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74-606: Aventine Secession may refer to: Aventine Secession (494 BC) Aventine Secession (20th century) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Aventine Secession . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aventine_Secession&oldid=932701979 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

148-452: A prison and threatened with death. He then displayed the whip-marks upon his back. The people were outraged, and uproar spread throughout Rome. Debtors from around the city hurried into the streets and implored the people for protection, and a great crowd gathered in the forum. The consuls Servilius and Appius Claudius Sabinus Regillensis attended the Forum, and the people demanded that

222-567: A speedy victory , and against the Aurunci in which the Romans again led by Servilius achieved the victory. The troops returned to Rome, and the people anticipated the consuls and the Senate taking steps to address the popular concerns relating to debt. However, the situation was inflamed by the consul Appius who acted contrary to popular expectations by issuing severe decrees regarding debt, with

296-472: A former army officer, now advanced in years, threw himself into the Forum . His clothes were dirty, his body pale and thin, and he bore also a long beard and hair which gave him an impression of wildness. He was recognised by the people, and they recalled the honours he had achieved in battle, and he displayed his battle-scars. Then he told them how he had come to such a state: that whilst serving in war against

370-459: A fourth time) and Titus Lucretius Tricipitinus (for a second). According to Livy, the threat of war with the Sabines led to the election of these experienced consuls. According to Dionysius, the Sabines marched toward Rome and were stopped by the river Anio and presumably the consular troops south of it. They placed two camps, one near Fidenae and one in it. Of the consuls, Poplicola camped near

444-431: A new temple to Mercury . The Senate referred the decision to the popular assembly, and also decreed that whichever consul was chosen should also exercise additional duties, including presiding over the markets, establishing a merchants' guild, and exercising the functions of the pontifex maximus . The people, in order to spite the Senate and the consuls, instead awarded the honour to the senior military officer of one of

518-402: A number of days. The Senate, fearing what might come next, was finally spurred to negotiate with the plebeians. They sent the former consul Agrippa Menenius Lanatus as an envoy, on account of his eloquence and also because of his popularity which was due, Livy says, to his being descended from plebeians (although precisely what is meant by this is unclear). When he arrived, Menenius told

592-536: A number of foreign enemies, the Aequi , Sabines and the Volsci, Valerius issued an edict in relation to debt which was in effect similar to that which had been issued by Servilius in the previous year, and the people were convinced to enlist in the army. Ten legions were raised, a greater number than had ever been raised previously. Three were assigned to each of the consuls, and the dictator took four legions to deal with

666-479: A stone wall around Rome, however, the Sabines, having already crossed the Anio river, forced the king to abandon his plans and prepare for the attack. Livy reports that the initial engagement, though bloody, did not result in success for either side. The Sabines withdrew to their camp, allowing the Romans time to levy additional troops. Tarquinius, believing Rome's military weakness lay in its lack of horsemen, doubled

740-457: A tenth member who remains unknown. Livy reports that there was famine in Rome in 492 BC, which came about because the plebeian farmers had not sown their crops during the secession. The consuls arranged for the import of grain from Etruria to address the shortage. An even greater amount of grain was imported the following year from Sicily, and the question of how it should be distributed amongst

814-458: A triumph as a result. Meanwhile the consul Veturius took his legions into Latin territory to deal with the marauding Aequi. However, the Aequi fled to the safety of the mountains. The consul pursued them, but found the Aequi camped on a strategically advantageous site which was difficult to approach. He proposed to wait; however, his troops complained that they desired to return to Rome because of

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888-451: A triumph for a victory over the Sabines. The fall of the Roman monarchy left the Sabines in an ambiguous position politically with regard to Rome. Their treaties had been with the kings, but now the kings were gone. According to the historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus , into this gap stepped Sextus Tarquinius (unless previously assassinated at Gabii ), whose rape of Lucretia had been

962-500: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Aventine Secession (494 BC) The secession was initially sparked by discontent about the burden of debt on the poorer plebeian class. The failure of the patrician rulers, including the consuls and more generally the Senate , to address those complaints and, subsequently, the Senate's outright refusal to agree to debt reforms, caused

1036-479: Is unclear whether he was related to the consul) proposed that the relief suggested by Larcius should only be extended to those persons who served in the army in the recent wars against the Aurunci and the Sabines. The suggestion of Appius was supported by a majority, and although Appius himself was almost chosen as dictator, instead the Senate chose a man of more moderate temper, Manius Valerius Maximus . Valerius

