forces: "in a field or during a siege we are in distressed position, because the greater part of the enemy forces are infantry armed with muskets, while the majority of our forces are horsemen, and we have very few specialists skilled in
408-519: A state severely weakened by civil conflict, in 1527, in an attempt to drive out John Zápolya and enforce his authority there. John was unable to prevent Ferdinand's campaigning, which led to the capture of Buda and several other key settlements along the Danube. Despite this, the Ottoman sultan was slow to react and only came to the aid of his vassal when he launched an army of about 120,000 men on 10 May 1529. The Austrian branch of Habsburg monarchs needed
476-478: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Austro-Turkish War (1593%E2%80%931606) [REDACTED] Habsburg monarchy [REDACTED] Grand Duchy of Tuscany [REDACTED] Ottoman Empire Mediterranean The Long Turkish War ( German : Langer Türkenkrieg ), Long War ( Hungarian : Hosszú háború ; Croatian : Dugi turski rat , Serbian : Дуги рат ), or Thirteen Years' War
544-780: The Battle of Guruslău , Giorgio Basta and Michael the Brave defeated the Hungarian nobility led by Sigismund Báthory in Transylvania, who accepted Ottoman and Polish protection. After the assassination of Michael the Brave by mercenary soldiers under Basta's orders, the Transylvanian nobility, led by Mózes Székely , was again defeated at the Battle of Braşov in 1603 by the Habsburg Empire and Wallachian troops led by
612-968: The Brothers' Quarrel . Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg wars [REDACTED] Ottoman Empire Vassal states : [REDACTED] Habsburg monarchy Mediterranean The Ottoman–Habsburg wars were fought from the 16th to the 18th centuries between the Ottoman Empire and the Habsburg monarchy , which was at times supported by the Kingdom of Hungary , Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , The Holy Roman Empire , and Habsburg Spain . The wars were dominated by land campaigns in Hungary, including Transylvania (today in Romania ) and Vojvodina (today in Serbia ), Croatia , and central Serbia . By
680-577: The Modrý Kameň castle. In 1588 there was a battle near the town of Szikszó , where the Hungarian army defeated the Turks. Meanwhile, the Ottoman Empire rapidly began displacing its Christian opponents at sea. In the 14th century, the Ottomans had only a small navy. By the 15th century, hundreds of ships were in the Ottoman arsenal taking on Constantinople and challenging the naval powers of
748-535: The Netherlands under Karl von Mansfeld , commander-in-chief of the Spanish Army of Flanders , who took command of the operations in Hungary. The Ottomans' objective in the war was to seize Vienna , while the Habsburg monarchy wanted to recapture the central territories of the Kingdom of Hungary controlled by the Ottoman Empire. Control of the Danube line and possession of the fortresses located there
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#1732764791335816-701: The Szolnok Castle , and turned against the gate of Upper Hungary, Eger . At the end of the July there was an enormous gap in the Hungarian border castle system. In September 1552 the forces of the Ottoman Empire led by Kara Ahmed Pasha laid siege to Eger Castle , located in the northern part of the Kingdom of Hungary, but the defenders led by István Dobó repelled the attacks and defended the castle. The siege of Eger (1552) become an emblem of national defense and patriotic heroism in Hungary's occupations In 1554,
884-761: The War of the Spanish Succession in the 17th and 18th centuries respectively left the Austrian Empire as the sole firm possession of the House of Habsburg. After the siege of Vienna in 1683, the Habsburgs assembled a large coalition of European powers known as the Holy League to fight the Ottomans and regain control over Hungary. The Great Turkish War ended with the decisive Holy League victory at Zenta . The wars ended after Austria's participation in
952-489: The siege of Szigetvár . The siege was meant to be only a temporary stop before taking on Vienna. However, the fortress withstood against the Sultan's armies. Eventually the Sultan, already an old man at 72 years (ironically campaigning to restore his health), died. The Royal Physician was strangled to prevent news from reaching the troops and the unaware Ottomans took the fort, ending the campaign shortly afterward without making
1020-590: The 16th century, the Ottomans had become a serious threat to European powers, with Ottoman ships sweeping away Venetian possessions in the Aegean and Ionian seas and Ottoman-supported Barbary pirates seizing Spanish possessions in the Maghreb . The Protestant Reformation , French–Habsburg rivalry and the numerous civil conflicts of the Holy Roman Empire distracted Christians from their conflict with
