Christianity • Protestantism
134-688: Aveling is a surname, and may refer to: Edward Aveling (1849–1898), British socialist Eleanor Marx (1855–1898), sometimes called Eleanor Aveling Francis Aveling (1875–1941), Canadian psychologist and Roman Catholic priest Harry Aveling (born 1942), Australian scholar, translator and teacher Martin Aveling (born 1982), wildlife artist Thomas William Baxter Aveling (1815–1884), British Congregational minister Valda Aveling (1920–2007), Australian pianist, harpsichordist and clavichordist [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with
268-423: A "Lecturer pro tem." New College London, was a congregational academy founded in 1850 with the merging of three former dissenting academies (Daventry, Highbury, and Homerton) into one. Aveling's father had studied at Highbury College. Aveling's brother Frederick had studied here and without doubt their father played an influential role. Aveling's professorship at New College can be traced back to 1872 and his name
402-578: A Bible College was opened in Ruse, Bulgaria for people wanting to become pastors. At the 1876 annual conference of missionaries, the beginning of organizational activity in the country was established. The evangelical churches of Bulgaria formed a united association in 1909. The missionaries played a significant role in assisting the Bulgarians throw off "the Turkish Yoke", which included publishing
536-518: A Fellow of the Linnean Society of London . He had been recommended as a Fellow by the botanists George Henslow and Maxwell Tylden Masters , the zoologist James Murie and the biologist St. George Jackson Mivart , who had written On the Genesis of Species (1871). In 1878 Aveling was also made a Fellow of University College. Aveling's dismissal from his post was officially announced in
670-803: A Higher Biblical Institute that offers an official degree: "Profesorado en Ciencias Sagradas". In 1977, most congregations of the Congregational Union of Australia merged with all Churches of the Methodist Church of Australasia and a majority of Churches of the Presbyterian Church of Australia to form the Uniting Church in Australia . Those congregations that did not join the Uniting Church formed
804-595: A Lecturer in comparative anatomy and biology at the Medical School of the London Hospital, he gave his Polytechnic lessons in the mornings and, although it is not known for how long he was connected with this institute, he gave it as his permanent address up to the end of May 1881." It was announced in January 1879 :"Edward B. Aveling, D.Sc., Fellow of University College, London, has been elected to
938-489: A Lecturer on Comparative Anatomy at London Hospital, a lecturer on Natural History at New College, London, and lecturer on Animal Physiology and Botany at Birkbeck Institute, also he taught Natural Science at the North London Collegiate School for Girls. Aveling obtained a London D.Sc. in 1876 and he was a lecturer on Comparative Anatomy at the London Hospital from 1875 to 1881. In 1876 he was made
1072-534: A brilliancy of brain I have not seen surpassed, and a capacity for work without which the intellectual power would be half wasted, our friends will not wonder that we who know him rejoice that our Mistress Liberty has won this new Knight". Charles Robert Drysdale , founder and first President of the Malthusian League , gave an equally effusive welcome on Aveling's coming out into the open: We are indeed glad to find another lion hearted combatant added to
1206-405: A definite conclusion to declare the fact. The duty is mine with especial plainness because for some time past I have written in this journal under the initials E.D. That I have not until this hour openly declared... has been due to no doubt of the cause wherewith I now desire to be identified. It has been due to doubt of myself. In the sacredness and truth of that cause I believe as fully as is within
1340-711: A group of these believers adopted the name of "Congregation of Evangelical Brothers" and when they began the process of registration in the National Register of Cults, they became aware of the Evangelical Congregational Church, decided to join it, and in 1935 the North American missionary, Pastor Federico Gross visited them for an Extraordinary Assembly, where they approved their statutes with the name of "Evangelical Lutheran Congregational Church". This consolidated their union with
1474-687: A highly illegal act." In 1882, the English secularist George William Foote founded the magazine Progress. A monthly magazine of advanced thought , its sub-editor was Joseph Mazzini Wheeler . Following Foote's imprisonment and Wheeler's tragic illness, Aveling became the editor of this magazine from April 1883-March 1884, it is claimed that he was assisted by Annie Besant, Eleanor Marx and William Archer . Eleanor Marx had already published in Progress as early as March 1883 and then again in May and June 1883
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#17327984198351608-663: A member of the regular staff of The Freethinker in January 1882. When Foote was imprisoned for blasphemy in 1883 he also took over the editorship. The cartoons mainly responsible for Foote being prosecuted in 1882 were stopped by Aveling during his interim editorship, and they were resumed in 1884. Aveling was chiefly answerable for a 'memorial', or petition, calling on Sir William Harcourt to intervene in Foote's case, as Foote himself wrote: "The signatures were procured, at great expense of time and labour, by Dr. E.B. Aveling and an eminent psychologist who desired to avoid publicity." Among
1742-403: A memorial, signed by so many illustrious men, was ever before presented to a Home Secretary for the release of any prisoners. But it made no impression on Sir William Harcourt, for the reason that the signatories were not politicians, but only men of genius." The title page of the edition of The Freethinker from 28 October 1883, is a curiosum in publishing history, as it has Aveling described as
1876-480: A missionary work started in 1995. In the first 100 years, it has spread from Entre Ríos to several provinces: Misiones, Corrientes, Chaco, Formosa, Córdoba, Santa Fe, Buenos Aires and CABA. It has spread to southern Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. It is currently present in more than 150 towns and cities in Argentina. It has a social commitment, working among the most vulnerable, deprived and marginalised. It serves in
2010-574: A paper "On the Teaching of Botany in Schools" at the monthly evening meeting of the College of Preceptors on 12 March 1879. George Henslow was in the chair. his lecture began with the images of working-class children escaping the pollution of the town situated amidst flowers, citing lines from Shelley's " To a Skylark ": "faint with too much sweet". His peroration at the end was Darwinian, addressing
2144-840: A primary school for girls in Stara Zagora . In 1871 the two schools were moved to Samokov and merged as the American College, now considered the oldest American educational institution outside the US. In 1928, new facilities were constructed in Sofia, and the Samokov operation transferred to the American College of Sofia (ACS), now operated at a very high level by the Sofia American Schools, Inc. In 1874,
2278-581: A result of the migration of congregational members from the interior of the country, it was started in Rivadavia 6001 in the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, in 1937 by the missionary Federico Gross. From that moment on they received pastoral care from Entre Ríos. In 1946 the missionary Otto Tiede organised the first board of directors in the Colegiales neighbourhood, when the congregation met in