1110-726: The Sabines . It is commonly accepted that the events pre-dating the Roman Republic in 509 BC are semi-legendary in nature. Following the so-called "Rape of the Sabine Women" it is said that the Sabines and other tribes launched an invasion of Rome, which ended in peace and supposedly common rule of the two kingdoms between the Roman Romulus and the Sabine Titus Tatius . In the 7th century BC, during

1184-565: The ludi . In 475 BC the Veientes together with Sabines commenced hostilities against Rome, only a year after the defeat of Veii in a previous war. The consul Publius Valerius Poplicola was assigned the conduct of the war. The Roman army was reinforced by auxiliaries from the Latin allies and the Hernici . The Sabine army was camped outside the walls of Veii. The Roman army attacked

1258-420: The rostra , and summoned young men by name to enlist. None responded. Instead, a crowd of the people gathered, and told the consul that nobody would do so until the public rights and liberties were restored. The consuls were at a loss, and fearing some great disturbance if the issue were pressed, instead returned to the Senate for further guidance. Upon their return, the younger senators were highly critical of

1332-582: The threat of war from the Volsci . A Roman army under the consul Publius Servilius Priscus Structus entered and then returned from the Volscian lands, seemingly having averted war without shedding any blood. Upon the army's return from war, the people of Rome began to complain about the terrors to which they were subject on account of debt. Debtors, they complained, were being imprisoned and beaten by certain money-lenders. Roman historian Livy records that

1406-507: The Republic, and the dignity of his office and of the Senate. He sought to intervene by ordering the arrest of one of the ringleaders of the sedition. The lictors seized the man and sought to carry him away; however, he sought to exercise his right of appeal to the people. Appius sought to prevent the appeal, but was convinced otherwise by the leading men. This impasse, and an increased level of sedition and secret meetings, continued until

1480-504: The Roman citizens, together with tensions arising from the secession, led to the exile and defection of Gaius Marcius Coriolanus after he unsuccessfully advocated the reversal of the reforms which arose from the secession, including the creation of the office of the tribunes. Roman-Sabine wars The Roman–Sabine wars were a series of wars during the early expansion of ancient Rome in central Italy against their northern neighbours,

1554-432: The Roman divisions by making an attempt on the Roman camp in the night in order to elicit some treachery or desertions; however, the Romans remained united, and on the following day the Volsci were defeated and the town of Suessa Pometia plundered. There were further military engagements against the Sabines , in which the Roman cavalry led by Aulus Postumius Albus Regillensis and the infantry led by Servilius achieved

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1628-479: The Sabine defences. The Sabines sallied forth from their camp, but the Romans had the better of the fighting, and took the gate of the Sabine camp. The forces of Veii then attacked from the city, but in some disorder, and a Roman cavalry charged routed the Veientes, giving Rome the overall victory. Valerius was awarded a triumph for the victory, which he celebrated on 1 May. In 470 BC the consul Tiberius Aemilius

1702-410: The Sabines the enemy had ravaged his rural property, burnt his house, pillaged his possessions and stolen his cattle. Furthermore, a tax had then been imposed on him, and he had borrowed money to pay the tax, but due to usury he had been forced to give up his grandfather's farm, then his father's, and then another final property. When he was able to pay no more, he had been taken by the creditors into

1776-418: The Sabines in the open, while Tricipitinus camped on a hill near Fidenae. Both Livy and Dionysius agree that it was during this war that that Attius Clausus, later known as Appius Claudius Sabinus Regillensis , moved from Sabinum to Rome, together with all of his relatives and clients, including approximately 500 fighting men. The Romans made Claudius a member of the Roman senate , and conferred citizenship on

1850-458: The Sabines on 3 April 503 BC, and on the following day his colleague Agrippa Menenius Lanatus celebrated a triumph, also for a victory over the Sabines. Livy reports that in 501 BC a scuffle occurred in Rome caused by a group of Sabine youths who, during the celebration of games in Rome, attempted to abduct a number of courtesans. Because also of the fear of a war with the Latins , Titus Larcius

1924-564: The Sabines together with land on the far side of the Anio. According to Dionysius, the Romans promised them land beyond the Anio river in the vicinity of Fidenae: all they had to do was to take it from the Fidenates. According to Livy, Claudius was part of the faction in Sabinum advocating peace with Rome, but when the war faction won out he fled from Regillum to Rome. According to Dionysius