1088-592: The Archduke of Austria, Ferdinand I . Ferdinand's claim to the throne of Hungary was further strengthened by his marriage to Anne , the sister of King Louis II and the only family member claimant to the throne of the shattered kingdom. Consequently, Ferdinand I was elected King of Bohemia , and at the Diet of Pozsony he and his wife were elected king and queen of Hungary. This clashed with the Turkish objective of placing
1156-693: The French . Nevertheless, the Ottomans, while hanging on to their supreme power, could not expand as they had in the days of Mehmet and Bayezid. To the east lay further wars against their Shi'ite opponents, the Safavids . Both the French (since 1536) and the Dutch (since 1612) occasionally worked together against the Habsburgs with the Ottomans. Suleiman the Magnificent led one final campaign in 1566, ending at
1224-570: The Habsburgs (See Italian Wars ). The situation finally came to a head when Suleiman, the victor at Rhodes in 1522 and at the Battle of Djerba , decided in 1565 to destroy the Knights' base at Malta. The presence of the Ottoman fleet so close to the Papacy alarmed the Spanish, who began assembling first a small expeditionary force (that arrived in time for the siege) and then a larger fleet to relieve
1292-467: The Habsburgs until the middle of the eighteenth century. Historian Gunther E. Rothenberg has emphasized the non-combat dimension of the conflict, in which the Habsburgs built up military communities that protected their borders and produced a steady flow of well-trained, motivated soldiers. While the Habsburgs were occasionally the Kings of Hungary and Emperors of the Holy Roman Empire (almost always of
1360-724: The Habsburg–Ottoman border intensified from 1591. In 1592, the fort of Bihać fell to the Ottomans following the siege of Bihać . In the spring of 1593, Ottoman forces from the Eyalet of Bosnia laid siege to the city of Sisak in Croatia , starting the Battle of Sisak that eventually ended in a victory for the Christian forces on June 22, 1593. That victory marked the end of the Hundred Years' Croatian–Ottoman War (1493–1593). The Long Turkish War started on July 29, 1593, when
1428-480: The Holy League in 1538 at the Battle of Preveza in western Greece. In 1541, Charles led an amphibious attack on the Ottoman stronghold of Algiers , which was defended by Hasan Agha , an Italian renegade from Sardinia . As Charles put ashore, Andrea Doria 's accompanying fleet was battered by a storm and many ships were lost. Charles's land force marched toward Algiers, but sorties by Janissaries halted
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#17327647913351496-701: The Holy Roman Empire after the 15th century), the wars between the Hungarians and the Ottomans included other dynasties as well. Naturally, the Ottoman Wars in Europe attracted support from the West, where the advancing and powerful Islamic state was seen as a threat to Christendom in Europe. The Crusades of Nicopolis (1396) and of Varna (1443–44) marked the most determined attempts by Europe to halt
1564-633: The Hungarian hand cannon "Szakállas puska" in the 15th century. Although Ottoman Janissaries adopted firearms in battles since the beginning of the 16th century, the Ottoman usage of the handheld firearms spread much more slowly than in the Western Christian armies. Wheellock firearms were unfamiliar for Ottoman soldiers until the siege of Székesfehérvár in 1543, despite the fact they had been used for decades by Christian armies in Kingdom of Hungary and in Western Europe. According to
1632-589: The Italian republics of Venice and Genoa . In 1480, the Ottomans unsuccessfully laid siege to Rhodes , the stronghold of the Knights of St. John . When the Ottomans returned in 1522 , they were more successful and the Christian powers lost a crucial naval base. In retaliation, Charles V led a massive Holy League of 60,000 soldiers against the Ottoman city of Tunis . After Hayreddin Barbarossa 's fleet
1700-513: The Kingdom of Hungary. After the death of John Zápolya in 1540, Ferdinand's inheritance was robbed, given instead to John's son, John Sigismund Zápolya . Attempting to enforce the treaty, the Austrians advanced on Buda where they experienced another defeat by Suleiman; the elderly Austrian General Wilhelm von Roggendorf proved to be incompetent. Suleiman then finished off the remaining Austrian troops and proceeded to de facto annex Hungary. By
1768-478: The Ottoman Empire, taking the forts of Nicopolis , Ribnice , and Chilia, and even reaching as far as Adrianople . At one point his forces were only 24 kilometres (15 mi) from the Ottoman capital, Constantinople . He was however forced to fall back across the Danube, and the Ottomans in turn led a massive counter-offensive (100,000 strong) which aimed to not only take back their recently captured possessions but also conquer Wallachia once and for all. The push