2412-570: A result, the number of Congregationalists is small and estimated by Paul Mojzes in 1982 to number about 5,000, in 20 churches. (Total Protestants in Bulgaria were estimated in 1965 to have been between 10,000 and 20,000.) More recent estimates indicate enrollment in Protestant ("Evangelical" or "Gospel") churches of between 100,000 and 200,000, presumably reflecting the success of more recent missionary efforts of evangelical groups. In Canada,
2546-769: A silver medal in botany. In 1867, he won a medical entrance exhibition of £25. He studied surgery under John Marshall (1818–1891) and the English anatomist Christopher Heath (1835–1905), who was assistant surgeon and teacher of operative surgery at University College Hospital ; Aveling trained in minor surgery and the use of medical instruments with Matthew Berkeley Hill (1834–1892), professor of clinical surgery and teacher of practical surgery; and with William Morse Graily Hewit (1828–1893), professor of midwifery at University College and obstetric physician to University College Hospital, he took midwifery and gynecology. Aveling studied medicine with John Russell Reynolds (1828–1896), who in 1867 had just succeeded Sir William Jenner in
2680-518: A sort of Livingstone in art". Aveling had seen at Drury Lane the English composer Arthur Goring Thomas 's opera "Esmeralda" (1883), as well as the Scottish composer Alexander Mackenzie 's opera "Colomba" (1883). In one review Aveling referred to a performance of Hector Berlioz ' opera La Damnation de Faust at the Albert Hall, on Thursday, Feb. 7 1884, that despite his inability to attend,
2814-695: Is a Reformed (Calvinist) tradition of Protestant Christianity that enjoins a church polity in which congregations are self-governing (cf. congregational polity ). Through the years, Congregationalists have adopted various confessional statements , including the Savoy Declaration , the Cambridge Platform and the Kansas City Statement of Faith . Unlike Presbyterians, Congregationalists practise congregational polity (from which they derive their name), which holds that
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#17327984198352948-510: Is a priest and ... every seeking child of God is given directly wisdom, guidance, power". Consequently, there is an absence of godparents , since the whole congregation is the godparent to all the children in the church. Congregationalists have two sacraments: baptism and the Lord's Supper . Congregationalists practise infant baptism , but hold that ".. there is no distinction between "infant baptism" and "believer's baptism"." The Lord's Supper
3082-425: Is also mention of a Gilbert and Sullivan opera, The Gondoliers . Aveling particularly praised the impresario Carl Rosa (1842–1889) and his company as "a musical missionary" and he was clearly familiar with his work, writing that "He brings the classical compositions of foreign composers within the understanding hearing of English people who only know their own language. He is not only a missionary but an explorer −
3216-479: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Edward Aveling Edward Bibbins Aveling (29 November 1849 – 2 August 1898) was an English comparative anatomist and popular spokesman for Darwinian evolution , atheism and socialism . He was also a playwright and actor. Aveling was the author of numerous scientific books and political pamphlets; he is perhaps best known for his popular work The Student's Darwin (1881); he also translated
3350-668: Is normally celebrated once or twice a month. Congregationalists do not invoke the intercession of saints . Certain Congregationalist hymns that have become popular across Christendom include When I Survey the Wondrous Cross and Hark the Glad Sound . The origins of Congregationalism are found in 16th-century Puritanism , a movement that sought to complete the English Reformation begun with
3484-412: Is now my wife. I remember with what kindness and generosity Marx spoke to me. He spoke in very high terms, terms far too high, of the lecture and prophesied all sorts of good things in the way of future work. It was really as if I were the teacher and he the learner. I fear that at that time I did not nearly properly estimate the inestimable value of such criticism from such a man. The next time I saw him he
3618-575: Is still given teaching Chemistry and Natural History in 1876, although not by 1878, where Chemistry and Natural History are no longer given. The course of study at New College extended over five years, divided into a scientific course of two years and a theological course of three years. The first year's course in 'Natural History' sciences consisted of chemistry, mineralogy, and geology. The second year's course, botany, vegetable physiology, zoology, and comparative and human physiology. Edwin Lankester ,
3752-763: The Mayflower , establishing the Plymouth Colony and bringing the Congregational tradition to America. In 1639 William Wroth , then Rector of the parish church at Llanvaches in Monmouthshire , established the first Independent Church in Wales "according to the New England pattern", i.e. Congregational. The Tabernacle United Reformed Church at Llanvaches survives to this day. During
3886-661: The Cambridge Platform (1648) and the Savoy Declaration (1658), Congregationalist confessions of faith . The Congregationalist Churches are a continuity of the theological tradition upheld by the Puritans . Their genesis was through the work of Congregationalist divines Robert Browne , Henry Barrowe , and John Greenwood . In the United Kingdom, the Puritan Reformation of the Church of England laid
4020-608: The Cape Colony by British settlers. The Congregational Union of England and Wales was established in 1831. It had no authority over the affiliated churches, but instead aimed to advise and support them. In 1972, about three-quarters of English Congregational churches merged with the Presbyterian Church of England to form the United Reformed Church (URC). However, about 600 Congregational churches have continued in their historic independent tradition. Under
4154-664: The English Civil War , those who supported the Parliamentary cause were invited by Parliament to discuss religious matters. The Westminster Confession of Faith (1646) was officially claimed to be the statement of faith for both the Church of England (Anglican/Episcopal) and Church of Scotland (Presbyterian), which was politically expedient for those in the Presbyterian dominated English Parliament who approved of
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4288-670: The Evangelical Fellowship of Congregational Churches , which has offices in Beverley, and about 100 Congregational churches that are loosely federated with other congregations in the Fellowship of Independent Evangelical Churches , or are unaffiliated. The unaffiliated churches' share of the assets of the Congregational Union/Church of England and Wales is administered by a registered charity ,
4422-663: The Fellowship of Congregational Churches or continued as Presbyterians. Some more ecumenically minded Congregationalists left the Fellowship of Congregational Churches in 1995 and formed the Congregational Federation of Australia . Congregationalists (called "Evangelicals" in Bulgaria ; the word "Protestant" is not used ) were among the first Protestant missionaries to the Ottoman Empire and to