1998-405: The Senate be convened. However, so many senators refused to attend out of fear that there were too few of them to come to any decision. The people became suspicious that their demands were being stymied, and violence was so close to breaking out that the senators felt compelled to act, and they eventually convened in the Senate house . Nevertheless the Senate remained struck by indecision. One of

2072-431: The Senate to address the problem, but the Senate refused. The dictator, frustrated, then harangued the Senate for its obstinacy and its opposition to concord. He refused to remain dictator whilst the Senate refused to act, and therefore resigned from office. As he returned to his home, the people applauded him for his efforts. The Senate was then compelled by fear of further sedition to take some action. Accordingly, on

2146-457: The Senate was so outraged that the consuls had not used the authority of their office to prevent these meetings that it was not at first possible to hold any vote. The senators rebuked the consuls for failing to act, and the consuls enquired as to the will of the Senate. In response, the Senate decreed that the army levies should be enrolled as quickly as possible, in order to distract the people from their sedition. The consuls therefore ascended

2220-430: The Senate. But the mood of the patricians was in favour of the approach of Appius, and so Servilius was left in a position where he could take no steps to intervene on behalf of the people, and earned the disfavour of both factions as a result: the senators thought him weak and a populist, whereas the people thought he had betrayed their trust. Meanwhile the consuls were unable to decide upon which of them should dedicate

2294-429: The Volsci and the Aequi respectively. Meanwhile the Sabines ravaged Roman territory even up to the city gates, but then were attacked and defeated by the Roman armies returning from their campaigns. In 468 BC the conflict continued into a third year. The Sabines marched through the territory of the Latin town of Crustumerium , ravaging the countryside. They progressed along the banks of the river Anio and came up to

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2368-399: The army, have his goods seized or sold, nor his children or grandchildren arrested. Immediately the debtors who had been under arrest were released, and enrolled their names and, following them, crowds of the Roman people congregated in the Forum to take the military oath . Immediately afterwards, Servilius led out the army to face the Volsci. The Volsci initially sought to take advantage of

2442-530: The battle after a cavalry charge threw the Sabines into disarray. The Sabines suffered heavy losses during the retreat. According to the Fasti Triumphales , Rome's fourth king, Ancus Marcius celebrated a triumph for a victory over the Sabines and the Veientes in the seventh century BC. In the early 6th century BC, during the reign of Rome's fifth king Lucius Tarquinius Priscus , the Sabines attacked Rome. Tarquinius had been preparing to construct

2516-466: The battle. Many of the Sabines were unable to escape with their lives, both because of the pursuit of the cavalry and also because of the destruction of the bridge. Some of the fleeing Sabines drowned in the Anio; their arms drifted down the river into the Tiber and past Rome, and the Romans recognised this as a sign of victory even before word of the outcome of the battle arrived in the city. Tarquinius

2590-578: The conclusion of the consuls' term of office. Beginning in March 494 BC, the elected consuls were Aulus Verginius Tricostus Caeliomontanus and Titus Veturius Geminus Cicurinus . Meanwhile the people held regular nightly meetings, sometimes on the Esquiline Hill and other times upon the Aventine Hill . The consuls got wind of these meetings, and put the matter before the Senate. However

2664-547: The consul Servilius to attempt to break the impasse. Servilius proceeded to the assembly, and advised the people that the Senate had been giving consideration to measures to alleviate the public concerns, but had been interrupted by news of the invasion. He exhorted the people to put aside their complaints momentarily to allow Rome united to face the common enemy. Further, he announced an edict that no Roman citizen should be detained, either in chains or in prison, from enrolling to fight, and that no soldier should, whilst serving in

2738-570: The consuls entered Sabinum, laid waste to the enemy territories, defeated them in battle, and returned to Rome in triumph. The Fasti triumphales only records one triumph, by the consul Valerius, being held in May, 504 BC, for victories over both the Sabines and the Veientes . According to the Fasti Trimphales , the consul Publius Postumius Tubertus celebrated an ovation for a victory over

2812-413: The consuls for what they said was a lack of courage, and called on them to resign. But the consuls told the Senate that the disturbances were more serious and more advanced than the Senate realised, and invited the senators to attend the forum to observe the difficulties faced by the consuls in enrolling the levies. The consuls, accompanied by some senators, then returned to the rostra, and again called for