1836-609: The Ottoman army under Sinan Pasha launched a campaign against the Habsburg monarchy. The first engagement of the war was the Siege of Veszprém ( Turkish : Vesprim ) followed by the Siege of Várpalota ( Turkish : Polata ) in October 1593; Győr ( Turkish : Yanıkkale ) and Komárom ( Turkish : Komaron ) were captured in 1594. In early 1594, the Serbs in Banat rose up against
1904-730: The Ottoman camp. This battle was the first significant military encounter in Central Europe between a large Christian army and the Ottoman Turkish Army after the Battle of Mohács . Nevertheless, Austrians recaptured Győr and Komarom in 1598. In 1599, the Turks and their Tatar allies attacked Prievidza , Topoľčany and other towns in the Nitra river valley in Upper Hungary , in what is now Slovakia, and took thousands of people into slavery . In August 1601, at
1972-518: The Ottomans . The rebels had, in the character of a holy war , carried war flags with the icon of Saint Sava . The war banners were consecrated by Patriarch Jovan Kantul , and the uprising was aided by Serbian Orthodox metropolitans Rufim Njeguš of Cetinje and Visarion of Trebinje . In response, Ottoman Grand Vizier Koca Sinan Pasha demanded that the green flag of the Prophet Muhammed be brought from Damascus to counter
2040-401: The Ottomans by surprise, managing to sweep through the Ottoman defences on three successive battlefields, at Târgoviște (18 October), Bucharest (22 October), and Giurgiu (26 October). The Battle of Giurgiu in particular was devastating for the Ottoman forces, which had to retreat across the Danube in disarray. The war between Wallachia and the Ottomans continued until late 1599, when Michael
2108-496: The Ottomans, by presenting the war as a victory. The treaty stabilized conditions on the Habsburg–Ottoman frontier. Also, Bocskay managed to retain his independence, but he also agreed to give up the title of "King of Hungary". Rudolf portrayed himself as victorious in the Long War, but this did not protect him from the Habsburg family's internal politics. Rudolf, by the end of the war, had massive debts to lenders, border troops and
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2176-610: The Ottomans. Meanwhile, the Ottomans had to contend with the Persian Safavid Empire and to a lesser extent the Mamluk Sultanate , which was defeated and fully incorporated into the empire. Initially, Ottoman conquests in Europe made significant gains with a decisive victory at Mohács reducing around one third of central Hungary to the status of an Ottoman tributary . Later, the Peace of Westphalia and
2244-614: The Serb flag and ordered that the sarcophagus containing the relics of Saint Sava be removed from the Mileševa monastery and transferred to Belgrade via military convoy. Along the way, the Ottoman convoy killed all the people in its path as a warning to the rebels. The Ottomans publicly incinerated the relics of Saint Sava on a pyre atop the Vračar plateau on April 27 and had the ashes scattered. In 1595, an alliance of Christian European powers
2312-582: The Turkic advance into Central Europe and the Balkans . For a while the Ottomans were too busy trying to put down Balkan rebels such as Vlad Dracula . However, the defeat of these and other rebellious vassal states opened up central Europe to Ottoman invasion. The Kingdom of Hungary now bordered the Ottoman Empire and its vassals . After King Louis II of Hungary was killed at the Battle of Mohács in 1526, his widow Queen Mary of Austria fled to her brother
2380-606: The Turks in 1541, west and north Hungary recognized a Habsburg as king (" Royal Hungary "), while the central and southern counties were occupied by the Sultan (" Ottoman Hungary "), and the east became the Principality of Transylvania . The vast majority of the seventeen and nineteen thousands Ottoman soldiers in service in the Ottoman fortresses in the territory of Hungary were Orthodox and Muslim Balkan Slavs instead of ethnic Turkish people. Southern Slavs were also acting as akinjis and other light troops intended for pillaging in
2448-517: The advance, and Charles withdrew. Despite the loss of Rhodes, Cyprus (an island farther from Europe than Rhodes) remained Venetian. When the Knights of St. John moved to Malta , the Ottomans found that their victory at Rhodes only displaced the problem; Ottoman ships came under frequent attacks by the Knights, as they attempted to stop Ottoman expansion to the West. Not to be outdone, Ottoman ships struck many parts of southern Europe and around Italy, as part of their wider war, allied with France against