4556-491: The Miss Stone Affair when missionary Ellen Maria Stone, of Roxbury, Massachusetts, and her pregnant fellow missionary friend Macedonian-Bulgarian Katerina Stefanova–Tsilka, wife of an Albanian Protestant minister, were kidnapped while traveling between Bansko and Gorna Dzhumaya (now Blagoevgrad ), by an Internal Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization detachment led by the voivoda Yane Sandanski and
4690-627: The Solemn League and Covenant (1643). After the Second Civil War , the New Model Army which was dominated by Congregationalists (or Independents ) seized control of the parliament with Pride's purge (1648), arranged for the trial and execution of Charles I in January 1649 and subsequently introduced a republican Commonwealth dominated by Independents such as Oliver Cromwell . This government lasted until 1660 when
4824-681: The United Reformed Church Act 1972 (c. xviii), which dealt with the financial and property issues arising from the merger between what had become by then the Congregational Church of England and Wales and the Presbyterian Church of England , certain assets were divided between the various parties. In England, there are three main groups of continuing Congregationalists. These are the Congregational Federation , which has offices in Nottingham and Manchester,
4958-665: The West of England Dissenters' Proprietary School in Taunton. He was sent there together with his brother Frederick W. Aveling (1851–1937), who later became headmaster of the same school. There is a record of prizes awarded to him in an old school register from 1863 to 1866. "In 1863, he won prizes for Greek, German, Arithmetic, and Grammar and was awarded a certificate in French; he is noted as being in Class 11. The following year (in Class 1),
5092-658: The monarch was restored and Episcopalism was re-established (see the Penal Laws and Great Ejection ). In 1662, two years after the Restoration, two thousand Independent, Presbyterian, and congregational ministers were evicted from their parishes as dissenters and not being in Holy Orders conferred by bishops. In 1658 (during the interregnum ) the Congregationalists created their own version of
5226-410: The surname Aveling . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aveling&oldid=987648229 " Category : Surnames Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description
5360-567: The "Interim Editor" and that further, William James Ramsey, the proprietor, had been sentenced to nine months' imprisonment and Henry Arthur Kemp, as printer and publisher, had been sentenced to three months' imprisonment. Congregationalist Congregationalism (also Congregationalist churches or Congregational churches ) is a Reformed (Calvinist) tradition of Protestant Christianity in which churches practice congregational government . Each congregation independently and autonomously runs its own affairs. These principles are enshrined in
5494-588: The "witch-hunt" on Aveling and his associates reflected much to his credit, he reached the conclusion in his thesis that "This case was a side-issue in the great controversy over the admission of the free-thinker Bradlaugh to the House of Commons, and it involved Dr. Edward Aveling and Mrs. Annie Besant, two of his associates." However, Tyler's charges against George William Foote and the Blasphemy charge in 1883 did go ahead. In 1880 at their annual conference Aveling
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5628-523: The British Medical Journal on 26 November 1881: "The Board of the London Hospital have dismissed Dr. E. B. Aveling from the post of lecturer on comparative anatomy at the medical school of the hospital. Dr. Aveling made a statement of the progress the class had made during his conduct of it, concluding with the assertion that the real reason for his dismissal was his avowal of certain religious and political views of an unpopular nature." It
5762-497: The Christian Ministry. Throughout these years this would have been very arduous and challenging for him and would have accentuated the differences between religion and science. Illustrating a tradition of sorts, Aveling published his "Botanical Tables, for The Use of Students" (1874) during his tenure at New College, as his introduction clearly shows, and where he states that the tables were only intended to "supplement
5896-512: The Church of England and outside of it. Puritans who left the established church were known as Separatists . Congregationalism may have first developed in the London Underground Church under Richard Fitz in the late 1560s and 1570s. The Congregational historian Albert Peel argued that it was accepted that the evidence for a fully thought out congregational ecclesiology is not overwhelming. Robert Browne (1550–1633)
6030-508: The Church of England was obligatory he did not pursue his application. Why Aveling wished to knock at the door of Anglican King's College is difficult to say, perhaps it was a deliberate affront to the "medical clerisy" or "medical priesthood" there knowing how they relished in rejecting Nonconformist medical minds. In the National Reformer he wrote of his defiant gesture as the son of a religious dissident and he "consigned them to
6164-727: The Congregational Federation. Wales traditionally is the part which has the largest share of Congregationalists among the population, most Congregationalists being members of Undeb yr Annibynwyr Cymraeg (the Union of Welsh Independents ), which is particularly important in Carmarthenshire and Brecknockshire . The London Missionary Society was effectively the world mission arm of British Congregationalists, sponsoring missionaries including Eric Liddell and David Livingstone . After mergers and changes of name,
6298-816: The Hall of Science, 142, Old Street, in East London, which was also the headquarters of the National Secular Society (NSS). Aveling's first public lecture in the Hall of Science on 10 August 1879 was on the English poet Percy Bysshe Shelley . The following week he accompanied Annie Besant to Edinburgh where he acted as chairman for her lecture on "Materialism and Spiritualism". The subjects he taught in his science classes were mathematics, inorganic chemistry, elementary botany, and animal physiology. Both Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner and Annie Besant assisted him. Annie Besant wrote in her autobiography: At
6432-434: The IEC of Argentina. In other cities of Misiones the Congregational work began in Oberá in the 1930s, in San Francisco de Asís a work began with believers from Brazil in 1935, in Dos de Mayo since 1945, in Valle Hermoso a group of Lutheran origin joined the Evangelical Congregational Church in 1949, in El Soberbio since 1950, in San Vicente since 1966, in Posadas since 1970 and later many more congregations. In Buenos Aires, as
6566-478: The Methodist Church on the region north of the Balkan Mountains (Stara Planina, or "Old Mountains"). In 1857, Cyrus Hamlin and Charles Morse established three missionary centres in southern Bulgaria – in Odrin ( Edirne , former capital city of the Ottoman Empire, in Turkey), Plovdiv and Stara Zagora . They were joined in 1859 by Russian-born naturalized America Frederic Flocken in 1859. American Presbyterian minister Elias Riggs commissioned, supported and edited