2886-593: The consuls, Appius, because of his harsh temper, called for the uprising to be quelled by the authority of the consuls. The other consul, Servilius, who was of a more mild disposition, called for some concession to be granted to the populace to convince them to retire from the Forum. A number of foreign disturbances now intervened. Some Latin horsemen arrived in Rome to announce that a Volscian army had invaded their territories, and requested Roman assistance. The Roman people refused to enroll as soldiers on account of their outstanding complaints. The Senate, dejected, sent

2960-399: The consuls. Hostilities with the Sabines now led to a decree from the Senate for enrolment of the army levies. However, the decree was ignored, and nobody enlisted. Appius was incensed. He blamed Servilius and said that Servilius, by his silence had betrayed the Republic by failing to pass sentence upon the debtors and to enrol the army levies. Appius vowed that by himself he would uphold

3034-409: The dictator to deal with the Sabines who were regarded as the most serious of the three military threats. The dictator marched with his army to meet the Sabines, although the location of the battle is unclear. The Sabine army was drawn up in such a wide formation that the centre was too weak. The dictator exploited this by a cavalry charge through the centre of the Sabines, followed up by an attack of

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3108-421: The ditch and throw up brushwood ramps over the wall into a camp that seemed all too still. In hindsight Tarquin might have guessed the danger from the lack of opposition to his inadvertently noisy operations and the total deficit of sentinels. He took those circumstances to mean that the Romans were all sound asleep, a striking underestimation of his enemy. The Roman maniples were in fact in formation and waiting in

3182-400: The effect that debtors who had previously been released from imprisonment were delivered back to their creditors, and further persons were taken into custody. A soldier to whom the new decree applied made appeals to the other consul Servilius, and a crowd gathered to remind Servilius of his previous promises, and also of the people's service in war, and called upon him to bring the matter before

3256-401: The enlistment of one man who, the consuls knew, was most unwilling to agree. The man, surrounded by his supporters, did not respond. The consuls sent a lictor to seize the man, but the man's supporters threw the lictor back. The senators, shocked at this, tried to help, but were also pushed away, and a greater disturbance was only averted by the timely intervention of the consuls. The Senate

3330-490: The event that triggered the revolution. He convinced the Sabines that they ought to help restore the kings. They moved against the Romans under native command and were quickly defeated. Sextus (or Superbus himself) arguing that the Sabine army was mismanaged now brought Fidenae and Cameria to the assistance of the Sabines, who were so impressed by his confidence, his allies and his analysis that they made him dictator and voted for all-out war on Rome. Livy makes no reference to

3404-492: The executive and majority of the legislative functions in Rome. The patricians therefore possessed most of the political powers, and were also generally wealthier. The plebeians on the other hand were the majority of the population, and also made up the majority of soldiers serving in the Roman army. In 495 BC, shortly after the significant Roman victory over the Latins at the Battle of Lake Regillus , rumours had reached Rome of

3478-536: The former dictator Manius Valerius Maximus . This group of ten consisted of: Agrippa Menenius Lanatus (consul 503 BC), Manius Valerius Maximus (dictator 494 BC), Publius Servilius Proscus Structus (consul 495 BC), Publius Postumius Tubertus (consul 505 & 503 BC), Titus Aebutius Helva (consul 499 BC), Servius Sulpicius Camerinus Cornutus (consul 500 BC), Aulus Postumius Albus Regillensis (consul 496), Aulus Verginius Tricostus Caeliomontanus (consul 494 BC), Titus Lartius Flavus (consul 501 & 498 BC) and

3552-488: The government of Veii did not come to their aid, holding faith to the peace treaty previously made with Romulus. Tullus invaded Sabine territory and met the Sabines at the forest called Malitiosa . The Roman force was superior in both infantry and cavalry. In particular, the Roman cavalry had recently been augmented by the addition of ten new turmae of equites from among the Albans who now dwelt in Rome. The Romans won

3626-438: The greatest threat which was posed by the Sabines. The consul Verginius led his legions against the Volsci. He defeated the Volscian army, and pursued the enemy to Velitrae where the Volscian army was slaughtered. The lands of Velitrae were seized for Rome. The dictator led his troops against the Sabine army and won a great victory , only exceeded at this time by the battle of Lake Regillus in its renown, and celebrated

3700-451: The infantry. The Sabines were routed, and fled. The Romans captured the Sabine camp, and claimed victory in the war. The victory is said to have been so significant that it was only exceeded at this time by the battle of Lake Regillus in its renown. The dictator Valerius returned to Rome and celebrated a triumph. Additionally, a Curule seat was allocated in the circus maximus to Valerius and his descendants from where they could watch