2516-472: The castles in the Hont and Nógrád counties . The Habsburg army under Erasmus von Teufel [ de ] made a belated attempt to stop the Ottoman troops at Plášťovce (then Palást ), but was completely defeated in a two-day battle of Palást [ sk ] , and 4,000 German and Italian prisoners were deported to Constantinople. The two armies united under Szolnok , then besieged and conquered
2584-509: The decline of the Ottoman Empire. Recent historians have taken a broader perspective, noting that the Habsburgs at the same time resisted internal separatist movements and were fighting Prussia and France for control of central Europe. The key advance made by the Europeans was an effective combined arms doctrine involving the cooperation of infantry, artillery and cavalry. Nevertheless, the Ottomans were able to maintain military parity with
2652-531: The defeat at Vienna, the Ottoman Sultan had to turn his attention to other parts of his domain. Taking advantage of this absence, Archduke Ferdinand launched an offensive in 1530, recapturing Esztergom and other forts. An assault on Buda was only thwarted by the presence of Ottoman Turkish soldiers. As in the previous Austrian offensive, the return of the Ottomans forced the Habsburgs in Austria to go on
2720-637: The defensive. In 1532, Suleiman sent a massive Ottoman army to take Vienna. However, the army took a different route to Kőszeg . After a defence by a mere 700-strong force led by the Croatian earl Nikola Jurišić , the defenders accepted an "honorable" surrender of the fortress in return for their safety. The Sultan then withdrew, content with his success, and recognizing the limited Austrian gains in Hungary, while forcing Ferdinand to recognize John Zápolya as King of Hungary. Tatar raiders plundered Lower Austria and carried off many people into slavery . While
2788-452: The devastation wrought upon Hungary in the previous few years it is not surprising that the will to resist one of the world's most powerful states was lacking in many of the recently garrisoned Habsburg settlements. The Sultan arrived at Vienna on 27 September 1529. Ferdinand's army was some 16,000 strong – he was outnumbered roughly 7 to 1 and the walls of Vienna were an invitation to Ottoman cannon (6 ft thick along some parts). However,
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2856-483: The economic power of Hungary for the Ottoman wars. During the Ottoman wars the territory of former Kingdom of Hungary shrunk by around 70%; despite these territorial and demographic losses, the smaller, heavily war-torn Royal Hungary remained economically more important than Austria or Kingdom of Bohemia at the end of the 16th century, as it was Ferdinand's largest source of revenue. The earliest type of Turkish hand cannons are called as "Şakaloz", which word came from
2924-426: The field army, made concessions with the Hungarian nobility, and disappointed the princes of the Holy Roman Empire who had subsidized the Habsburg–Ottoman frontier. Once peace was concluded with the Ottomans, the Habsburgs turned on one another. This struggle forced the family to confront the unresolved matter of Rudolf's successor and culminated in the childless Emperor Rudolf being pitted against his brother Matthias in
2992-582: The heavy cannons on which the Ottomans relied to breach the walls were all abandoned on the way to Vienna, after they got stuck in mud due to heavy rainfall. Ferdinand defended Vienna with great vigour. By 12 October, after much mining and counter-mining an Ottoman war council was called and on 14 October the Ottomans abandoned the siege. The retreat of the Ottoman army was hampered by the resistance of Pozsony, which attempted to attack Ottoman forces. Early snowfall made matters worse, and it would be another three years before Suleiman could campaign in Hungary. After
3060-565: The imperial treasury. A further 7 to 8 million florins were paid when Rudolf appealed to the Circle assemblies as well, giving a total of 23 to 28 million florins yielded by the minor German princes. The Habsburg monarchy itself raised around 20 million florins. Another 7.1 million flowed in from Italy, including both Imperial Italy and Papal and Spanish territories outside of the Emperor's formal rule, as well as from Spain itself. Skirmishes along
3128-521: The key fortress of Buda . The Ottomans launched a siege of Eger ( Turkish : Eğri ), conquering it in 1596. In 1595 in the Balkans, a Spanish fleet of galleys from the Kingdom of Naples and Kingdom of Sicily under Pedro de Toledo, marquis of Villafranca , sacked Patras , on the Rumelia Eyalet of the Ottoman Empire, in retaliation for Turkish raids against the Italian coasts. The raid