6700-565: The NSS, points towards the most probable grounds for his dismissal, especially with such close proximity to Bradlaugh who was still endeavouring to take up his seat in Parliament as an elected Northampton MP since 1880. In 1877 (three years after his Botanical Tables), he published his "Physiological Tables, for the use of students". The work consisted of detailed structured tables on food, digestion, absorption, circulation, respiration, secretion, nutrition, nervous system, sense organs, motor organs, voice and skeleton, amongst others. The introduction
6834-443: The National Reformer, of which the Junior Member for Northampton [i.e. Bradlaugh himself] and Mrs. Besant are the editors, under the heading of "The Christ of Dr. Aveling," and.... in particular to a passage in the "National Reformer" of 5 March 1882; and, whether he will refer to the Public Prosecutor the question of preferring an indictment for blasphemy against the editors of the "National Reformer?" The hon. Member said, he would hand
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#17327984198356968-411: The National level. The Congregational Union of Ireland was founded in 1829 and currently has around 26 member churches. In 1899 it absorbed the Irish Evangelical Society. The Congregational Christian Church of Samoa is one of the largest group of churches throughout the Pacific Region. It was founded in 1830 by the London Missionary Society missionary John Williams on the island of Savai'i in
7102-448: The Northwestern part of the European Ottoman Empire which is now Bulgaria, where their work to convert these Orthodox Christians was unhampered by the death penalty imposed by the Ottomans on Muslim converts to Christianity. These missionaries were significant contributors to the Bulgarian National Revival movement. Today, Protestantism in Bulgaria represents the third largest religious group, behind Orthodox and Muslim. Missionaries from
7236-420: The Pacific region. It has been introduced either by immigrant dissenters or by missionary organizations such as the London Missionary Society . A number of evangelical Congregational churches are members of the World Evangelical Congregational Fellowship . Congregationalism, as defined by the Pew Research Center , is estimated to represent 0.5 percent of the worldwide Protestant population. Congregationalism
7370-441: The Professorship of English at the Royal Academy of Music." In February 1879 it was still being announced in the musical journals "Edward B. Aveling, D.Sc., Fellow of University College, London, has been elected to the professorship of English at the Royal Academy of Music." In August 1882 he was sitting on examining boards for Language. The secretary of the Royal Academy of Music , John Gill, still lists Aveling as an examiner for
7504-508: The Puritans of New England , who wrote the Cambridge Platform of 1648 to describe the autonomy of the church and its association with others. Within the United States, the model of Congregational churches was carried by migrating settlers from New England into New York , then into the Old Northwest , and further. The Congregationalist tradition has a presence in the United States, the United Kingdom, Argentina, Ireland, Canada, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and various island nations in
7638-399: The Royal Academy of Music....I heard it at the hands of Messrs. Holmes, Parker, Gibson, Hill, and Howell." In November 1882, Aveling heard Carlo Alfredo Piatti perform Beethoven's Trio in G major at St James's Hall, London, accompanied by Wilma Neruda and Ludwig Strauss. Later they played Brahms' Quintet in F minor, where the trio was joined by Louis Ries and Charles Hallé . He attended
7772-463: The Society was succeeded in 1977 by the worldwide Council for World Mission . In the United States, the Congregational tradition traces its origins mainly to Puritan settlers of colonial New England . Congregational churches have had an important role in the political, religious and cultural history of the United States. Their practices concerning church governance influenced the early development of democratic institutions in New England, and some of
7906-450: The Unaffiliated Congregational Churches Charities, which supports the unaffiliated churches and their retired ministers. In 1981, the United Reformed Church merged with the re-formed Association of Churches of Christ and, in 2000, just over half of the churches in the Congregational Union of Scotland also joined the United Reformed Church (via the United Reformed Church Act 2000 ). The remainder of Congregational churches in Scotland joined
8040-461: The United States and in Canada. The South American Germans from Russia had learned about Congregationalism in letters from relatives in the United States. In 1924 general missionary John Hoelzer, while in Argentina for a brief visit, organised six churches. In the province of Entre Ríos , congregations began to join the Evangelical Congregational Church in Crespo . Information indicates that since 1923 there were activities in private homes and in 1928
8174-436: The United States first arrived in 1857–58, sent to Istanbul by the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions (ABCFM). The ABCFM was proposed in 1810 by the Congregationalist graduates of Williams College, MA, and was chartered in 1812 to support missions by Congregationalists, Presbyterian (1812–1870), Dutch-Reformed (1819–1857) and other denominational members. The ABCFM focused its efforts on southern Bulgaria and
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#17327984198358308-690: The West and hence more politically dangerous than traditional Orthodox Christianity. This prompted repressive legislation in the form of "Regulations for the Organization and Administration of the Evangelical Churches in the People's Republic of Bulgaria" and resulted in the harshest government repression, possibly the worst in the entire Eastern Bloc , intended to extinguish Protestantism altogether. Mass arrests of pastors (and often their families), torture, long prison sentences (including four life sentences) and even disappearance were common. Similar tactics were used on parishioners. In fifteen highly publicized mock show-trials between 8 February and 8 March 1949, all
8442-501: The Westminster Confession, called the Savoy Declaration , which remains the principal subordinate standard of Congregationalism. The mission to Argentina was the second foreign field tended by German Congregationalists. The work in South America began in 1921 when four Argentine churches urgently requested that denominational recognition be given to George Geier, serving them. The Illinois Conference licensed Geier, who worked among Germans from Russia who were very similar to their kin in
8576-430: The accused pastors confessed to a range of charges against them, including treason, spying (for both the US and Yugoslavia), black marketing, and various immoral acts. State appointed pastors were foisted on surviving congregations. As late as the 1980s, imprisonment and exile were still employed to destroy the remaining Protestant churches. The Congregationalist magazine "Zornitsa" was banned; Bibles became unobtainable. As
8710-479: The actual dissection and observation of plants". Aveling's principal during these years was Rev. Samuel Newth (1821–1898), himself a distinguished scientist who had been a minister at a congregational chapel. Newth had also written elementary textbooks on natural philosophy in the early 1850s, thus together with Edwin Lankester's own writings in this field, it is not difficult to see Aveling carrying on this tradition in his own instructional works. Aveling's laboratory