3774-400: The intervallum around the inner perimeter of the castra , invisible in the total blackness. They could see enough to quietly kill all enemies who came over the wall. The moon suddenly rising, the Roman troops and the piles of slain were visible to the Sabines, whose reaction was to drop their weapons and run. As the ambush was no longer a surprise the Roman troops all shouted together, which was

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3848-450: The involvement of a Tarquinius in this war. He says hostilities broke out between Rome and the Sabines in 505 BC. The Romans were victorious, and a triumph awarded to the consuls Marcus Valerius Volusus and Publius Postumius Tubertus . The triumphs are recorded on the Fasti Triumphales , albeit with some of the details lost. In the following consular year hostilities increased. The consuls elected were Publius Valerius Poplicola (for

3922-501: The issue to flare into a more widespread concern about plebeian rights. As a result, the plebeians seceded and departed to the nearby Mons Sacer (the Sacred Mountain). Ultimately, a reconciliation was negotiated and the plebs were given political representation by the creation of the office of the tribune of the plebs . The last king of Rome had been expelled in 509 BC and the Roman Republic had been established. In

3996-434: The legions named Marcus Laetorius . The Senate was outraged at this turn of events, as was one of the consuls in particular. However, the people were not restrained. Upon seeing a debtor being led to the courts, a mob formed and violence erupted. The crowd protected the debtors and turned instead upon the creditors. The consul's decrees were barely heard, and ignored, and the creditors were harassed within sight of one of

4070-416: The number of the equites . A second battle was then fought. The Romans, desiring to cut off the enemy's means of escape, sent rafts of burning logs down the Anio to destroy the bridge over the river by fire. In battle, the Sabine infantry pressed the Romans, and seemed to be winning against the Roman centre. However, the Roman horsemen flanked the Sabine infantry, routed them, and impeded their flight from

4144-472: The ongoing political and social unrest, and forced the consul to launch an attack. The boldness of the attack was such that the Aequi were frightened into flight from their camp, and the Romans thereby achieved a victory without shedding blood, and with the capture of much booty in the Aequian camp. The armies returned to Rome. The dictator, determined to deal with the outstanding problem of debt, asked

4218-693: The people should leave the city en masse and go to Mons Sacer , the Sacred Mountain, three miles from the city beyond the river Anio . The people followed his advice. Livy records another version set out in the history of Piso that the people instead proceeded to the Aventine Hill, however Livy doubts Piso's version on the basis that the Mons Sacer is preferred by the majority of historians. When they arrived they set up camp and fortified it with ramparts and trenches and waited there for

4292-486: The people to the Mons Sacer) and the plebeian envoy Lucius Junius Brutus . Additionally, the person of a tribune was made sacrosanct, so that any person who harmed them was subject to punishment by death. Other traditions ascribe the Senate sending a group of ten envoys, all consular with the exception of one, to negotiate with the plebeians. This group is sometimes described as led by Menenius or in some accounts by

4366-448: The people's licentiousness and lack of fear of the consequences of their behaviour came from their right of appeal to the popular assembly. He called for the appointment of a dictator from whom no appeal could be made. On the other hand Titus Larcius advocated that measures should be put in place for the relief of the debt issues which had given rise to the people's complaints. As a middle ground, another senator Publius Virginius (it

4440-421: The place of the kings, the city-state was governed by two consuls, elected annually and serving in office for twelve months. Other government institutions included the senate and various assemblies of the people . At this time, the consuls were elected from amongst the patricians, who were the upper class in Rome. Likewise the Senate was composed only of patricians. The consuls and the senate together exercised

4514-542: The plebeians a fable about the necessity of all the parts of the body to work together, because all parts depend upon each other for their own success and survival. This impressed upon them the importance of each part of the Roman Republic to each other part, and the need for a reconciliation. At the request of Menenius the plebeians sent three envoys to conclude a treaty with the Senate; Marcus Decius , Spurius Icilius and Lucius Junius Brutus. The resolution that

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4588-414: The prearranged signal to Lucretius's men on the hill. He sent out his cavalry, which drove the distracted Fidenates from their ambush. They were massacred by Lucretius' infantry coming up. The Sabine army dissolved into a rout of unarmed individuals. Of them 13500 were slain and 4200 taken captive. The battle was not over. Fidenae remained to be taken (see under Roman-Etruscan Wars ). Livy says simply that