3196-417: The musket" According to Alvise Foscarini's (Venetian ambassador in Constantinople ) report in 1637, "few Janissaries even knew how to use an arquebus " Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent easily wrested from Ferdinand most of the gains he had achieved in the previous two years – to the disappointment of Ferdinand I, only the fortress of Pozsony resisted. Considering the size of Suleiman's army and
3264-402: The peace between the Austrians and the Ottomans would last for nine years, John Zápolya and Ferdinand found it convenient to continue skirmishes along their respective borders. In 1537 Ferdinand broke the peace treaty by sending his ablest generals to a disastrous siege of Osijek , which was another Ottoman triumph. Nevertheless, Ferdinand was recognized by the Treaty of Nagyvárad as the heir of
3332-650: The puppet John Zápolya on the throne, setting the stage for a conflict between the two powers. Suleiman I's campaign of 1529 Siege of Vienna (1529) Ottoman–Habsburg War (1526–1538) Conquest of Tunis (1535) Algiers expedition (1541) Expedition to Mostaganem (1558) Sieges of Oran and Mers El Kébir Long Turkish War Austro-Turkish War (1663–1664) Great Turkish War Austro-Turkish War (1716–1718) Russo-Turkish War (1735–1739) Austro-Turkish War (1788–1791) The Austrian lands were in miserable economic and financial conditions, thus Ferdinand desperately introduced
3400-422: The role of harassing Ottoman ships. On the eastern front of the war, Michael the Brave, prince of Wallachia, started a campaign against the Ottomans in the autumn of 1594, conquering several castles near the Lower Danube , including Giurgiu , Brăila , Hârşova , and Silistra , while his Moldavian allies defeated the Ottoman armies in Iaşi and other parts of Moldova. Michael continued his attacks deep within
3468-432: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Austro-Turkish War . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austro-Turkish_War&oldid=991926243 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
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#17327647913353536-403: The series of Ottoman wars in Europe , it was the major test of force in the time period between the Ottoman–Venetian War (1570–1573) and the Cretan War (1645–1669) . The next of the major Ottoman–Habsburg wars was the Austro-Turkish War (1663–1664) . Overall, the conflict consisted in a large number of costly battles and sieges, but with little gain on either side. The major participants of
3604-422: The so-called Turkish Tax (Türken Steuer). Despite this, he was not able to collect enough money to pay the expenses of the defense costs of the Austrian lands. His annual revenues only allowed him to hire 5,000 mercenaries for two months, thus Ferdinand asked help from his brother Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor , and started to borrow money from rich bankers like the Fugger family . Ferdinand I attacked Hungary,
3672-428: The territory of present-day Hungary. There were wasted opportunities on both sides in the Little War; Austrian attempts to increase their influence in Hungary were just as unsuccessful as the Ottoman drives to Vienna. Nonetheless, there were no illusions as to the status quo: the Ottoman Empire was still a very powerful and dangerous threat. Even so, the Austrians would go on the offensive again, their generals building
3740-440: The time a peace treaty was enforced in 1551, Habsburg Hungary had been reduced to little more than border land. In 1552 two Ottoman armies crossed the border into the Hungarian kingdom. One of them – led by Hadim Ali Pasha – started a campaign against the western and central part of the country while the second army – led by Kara Ahmed Pasha – attacked the fortresses in the Banat region. Ottoman troops conquered nine-tenths of
3808-404: The town of Fiľakovo in south-central Slovakia with the castle of the same name was conquered by the Turks and was the seat of a sanjak until 1593, when it was reconquered by the Imperial troops. On 27 March 1562, Hasszán, the sanjak-bey of Fülek (Fiľakovo) castle, defeated the Hungarian army of the Upper Lands at the Battle of Szécsény [ sk ] . After the seizure of Buda by
3876-463: The two main empires – the Ottomans won the fortresses of Eger , Esztergom , and Kanisza, but gave the region of Vác (which they had occupied since 1541) to Austria. The treaty confirmed the Ottomans' inability to penetrate further into Habsburg territories. It also demonstrated that Transylvania was beyond Habsburg power. Although Emperor Rudolf had failed in his war objectives, he nonetheless won some prestige thanks to this resistance to
3944-515: The voivode of Wallachia, Radu Şerban . Hence, the Austrian Habsburgs seemed to be able to win a decisive victory. In September 1601, armies of the Holy Roman Empire laid siege to Nagykanizsa . Despite the numerical superiority, coalition armies had to abandon the siege two months later, due to heavy losses. The last phase of the war (from 1604 to 1606) corresponds to the uprising of the Prince of Transylvania Stephen Bocskay . When Rudolf – mostly based on false charges – started prosecutions against