8844-425: The apparent perfection of Nature, with the acclaimed Christian Darwinist beside him in the chair, he does, however, refer to "gigantic blunders in the universe". Aveling had not yet publicly emerged as an atheist, that would be four months later. What is remarkable here is his emphasis upon the importance of teaching Darwin in schools in 1879. On 30 July 1872, Aveling married Isabel "Bell" Campbell Frank (1849–1892),
8978-440: The appropriateness of Aveling's employment with the Science and Art Department of the Government. On 23 August 1881 Tyler asked a question on the floor of the House of Commons to A. J. Mundella , who served in Gladstone's government as Vice-President of the Committee of the Council on Education from 1880 to 1885, if the courses undertaken in the Hall of Science and their teachers had any connections or claims to financial support from
9112-402: The associated teaching hospital across Gower Street, University College Hospital, that Aveling made this switch from the medical school to study zoology. He graduated with a Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) Honours degree in Zoology in 1870. Thomas Henry Huxley was his examiner; Aveling gave the following account in his obituary of Huxley from 1896: As I remember well, he came himself to collect
9246-412: The capacity of my being. But there is ever the possibility of one's own weakness and unworthiness. There is ever the dread of bringing disgrace upon the principle we have publicly declared to be ours. Uncertain therefore of my own power, doubtful of my own worthiness, but full of confidence in freedom of thought and of desire to work therefore I ask for admission into the army of freethinkers and I devote to
9380-419: The cause that is dear to them such thing as I possess..." He said here that he claimed to have held secularist views for two or three years prior to this credo, this has genuine echoes of Shelley's " The Revolt of Islam " and his fashioning of "linked armour for my soul, before it might walk forth to war among mankind" Before 27 July he had hidden his identity by signing articles in the National Reformer with
9514-415: The chair of medicine; and clinical medicine (materia medica) under Sydney Ringer (1835–1910). In 1869, he transferred from the medical to the science faculty, winning a £40 exhibition to study botany and zoology in the subject of zoology. It has recently been claimed that it was the direct influence of Ray Lankester , who was Jodrell Professor of Zoology at UCL from 1874 to 1890, and who also lectured at
9648-728: The church "El Buen Pastor", which was lent to them by the Disciples of Christ. In 1947, Pastor Ludwig Serfas became the first local pastor, with residence in Olivos, and it was decided to build the first church in Villa Ballester, which was inaugurated in 1950. The Evangelical Congregational Church spread to Córdoba in 1972, with itinerant missionary work from Basavilbaso (Entre Ríos). In the province of Santa Fe from 1980, from Paraná (Entre Ríos). In Corrientes (capital) from 1982 and in CABA
9782-592: The church by abolishing all remaining Catholic practices, such as clerical vestments, wedding rings, organ music in church, kneeling at Holy Communion , using the term priest for a minister, bowing at the name of Jesus, and making the sign of the cross in baptism and communion. Many Puritans believed the Church of England should follow the example of Reformed churches in other parts of Europe and adopt presbyterian polity , in which an egalitarian network of local ministers cooperated through regional synods . Other Puritans experimented with congregational polity both within
9916-1080: The congregation as a whole should govern the church: "The meetings together… of every whole church, and of the elders therein, is above the apostle, above the prophet, the evangelist, the pastor, the teacher, and every particular elder" and "The voice of the whole people, guided by the elders and the forwardest, is said [in Scripture] to be the voice of God". While each church would be independent, separate churches would still come together to discuss matters of common concern. Short lifespans were typical of Separatist churches (also known as Brownist congregations). These were small congregations who met in secret and faced persecution. They were often forced to go into exile in Holland and tended to disintegrate quickly. Notable Separatists who faced exile or death included Henry Barrow ( c. 1550 –1593), John Greenwood (died 1593), John Penry (1559–1593), Francis Johnson (1563–1618), and Henry Ainsworth (1571–1622). In
10050-543: The containment of families in the most varied contexts. With specific programmes for children, adolescents, young people, married couples and the elderly. With presence in formal and informal education, training and instructing people of all ages, in arts and crafts, in values and principles that make solidarity, human rights, and a better quality of life for all, according to the possibilities and opportunities. With canteens and picnic areas, with an integral pastoral care, which includes accompaniment in hospitals and prisons. It has
10184-729: The daughter of a Leadenhall poulterer . The marriage service was conducted by Edward's father at the Union Chapel, Islington . They separated amicably after two years but did not divorce. According to Aveling, the cause of the split was her affair with a parson , although there were spiteful rumours, spread by his brother Frederick, that he had only married her for her money. After her separation from Edward, it appears that she privately taught music. Aveling took out four separate column advertisements in Nature (4 November 1875) all grouped together. At this time he had four teaching positions,
10318-581: The early 1600s, a Separatist congregation in Scrooby was founded through the efforts of John Smyth (who later rejected infant baptism and became a founder of the Baptist movement). John Robinson was the congregation's pastor and William Brewster was an elder . In 1607, the congregation moved to Holland fleeing persecution. In 1620, the group (known in history as the Pilgrims ) sailed to North America on
10452-404: The end of the summer. It has been suggested that this tutor was Adolph Sonnenschein. Part of this time was spent on the island of Jersey with his tutor. Twenty months would pass between his leaving Taunton and starting as a medical student at University College London . He was a successful and diligent student, receiving a gold medal in chemistry, a first in practical physiology and histology, and
10586-505: The end of the year of 110 examination entries it produced 32 Firsts, 59 Seconds and only 19 Fails. Encouraged by the examination results in January 1882 Aveling also started a class to prepare candidates for London University matriculation. This state of affairs enraged the establishment anti-secularists and in particular the Conservative MP Sir Henry Tyler , who disliked Bradlaugh, and he brought into question
10720-473: The essential features of Congregationalism. Browne argued for a church only of genuine, regenerate believers and criticized the Anglicans for including all English people within their church. The congregation should choose its own leaders, and the ministers should be ordained by the congregation itself not by bishops or fellow ministers. Each congregation should be founded on a written church covenant , and
