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68-540: Pedro Martínez de Luna y Pérez de Gotor (25 November 1328 – 23 May 1423), known as el Papa Luna ( lit.   ' the Moon Pope ' ) or Pope Luna , was an Aragonese nobleman who was christened antipope Benedict XIII during the Western Schism . Pedro Martínez de Luna was born at Illueca , Kingdom of Aragon (part of modern Spain), in 1328. He belonged to the de Luna family , who were part of

136-593: A first Aiguabarreig between the towns of La Granja d'Escarp, Massalcoreig and Torrente de Cinca, a few kilometers downstream they converge with the waters of the Ebro, already in the municipality of Mequinenza , forming one of the largest river confluences of the entire Iberian Peninsula. Aragon, occupying the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula has served as a bridge between the Mediterranean Sea ,

204-501: A lot with the cierzo . Temperatures in summer can exceed 40 °C in the central areas. In mountain areas winters are long and rigorous, average temperatures can be up to 10 °C lower than in the valley. The two most important winds of Aragon are the cierzo and the bochorno or levant . The first is a cold and dry wind that crosses the Ebro Valley from northwest to southeast and that can become quite strong. The second

272-718: A paradise for biodiversity. Territorially, the Aiguabarreig is at the center of the Middle Depression of the Ebro. It borders to the west with the Monegros, to the east with the Tossals de Montmeneu and Almatret and to the south with the tail of the Ribarroja reservoir. This space is named with Catalan word of origin that designates the place where two or more water streams meet and form one. The Segre and Cinca form

340-484: A sort of one man College of Cardinals, proceeded to elect Bernard Garnier, the sacristan of Rodez, as pope. Garnier took the name Benedict XIV , but he would never get any importance. When, in 1429, an agreement between Rome and Aragon was reached, Clement VIII abdicated in favour of recognising Pope Martin V , terminating the Avignon line of anti-popes. In return, he was appointed as bishop of Majorca . Benedict XIII

408-626: A third time. Because of his great service in the war against the heathens in Livonia and Prussia, he was named Marshal of France on 25 December 1391 by Charles VI at the cathedral of St. Martin in Tours . In 1396, he took part in the joint French- Hungarian crusade against the Ottoman Empire , which suffered a heavy defeat on September 28 at the Battle of Nicopolis . He was taken hostage by

476-602: A wide lowland area, which is also the central part of the Depression of the Ebro . North of the river there is the Sierra de Alcubierre ranges ( 811 m ) one of the typical limestone plateaus of the valley. The Ebro Valley is a tectonic pit filled with sedimentary materials, accumulated in the Tertiary age in horizontal series. In the center, fine materials such as clays , plasters and limestones were deposited. To

544-528: Is a somewhat fictionalised or imaginative account of his life. Pluja seca by Jaume Cabré (2001) is a play based on his death and succession. L'Anneau du pêcheur ("The Ring of the Fisherman"— a play on the words pêcheur , meaning fisherman , and pécheur , meaning sinner ) is a 1995 novel by the French writer Jean Raspail. The narrative has two timelines: the time of Benedict XIII, the last antipope of

612-426: Is a warm wind, more irregular and smooth, coming from the south-east. The vegetation follows the oscillations of relief and climate. There is a great variety, both in natural vegetation and in crops. In the high areas there are forests (pines, firs, beech trees, oaks), bush and meadows, and in the central Ebro Valley , evergreen oak and juniper are the most common trees. Most Aragonese rivers are tributaries of

680-654: Is formed by elevated terrain (from 1 000 to 2 000  m in general), but flattened and massive. To the southwest of the depression the summits of the Sierra de Albarracín range are reached above 1 800  m , southeast the 2 000  m are reached in the Sierra de Javalambre range and finally the Sierra de Gúdar range ( 2 024  m ) transitions to the Maestrazgo area in the Valencian Community . There are two main types of climate in Aragón,

748-416: Is located in the northeast of the Iberian Peninsula , at a latitude between 39º and 43º'N in the temperate zone . Its boundaries and borders are in the north with France (the regions of Nouvelle-Aquitaine and Occitanie ), in the west with the autonomous communities of Castile-La Mancha (provinces of Guadalajara and Cuenca ), Castile and León ( province of Soria ), La Rioja and Navarre , and in