4662-418: The pretext of some renewed hostilities by the Aequi, the Senate ordered the legions to be led out of the city. The people were outraged by this turn of events. In order to avoid their military oath, the people contemplated murdering the consuls, however it was observed that a criminal act could not absolve them of their oath which was holy in its nature. One plebeian, Lucius Sicinius Vellutus , proposed that

4736-408: The reign of Rome's third king Tullus Hostilius , the Sabines and the Romans again warred. The pretexts for the war were, on the Roman side, that a number of Roman merchants had been seized by the Sabines at a market near the temple of Feronia , and on the Sabine side, that some of the Sabines were being detained at Rome. The Sabines sought and obtained the help of some volunteers from Veii , although

4810-409: The rural areas. Word of the invasion arrived at Rome, and immediately Aulus Postumius Albus Regillensis , the former dictator, led the cavalry to meet the enemy, and the consul Publius Servilius Priscus Structus departed shortly afterwards with the infantry. The Roman cavalry rounded up the Sabine stragglers, and the Sabine army gave no resistance to the Roman infantry upon its arrival. The invasion

4884-530: The war with the Sabines was won as follows. Tarquin's plan was to launch a night attack on the camp of Valerius, filling in the ditch and scaling the wall. The troops in Fidenae would exit the city and cover these operations against a possible attack by Lucretius. However, a Sabine defector and prisoners brought in by a Roman cavalry patrol informed Valerius of the enemy plan. Lucretius was soon advised. The attack came after midnight. The Sabines were allowed to fill

4958-446: Was agreed to provided for the appointment of a new class of magistrates, called tribunes , elected from amongst the plebeians and designed to represent their interests against the power of the patrician consuls. There were initially five tribunes selected (Livy says initially two were chosen, and those two selected an additional three). They included Lucius Albinius Paterculus , Gaius Licinius , and Lucius Sicinius Vellutus (who had led

5032-496: Was defeated on the same day that word of it reached Rome. During the period of popular discontent in Rome which led to the First secessio plebis in 494 BC , each of the Volsci , Sabines and the Aequi took up arms at the same time. To meet the threat, a Roman dictator was appointed, Manius Valerius Maximus . Ten legions were raised, a greater number than had been raised previously at any one time, four of which were assigned to

5106-400: Was determined to press his victory. He firstly piled up and burnt the spoils he had vowed to Vulcan , and he sent back to Rome the prisoners and booty he had captured. He then proceeded, with his army, into the Sabine territory. The Sabines hastily raised a fresh army, but were defeated again. They then sued for peace. The Sabine town of Collatia , and its surrounding lands and population,

5180-510: Was given command of the Roman forces against the Sabines. It is unclear how this conflict started. The Sabines confined themselves to their camp and would not engage the Roman army. Aemilius laid waste the Sabine countryside, and also the villages, prompting the Sabines to come forth to stop him. An uncertain battle was fought, and both sides retreated. In the following year the Roman consuls Titus Numicius Priscus and Aulus Verginius Tricostus Caeliomontanus and their armies were sent against

5254-423: Was made dictator . The Sabine ambassadors treated for peace, but the Romans refused, pointing to the continuous wars against Rome by the Sabines, and demanding that the Sabines pay restitution to Rome for the costs of the war. The Sabines refused, and war was declared, however it appears that no battle ensued. In 495 BC a Sabine army marched into Roman territory, advancing as far as the river Anio, and plundering

5328-472: Was surrendered to become Roman territory. Livy records the wording of the form of surrender. Arruns Tarquinius , the king's nephew, was left there with a garrison, and Tarquinius returned to Rome to celebrate a triumph . According to the Fasti Triumphales , the date of the triumph was 13 September, 585 BC. According to the Fasti Triumphales , Rome's last king, Tarquinius Superbus celebrated

5402-402: Was the brother of Publius Valerius Publicola who held the agnomen 'Publicola' ('friend of the people') because after the overthrow of the monarchy he had, as consul, instituted the right of appeal to the people's assembly. As a result, the people did not fear being subjected to any harsh treatment from the dictator Valerius. Shortly after his appointment, with the threat of war looming from

5476-410: Was then recalled. Those senators who had been involved in the incident called for a criminal inquiry, and there was a great deal of tumult and shouting particularly amongst the most extreme elements of the Senate. The consuls upbraided them for being as unruly as the people in the forum, and a vote was held. Three propositions were considered. The consul of the previous year, Appius Claudius, said that

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