10854-406: The existence of the Evangelical Congregational Church, they contacted and invited the North American missionary Guillermo Strauch to visit them. This took place on August 25, 1928, when the first service was held and as a result of the meeting they decided to join the I. E. C. The following year, their first church was inaugurated. Due to a great drought, in 1945 this church had to close its doors, and
10988-656: The extracts to the Clerk at the Table, as they were too horrible to read to the House." Aveling himself gave regular accounts of these parliamentary debates and controversies in The National Reformer , and he was thankful for what he called the "gratuitous advertisement" for his science classes at the Hall of Science saying that enrolments had increased due to all the free publicity. The threats petered out and Henry Butterworth argued that Mundella's refusal to join in
11122-752: The families emigrated to Villa Ángela, Coronel Du Graty or Santa Sylvina, in the province of Chaco, or to El Colorado, in Formosa. In each of these places, new faith communities emerged from the relocation of members of Colonia Palmar. In Villa Ángela, the first church was actually established in Colonia Juan José Paso in 1947, and two years later the first church was inaugurated. In Coronel Du Graty, it originated from prayer meetings in 1947 (with those who came from Colonia Palmar) in "Campo Ugarte" and "Campo Ñandubay". Later they joined together to build their own place for worship, which happened in 1954. In
11256-467: The father of Ray Lankester, and translator of the German botanist Matthias Jakob Schleiden 's Principles of scientific botany; or Botany as an inductive science. (1849) had been appointed professor of natural sciences at New College London in 1850 and had held this position for over twenty years, until 1872. Aveling's position was as his successor, and he was therefore essentially training men in science for
11390-616: The fields of history, philology, science, and theology), as it was seen to challenge and undermine Anglican orthodoxy. He left Taunton in January 1866 "with a bursary of £10 after having matriculated with honours at the examinations set by the University of London." and briefly in the summer joined a theatrical troupe that included the actor Henry Irving , in Liverpool and Manchester, and later received private tuition in medicine and German after he returned to his father at Kingsland at
11524-411: The fifty-four names and various editors were: G. J. Romanes, Francis Galton, Herbert Spencer, Henry Sidgwick, George Howard Darwin , Thomas Huxley, Ray Lankester, Leslie Stephen, Professor Tyndall, Professor Alexander Bain, Professor E.S. Beesly, Professor Herbert Foxwell, Professor Robert Adamson, Professor George Croom Robertson, R. H. Moncrieff, and Rev. Charles Beard. Foote said:"I doubt whether such
11658-690: The first foreign field, thirty-one churches that had been affiliated with the General Conference became part of the United Church of Canada when that denomination was founded in 1925 by the merger of the Canadian Congregationalist and Methodist churches, and two-thirds of the congregations of the Presbyterian Church in Canada . In 1988, a number of UCC congregations separated from the national church, which they felt
11792-489: The first on the list." At an early age, his secularist period, Aveling's respect for Huxley's literary style remained key: "The scientific precision, the power of generalization, met with in Professor Huxley's works, have not their value lessened by the exquisite style of that distinguished writer." It is not difficult to see the profound influence of Huxley's early conception of Science and Religion (1859) on
11926-717: The first pastoral house was inaugurated, in San Salvador from 1928, in Concordia, from 1929–1930, in Federal from 1934, in Paraná since the 1940's. In Concepción del Uruguay since 1942. Basavilbaso from 1944. Gualeguaychú from 1950. And then many more followed. In the province of Chaco, immigrants from Germany, Russia and neighbouring areas settled in Colonia Palmar, between Charata and General Pinedo. When they heard about
12060-725: The first two weeks. Congregational churches were established in Bansko , Veliko Turnovo , and Svishtov between 1840 and 1878, followed by Sofia in 1899. By 1909, there were 19 Congregational churches, with a total congregation of 1,456 in southern Bulgaria offering normal Sunday services, Sunday schools for children, biblical instruction for adults; as well as women's groups and youth groups. Summer Bible schools were held annually from 1896 to 1948. Congregationalists led by James F. Clarke opened Bulgaria's first Protestant primary school for boys in Plovdiv in 1860, followed three years later by
12194-708: The first volume of Karl Marx 's Das Kapital , and Friedrich Engels ' Socialism: Utopian and Scientific . He was elected vice-president of the National Secular Society in 1880-84, he was a member of the Democratic Federation and then a member of the executive council of the Social Democratic Federation and was a founding member of the Socialist League and the Independent Labour Party . During
12328-494: The flames". In an article later that month in the National Reformer (27 July 1879) Aveling published a statement, that has been called his "secularist credo" entitled " Credo Ergo Laborabo " (I believe, therefore I shall work) declaring that he had become a freethinker: "I desire to make known in a manner as public as possible that I am a free thinker... I regard it, then, as the duty of everyone who doubts to state openly that he doubts, that everyone who believes he has arrived as
12462-459: The following year he gave a lecture at the Orphanage "at the annual prize-giving fête before an audience of patrons and local notabilities. It was on this occasion that he was introduced to Dr. Karl Marx and their young daughter, Eleanor." Aveling later wrote about this encounter in 1897: Marx I only saw twice in my life, and once in his. The first time I saw him he was alive, the second time he
12596-546: The foundation for these churches. In England , the early Congregationalists were called Separatists or Independents to distinguish them from the similarly Calvinistic Presbyterians , whose churches embrace a polity based on the governance of elders ; this commitment to self-governing congregations was codified in the Savoy Declaration. Congregationalism in the United States traces its origins to
12730-565: The frog was Aveling's clever rejoinder to the teachings of the theologian William Paley and his watchmaker analogy as an attempt at a teleological argument for the existence of God using specified complexity. The historian of science, Evelleen Richards has written: "The Press had a field day. The Standard wondered whether the frog was a Conservative or Radical, while the Evening News pointed out that "men like Professor Huxley, who are in receipt of large Government salaries, hold and teach
12864-510: The government. He was concerned "....whether it was correct that Dr. Aveling [who] had recently written that the principles involved in the construction of the frog were "condemnatory of God," and whether he considered that anyone publishing such ideas was a fit teacher for a school in connection with the Science and Art Department, and whether such teaching received the sanction of Her Majesty's Government?" The reference to certain properties of