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816-686: Is presence of Phoenician , Greek and Etruscan products. In the 6th century BCE there are six groups with different social organization: Vascones , Suessetani , Sedetani , Iacetani , Ilergetes and Citerior Celtiberians . They are Iberized groups with a tendency towards stability, fixing their habitat in durable populations, with dwellings that evolve towards more enduring and stable models. There are many examples in Aragon, among them Cabezo de Monleón in Caspe , Puntal of Fraga , Roquizal del Rullo or Loma de los Brunos. The type of social organization

884-717: The Aragonese nobility . He studied law at the University of Montpellier , where he obtained his doctorate and later taught canon law . His knowledge of canon law, noble lineage, and austere way of life won him the approval of Pope Gregory XI , who appointed de Luna to the position of Cardinal Deacon of Santa Maria in Cosmedin on 20 December 1375. In 1377, Pedro de Luna and the other cardinals returned to Rome with Pope Gregory, who had been persuaded to leave his papal base at Avignon . After Gregory's death on 27 March 1378,

952-681: The Biosphere Reserve of Ordesa-Viñamala and is cataloged as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO . In addition there are 4 other natural parks: the Moncayo Natural Park with an extension of 11 144  ha , the Sierra y Cañones de Guara Natural Park with 47 453  ha and 33 286  ha of peripheral area of protection, the Posets-Maladeta Natural Park with 33 440 .6 ha and 5 920 .2 ha of peripheral area of protection, and

1020-533: The Bronze Age by Pyrenees until reaching the Lower Aragon area, supposed an important ethnic contribution that prepared the way to the invasions of Iron Age. The Mediterranean contributions represented a commercial activity that will constitute a powerful stimulus for the iron metallurgy, promoting the modernization of the tools and the indigenous armament, replacing the old bronze with the iron. There

1088-836: The Ebro River, which is the largest river in Spain and divides the community in two. Of the tributaries of the left bank of the river, the ones originating in the Pyrenees, the Aragón River stands out. Its headwaters are in Huesca, but it ends at the community of Navarre, the Gállego and the Cinca , which joins the Segre just before emptying into the Ebro at the height of Mequinenza . On

1156-619: The Ottoman sultan Bayezid I , but, unlike many of his companions, escaped execution and was eventually ransomed. According to one source, he was only saved because his companion, John the Fearless , son of Philip the Bold and future Duke of Burgundy , "begged the sultan to spare his good friend." In 1399, he founded the Emprise de l'Escu vert à la Dame Blanche , a chivalric order inspired by

1224-695: The Pyrenees to the north and the Sistema Ibérico mountain range to the south; the Community has the highest peaks of both mountain ranges, the Aneto and the Moncayo respectively. The Aragonese Pyrenees are located in the north of the province of Huesca and are arranged longitudinally in three large units: High Pyrenees, Internal Depressions and Outer Ranges. The Aragonese High Pyrenees contains

1292-808: The Semi-arid climate and the Oceanic climate . Its irregular orography creates several microclimates throughout the entire community. From the High mountain Alpine climate of the central Pyrenees to the north, with perpetual ice (glaciers), to the Humid subtropical climate (which is very common in Huesca 's lower altitude areas) to the steppe or semi-desert zones , such as the Monegros Desert , passing through

1360-792: The Suessetani , to those who took the capital, Corbio. In the 1st century BCE Aragon was the scene of the civil war to seize the power of Rome where the governor Quintus Sertorius made Osca ( Huesca ) the capital of all the territories controlled by them. Already in the 1st century BCE, the today Aragonese territory became part of the province Tarraconensis and there was the definitive romanization of it creating roads and consolidating ancient Celtiberian and Iberian cities such as Caesaraugusta (Zaragoza), Turiaso ( Tarazona ), Osca ( Huesca ) or Bilbilis (Calatayud). Jean Boucicaut Jean II Le Maingre ( Old French : Jehan le Meingre), also known as Boucicaut (28 August 1366 – 21 June 1421),