4012-465: The war of 1787–1791 , which Austria fought allied with Russia. Intermittent tension between Austria and the Ottoman Empire continued throughout the nineteenth century, but they never fought each other in a war and ultimately found themselves allied in World War I , after which both empires were dissolved. Historians have focused on the second siege of Vienna of 1683 , depicting it as a decisive Austrian victory that saved Western civilization and marked
4080-506: The war were the Habsburg monarchy, the Principality of Transylvania , Wallachia , and Moldavia opposing the Ottoman Empire . Ferrara , Tuscany , Mantua , and the Papal State were also involved to a lesser extent. The Türkenkriege rallied larger than usual support behind the Holy Roman Emperor. The Reichstag convened in 1594 and voted a substantial tax grant, renewing this four years later and again in 1603. Some 20 million florins were promised and at least four-fifths actually reached
4148-496: Was an indecisive land war between the Habsburg monarchy and the Ottoman Empire , primarily over the principalities of Wallachia , Transylvania , and Moldavia . It was waged from 1593 to 1606, but in Europe, it is sometimes called the Fifteen Years' War ( Hungarian : Tizenöt éves háború ), reckoning from the 1591–1592 Turkish campaign that captured Bihać . In Turkey, it is called the Ottoman–Austrian War of 1593–1606 ( Turkish : 1593–1606 Osmanlı-Avusturya Savaşı ). In
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#17327647913354216-431: Was crucial. The war was mainly fought in Royal Hungary (mostly present-day western Hungary and southern Slovakia ), Transdanubia , Royal Croatia and Slavonia , the Ottoman Empire ( Rumelia – present-day Bulgaria and Serbia ), and Wallachia (in present-day southern Romania ). In 1595, the Christians, led by Mansfeld, captured Esztergom and Visegrád , strategic fortresses on the Danube, but they did not lay siege to
4284-414: Was defeated by a Genoese one, Charles' army put 30,000 of the city's residents to the sword. Afterwards, the Spanish placed a friendlier Muslim leader in power. The campaign was not an unmitigated success; many Holy League soldiers succumbed to dysentery, only natural for such a large overseas army. Furthermore, much of Barbarossa's fleet was not present in North Africa and the Ottomans won a victory against
4352-438: Was first declared the Prince of Transylvania ( Marosvásárhely , February 21, 1605) and later also of Hungary (Szerencs, April 17, 1605 ). The Ottoman Empire supported Bocskay with a crown that he refused (being Christian). As Prince of Hungary he accepted negotiations with Rudolf II and concluded the Treaty of Vienna (1606) . The Long War ended with the Peace of Zsitvatorok on November 11, 1606, with meagre territorial gains for
4420-477: Was initially successful, managing to capture not only Giurgiu but also Bucharest and Târgoviște , despite fierce opposition at Călugăreni (23 August 1595). At this point the Ottoman command grew complacent and stopped pursuing the retreating Wallachian army , focusing instead on fortifying Târgoviște and Bucharest and considering their task all but done. Michael had to wait almost two months for aid from his allies to arrive, but when it did his counter-offensive took
4488-421: Was organized by Pope Clement VIII to oppose the Ottoman Empire (the Holy League of Pope Clement VIII ); a treaty of alliance was signed in Prague by the Holy Roman Emperor , Rudolf II and Sigismund Báthory of Transylvania. Aron Vodă of Moldavia and Michael the Brave of Wallachia joined the alliance later that year. The Spanish Habsburgs sent an army of 6,000 experienced infantry and 2,000 cavalry from
4556-410: Was so spectacular that Sultan Murad III discussed exterminating the Christians of Constantinople in revenge. He finally decided to order the expulsion of all unmarried Greeks from the city. In the following years, Spanish fleets continued to raid the Levant waters, but large-scale naval warfare between Christians and Ottomans did not resume. Instead, privateers such as Alonso de Contreras took on
4624-412: Was unable to continue the war due to poor support from his allies. The turning point of the war was the Battle of Mezőkeresztes , which took place in the territory of Hungary on October 24–26, 1596. The combined Habsburg–Transylvanian force of 45–50,000 troops was defeated by the Ottoman army. The battle turned when Christian soldiers, thinking they had won the battle, stopped fighting in order to plunder
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