12998-588: The house in August 1881. On the Wednesday night there was a public meeting held in the Hall of Science, "Mr. Bradlaugh on entering the hall was enthusiastically cheered..." "Dr. Aveling said the scene enacted in Westminster Palace-yard that day was the most extraordinary ever witnessed, and he admired the patience of the people who had been spectators of it. The police had been engaged in what was
13132-532: The imprisonment of George William Foote for blasphemy he was interim editor for The Freethinker and Progress. A monthly magazine of advanced thought . With William Morris he was the sub-editor of The Commonweal . He was an organizer of the mass movement of the unskilled workers and the unemployed in the late 1880s unto the early 1890s and a delegate to the International Socialist Workers' Congress of 1889 . For fourteen years he
13266-458: The initials "E.D." He had also published some of his articles on Darwin using these same initials. Annie Besant's words of approval and gratitude for this deliverance of a "New Soldier" within the ranks of the army of freethinkers, were as follows: "His language is exquisitely chosen and is polished to the highest extent, so that the mere music of speech is pleasant to the ear. Since to this artistic charm are added scholarship and wide knowledge, with
13400-672: The magazine Zornitsa (Зорница, "Dawn"), founded in 1864 by the initiative of Riggs and Long. Zornitsa became the most powerful and most widespread newspaper of the Bulgarian Renaissance. A small roadside marker on Bulgarian Highway 19 in the Rila Mountains, close to Gradevo commemorates the support given the Bulgarian Resistance by these early Congregationalist missionaries. On 3 September 1901 Congregationalist missionaries came to world attention in
13534-584: The matter of the "Trinity" (i.e. Bradlaugh, Besant & Aveling) again on 21 March 1882 when he asked Mundella, whether Dr. Aveling and Mrs. Besant are still employed in connection with the Science and Art Department of the Government. He also gave notice that he would ask the Secretary of State for the Home Department, if his attention had been called to "a series of articles recently published in
13668-621: The media at the time, the event has been often dubbed "America's first modern hostage crisis". The Bulgarian royal house, of Catholic German extraction, was unsympathetic to the American inspired Protestants, and this mood became worse when Bulgaria sided with Germany in WWI and WWII. Matters became much worse when the Bulgarian Communist Party took power in 1944. Like the royal family, it too saw Protestantism closely linked to
13802-427: The members of a local church have the right to decide their church's forms of worship and confessional statements, choose their own officers and administer their own affairs without any outside interference. Congregationalist polity is rooted in a foundational tenet of Congregationalism: the priesthood of all believers . According to Congregationalist minister Charles Edward Jefferson , this means that "Every believer
13936-461: The opening of the new year (1879) I met for the first time a man to whom I subsequently owed much in this department of work—Edward B. Aveling, a D.Sc. of London University, and a marvelously able teacher of scientific subjects, the very ablest, in fact, that I have ever met. Clear and accurate in his knowledge, with a singular gift for lucid exposition, enthusiastic in his love of science, and taking vivid pleasure in imparting his knowledge to others, he
14070-435: The papers that we had written in the afternoon of one of the three examination days. Of the six or seven students who were in the exam, I happened to be the only one who had written for the full three hours that had been set for the exam. When Huxley took my work from me, he said to me very kindly: "I am pleased to see that three hours did not seem too long for you to answer only three questions. I wouldn't be surprised if you are
14204-612: The premiere of Anton Dvorák 's "Stabat Mater" in England; Aveling, the secularist, writes: "Anton Dvorák has caught that which Rossini almost wholly misses—the intense religious tone essential to the subject". There is here also a description of a performance of Gilbert and Sullivan 's Iolanthe at the Savoy. When Eleanor and Edward came together in 1890 to write the dramatic notices in Ernest Belfort Bax 's Time , there
14338-626: The present moment there is a notice on the Order Book of the House of Commons for the purpose of preventing Dr. E. B. Aveling, for the purpose of preventing Mrs. Besant, for the purpose of preventing my daughters from teaching, as they are entitled to teach, in this Hall—nay, for the purpose of preventing the building itself from being utilised for educational purposes. Shame ! I should have thought that those who cannot agree with us in religious matters would have been glad to see us endeavouring to educate ourselves. Undeterred Sir Henry Tyler raised
14472-566: The prize list of July 1883. Some of Aveling's musical reviews can be found amidst his dramatic notices in his 'Art Corner' in Annie Besant's six-penny monthly journal Our Corner (1883–1888). Here also the Royal Academy is mentioned: " Johannes Brahms , facile princeps among classical composers of to-day, has given us recently two new works. The one, a quintett for strings, I heard for the first time at Mr. Henry Holmes' concert at
14606-485: The prizes were for Arithmetic and Algebra, together with certificates for French, Greek, Euclid, and German. In 1865, he won prizes for Mathematics, Latin, and Greek, and in 1866, for writing and mapping. In each of those years he was one of the Golden Optimi ." Of particular importance is Aveling's early study of German. The English dissenting colleges laid great emphasis on the study of German higher criticism (in
14740-540: The province of Misiones, in Leandro N. Alem and the surrounding area, immigrants from Poland, Germany and Brazil began to arrive between 1929 and 1938. Although their economic condition was precarious, they were rich in their desire to work, to progress and in their spirituality. They began to hold prayer meetings, and faith communities were formed in Alem Sud, Picada Almafuerte and Picada Flor (Colonia El Chatón). In 1932
14874-613: The ranks of the neo-Malthusians of Great Britain, and one so distinguished as Dr. Aveling has already made himself in the scientific world and in literature. Political economy is the true "science of the poor." Neo-Malthusianism was an accepted principle of secularism, especially after the Bradlaugh-Besant blasphemy trial of 1877 and the publication of Charles Knowlton 's Fruits of Philosophy , at which Drysdale (and his wife) had given evidence. From September 1879 Aveling gave evening science classes every Wednesday and Thursday at
15008-511: The same doctrines on the evolution theory as Dr. Aveling"—a connection that may have gratified Aveling but hardly Huxley who was, among other things, Director of the Science and Arts Department that had certified Besant's teaching qualification and eligibility for a government grant." Bradlaugh himself mentioned this state of affairs in December something that he saw as an insidious form of persecution extending to his family and colleagues: At
15142-537: The same time, Foster was a professor of physiology at the Royal Institute (as was Huxley). On the days that Foster held lectures in London, Aveling accompanied him and prepared at the laboratory all his apparatus and experiments. He wrote that on many days he was in contact with Huxley and the professor of physics John Tyndall : "Quite often I had to borrow apparatuses or reagents from both of them. Tyndall . . .