1428-633: The Valles Occidentales Natural Park with 27 073  ha and 7 335  ha of peripheral area of protection. There are also three nature reserves, five natural monuments and three protected landscapes. At the confluence of the Segre and Ebro rivers, the Aiguabarreig Ebro-Segre-Cinca is a space with great natural wealth and a great variety of ecosystems that range from Mediterranean steppes to impenetrable riverside forests, making this space

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1496-790: The maximum heights of all the Pyrenees mountainous chain. The High Pyrenees is formed in turn by the axial Pyrenees and the Inland Ranges. In the axial Pyrenees are the oldest materials: granites , quartzites , slates and limestones and the highest peaks like: the Aneto ( 3 404  m ), Maladeta ( 3 309  m ) and the Perdiguero ( 3 221  m ). The inner Pre-Pyrenees, composed of more modern rocks (limestones) also has large mountains such as Monte Perdido ( 3 355  m ), Collarada ( 2 886  m ) and Tendeñera ( 2 853  m ). The main Pyrenean valleys are formed by

1564-716: The Acheulean industry that found its best weapons in the hand axes of flint or the cleavers of quartzite . In the Upper Palaeolithic appeared two new cultures: Solutrean and Magdalenian. The Epipaleolithic was centered in Lower Aragon , occupying the epoch between the 7th and the 5th millennium. In the first half of the 5th millennium BCE , Neolithic remains are found in the Huescan Outer Ranges and in Lower Aragon. The Eneolithic

1632-776: The Avignon Papacy, and contemporary times, when the Catholic Church tries to discover Benedict's successor, as it turns out that his line of papacy has continued in secret throughout the centuries. The book received the Prix Maison de la Presse and the Prince Pierre Foundation's Literary Prize. Aragon Covering an area of 47 720  km ( 18 420  sq mi), the region's terrain ranges diversely from permanent glaciers to verdant valleys, rich pasture lands and orchards, through to

1700-406: The Avignon anti-popes. Benedict was abandoned by 17 of his cardinals, with only five remaining faithful to him. Benedict's rationale for continuing the rivalry lay in the fact that he was the last living cardinal created by Gregory XI, the last undoubted pope. As the only unquestioned cardinal, Benedict argued, he was, by right and by canon law, the only qualified candidate left who could validly claim

1768-743: The Catholic Church on 27 July 1417, and elected Martin V as the new consensual pope on 11 November 1417. Benedict, who had lived in Perpignan from 1408 to 1417, now fled to the Peniscola Castle , near Tortosa , in the Kingdom of Aragon. He still considered himself the true Pope. His claim was now only recognised in the Kingdom of Aragon, where he was given protection by King Alfonso V . Benedict remained at Peñíscola from 1417 until his death there on 23 May 1423. The day before his death, Benedict appointed four cardinals of proven loyalty to ensure

1836-690: The Cave del Moro of Olvena , the Masada del Ratón in Fraga , Palermo and the Cabezo de Monleón in Caspe . From the metallurgical point of view there seems to be a boom given the increase in foundry molds that are located in the populations. The Iron Age is the most important, since throughout the centuries it is the true substratum of the Aragonese historical population. The arrival of Central Europeans during

1904-917: The Ebro River, the Tagus River (which originates in the Sierra de Albarracín range), and the Júcar , which has as its main river in this community the Turia . In Aragon, protected natural spaces are managed through the Red Natural de Aragón , an entity created in 2004 to protect all elements with ecological , landscape and cultural value and at the same time coordinate and establish common standards that contribute to their conservation and sustainable use. In this entity are integrated national parks , natural parks , nature reserves , biosphere reserves and other protected natural areas that have been declared by

1972-681: The Frankish Marca Hispanica , counties that later formed the Kingdom of Aragon , and eventually the Crown of Aragon . The area of Aragon is 47 720  km of which 15 636  km belong to the province of Huesca , 17 275  km to the province of Zaragoza and 14 810  km to the province of Teruel . The total represents a 9.43% of the surface of Spain, being thus the fourth autonomous community in size behind Castile and León, Andalusia, and Castile-La Mancha. It