15276-659: The separation of the Church of England from the Catholic Church during the reign of Henry VIII (1509–47). During the reign of Elizabeth I (1558–1603), the Church of England was considered a Reformed or Calvinist church, but it also preserved certain characteristics of medieval Catholicism, such as cathedrals , church choirs , a formal liturgy contained in the Book of Common Prayer , traditional clerical vestments and episcopal polity (government by bishops ). The Puritans were Calvinists who wanted to further reform
15410-521: The sub-voivodas Hristo Chernopeev and Krǎstyo Asenov and ransomed to provide funds for revolutionary activities. Eventually, a heavy ransom (14,000 Ottoman lira (about US$ 62,000 at 1902 gold prices or $ 5 million at 2012 gold prices) raised by public subscription in the USA was paid on 18 January 1902 in Bansko and the hostages (now including a newborn baby) were released on 2 February near Strumica —a full five months after being kidnapped. Widely covered by
15544-446: The success of their examination results Aveling made an application to the Science and Art Department for a South Kensington grant. The success of the Hall of Science, with its combination of science and radicalism-the courses were attended by mainly adults of the artisan class and predominantly NSS members attracted attention. In 1881–82 (October–May) the Hall of Science started with 212 pupils, all but 44 of whom were NSS members, and at
15678-450: The two articles on her father appeared, who had died on 14 March 1883. Her first article was biographical, the second "Karl Marx II [Karl Marx's Theory of Value]" explained the theory of surplus value, clearly using unpublished manuscripts, and it has been claimed: "Thus Eleanor Marx, became her father's first biographer and posthumous exponent of his economic theory." Aveling also edited Foote's magazine, The Freethinker . Aveling became
15812-558: The village of Sapapali'i. As the church grew it established and continues to support theological colleges in Samoa and Fiji. There are over 100,000 members attending over 2,000 congregations throughout the world, most of which are located in Samoa, American Samoa, New Zealand, Australia and America. The Christian Congregational Church of Jamaica falls under the constitution of the Samoan Church. Congregational churches were brought to
15946-456: The work of Bulgarian monk Neofit Rilski to create a Bible translations into Bulgarian which was then distributed widely in Bulgaria in 1871 and thereafter. This effort was supported by Congregationalist missionary Albert Long, Konstantin Fotinov , Hristodul Sechan-Nikolov and Petko Slaveikov . Reportedly, 2,000 copies of the newly translated Bulgarian language New Testament were sold within
16080-493: The young Aveling, with Huxley proclaiming science and religion as "mortal enemies," as well as his passionate project for a "New Reformation", wanting to see "the foot of science on the necks of her enemies." From 1870 to 1872, he worked as an assistant or demonstrator to the physiologist Michael Foster in Cambridge. Foster, one of his former teachers at UCL, was then an associate professor at Trinity College, Cambridge. At
16214-493: Was always more or less unfriendly and either patronizingly condescending, and sometimes downright crude. Huxley, on the other hand, showed himself always as the embodiment of kindness, courtesy and willingness." Aveling was elected as a member of the College of Preceptors on 25 November 1871. It was one of the first professional organizations for teachers and it pioneered formal training by examination for teachers. Aveling read
16348-761: Was an ideal teacher. This young man, in January, 1879, began writing under initials for the National Reformer, and in February I became his pupil, with the view of matriculating in June at the London University, an object which was duly accomplished. Aveling's chemistry class was taken by 42 people including the sisters Alice and Hypatia Bradlaugh. Aveling's second year was more ambitious. He gave evening classes in elementary botany, advanced physiology, elementary mathematics and advanced chemistry. Following
16482-480: Was clearly a favourite piece of his and he was already familiar with it: "Unfortunately, I could not be there. I know of no piece of music of modern times that moves me so greatly." On 10 April 1886, at Crystal Palace he heard Franz Liszt play and reviewed the concert. A bibliography of Aveling's extensive musical reviews has yet to be compiled. In June 1879 he applied for the vacant Chair of Comparative Anatomy at King's College London but on finding that adherence to
16616-549: Was dated September at the London Hospital. Aveling suggested to teachers of Physiology that each of these tables "may serve as the foundation of one or more lectures" and that they provided all the physiological facts (except those on reproduction and development), required by the Science and Art Department, South Kensington, and by the ordinary medical examining bodies." Aveling was in the Arts Faculty at New College London , Hampstead, teaching Chemistry and Natural History as
16750-515: Was dead. A good many years ago now, when I was quite a young man, I gave a lecture on "insects and Flowers" at the Orphan Working School, Haverstock Hill, London. It was a fete-day at the school, and besides the children and their teachers a number of those interested in the school were present. As I was a young man of only one or two and twenty, I do not doubt that the lecture was a very bumptious, self-sufficient performance. After it
16884-562: Was elected vice-president of the National Secular Society. He gave a lecture "On the Relation between Science and Freethought" in which he maintained that most scientists are consciously or unconsciously atheists. This would be a subject that he would discuss in person with Charles Darwin the following year. Aveling had accompanied Bradlaugh along with his two daughters into Westminster Hall, at his forcible expulsion from
17018-585: Was looked upon as a crass example of the political persecution of secularists, the National Secular Society and their journal The National Reformer that was being extended to their teaching of science at the Hall of Science as well. Charles Bradlaugh , the President of the National Secular Society (NSS) stated clearly: "Dr. E. B. Aveling has been deprived of his lectureship on Comparative Anatomy at London Hospital because he has publicly identified himself with us." Aveling's election in 1880 to Vice-President of
17152-573: Was lying dead on the simple bed at 45 Maitland Park Road, Haverstock Hill. I stood by the side of his corpse, hand-in-hand with my wife. Note that while the wife mentioned was most likely Eleanor Marx, Aveling never formally married her. In 1874, whilst teaching at the girls school, he gave a series of evening classes on botany and zoology at the Polytechnic College in Regent Street. "In the following year, having been appointed as
17286-761: Was moving away theologically and in practice from Biblical Christianity. Many of the former UCC congregations banded together as the new Congregational Christian Churches in Canada . The Congregational Christian Churches in Canada (or 4Cs) is an evangelical, Protestant, Christian denomination, headquartered in Brantford, Ontario, and a member of the World Evangelical Congregational Fellowship . The name "congregational" generally describes its preferred organizational style, which promotes local church autonomy and ownership, while fostering fellowship and accountability between churches at
17420-423: Was over a number of the visitors were introduced to me. I only remember three of them. One of the three was a not very tall, but very powerfully built, man, with tremendous leonine head, and the strongest and yet gentlest eyes I think I ever saw. The second was a lady of singular refinement and high-breeding. The third was a young girl. The man was Karl Marx. The woman was his wife, Jenny von Westphalen. The young girl
17554-468: Was said to have one of the finest views in London. From 1872 to 1876 Aveling was also a teacher of elementary physics and botany at Frances Buss 's North London Collegiate School for Girls. In 1869 Buss became the first woman Fellow of the College of Preceptors. Aveling also examined boys in botany and physiology during June 1872 from the Orphan Working School in Maitland Park. In October 1872 or
17688-546: Was situated in the tower of New College, from the outset it had been "fitted up with every convenience for chemical and scientific experiments", and Edwin Lankester had been the co-founder of the Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science (Vol. 1, 1853) that was connected to the Royal Microscopical Society and the laboratory would no doubt have reflected his expertise. The roof of the tower
17822-462: Was the first person to set out explicit congregational principles and is considered the founder of Congregationalism. While studying for ordination , Browne became convinced that the Church of England was a false church. He moved to Norwich and together with Robert Harrison formed an illegal Separatist congregation. In 1581, Browne and his followers moved to Holland in order to worship freely. While in Holland, Browne wrote treatises that laid out
17956-594: Was the partner of Eleanor Marx , the youngest daughter of Karl Marx, and co-authored many works with her. Aveling was born on 29 November 1849, in Stoke Newington , in north-east London, England. The fifth of eight children of Rev. Thomas William Baxter Aveling (1815–1884), a Congregationalist minister , and his wife, Mary Ann (d. 1877), daughter of Thomas Goodall, farmer and innkeeper, of Wisbech (now in Cambridgeshire). In 1863, Aveling attended
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