2040-641: The Western Schism. At the start of his term of office, de Luna was recognised as pope by France , Scotland , Sicily , Castile , Aragon and Navarre . In 1396, Benedict sent Sanchez Muñoz , one of the most loyal members of the Avignon curia , as an envoy to the Bishop of Valencia to bolster support for the Avignon papacy in the Crown of Aragon. In 1398, the Kingdom of France withdrew its recognition of

2108-472: The ardent wish to reunite the church. The cardinals then elected Luna as the new pope, on the condition that he should labor to quell the schism, and should resign the papal dignity whenever the pope of Rome should do the same, or the college of cardinals demand it. On the death of Urban VI in 1389, the Roman College of Cardinals had chosen Boniface IX ; the election of Benedict therefore perpetuated

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2176-805: The area were rebelling, except for the Ilergetes who negotiated peace with Cato. There were different uprisings of the Iberian peoples against the Romans, in 194 BCE sees a general uprising with elimination of half of the Roman army, in 188 BCE Manlius Acidinus Fulvianus , praetor of the Citerior, must confront in Calagurris ( Calahorra ) with the Celtiberians , in the 184 BCE Terentius Varro did it with

2244-424: The arid steppes of the central lowlands. Aragon is home to many rivers—most notably, the river Ebro , Spain's largest river in volume, which runs west–east across the entire region through the province of Zaragoza. It is also home to the highest mountains of the Pyrenees . As of January 2021 , the population of Aragon was 1 326 261 , with slightly over half living in the capital city, Zaragoza . In 2020,

2312-457: The autonomous community, the Ramsar Convention or the Natura 2000 . Within the protected areas is the only national park of Aragon: the Ordesa y Monte Perdido National Park , the second national park created in Spain , in 1918, it is found in the Pyrenees in the comarca of Sobrarbe , occupies an area of 15 608   ha , a part of the 19 679  ha of the peripheral area of protection. It also enjoys other figures of protection like

2380-464: The central figure of chivalry , which Johan Huizinga found a startling contrast with the facts of his military career. In 1390, while the Truce of Leulinghem had temporarily interrupted the war with England , Boucicaut and two other French knights set up the tournament of Saint-Inglevert, where he jousted, along with his two comrades, against redoubtable English knights, unhorsing three of his 18 opponents. The next year he travelled to Prussia for

2448-402: The counts of Foix, Provence, Savoy, and Lorraine, embassies from the kings of France, England, Hungary, Castile, and Navarre, and the Church's representative at the Council of Constance. Benedict still refused to resign, clashing with the Emperor, who left Perpignan on 5 November. Because of this stubbornness, the Council of Constance declared Benedict a schismatic and excommunicated him from

2516-411: The duke of Bourbon, this time to Spain, which had become a secondary battlefield of the Hundred Years' War . From there he travelled for two years through the Balkans , the Near East , and the Holy Land , in the company of his friend Renaud of Roye and later with Philip of Artois, Count of Eu . There, he and his companions composed the Livre des Cent Ballades , a poetical defense of the chaste knight,

2584-417: The earlier election invalid and elected Robert of Geneva as their new pope, initiating the Western Schism . Robert assumed the name Clement VII and moved back to Avignon. Clement VII sent de Luna as legate to Spain for the Kingdoms of Castile, Aragon, Navarre, and Portugal, in order to win them over to the obedience of the Avignon pope. Owing to his powerful relations, his influence in the Province of Aragon

2652-404: The east with the autonomous communities of Catalonia (provinces of Lérida and Tarragona ) and the Valencian Community (provinces of Castellón and Valencia ). The orography of the community has as the central axis the Ebro valley (with heights between 150 and 300 meters approx.) which transits between two foothill areas, the Pyrenean and the Iberian, preambles of two mountain formations,

2720-576: The economy of Aragon generated a GDP of €34 687 million, which represents 3.1% of Spain's national GDP, and is currently 6th in per capita production behind Madrid, Basque Country , Navarre , Catalonia and La Rioja. In addition to its three provinces, Aragon is subdivided into 33 comarcas or counties. All comarcas of Aragon have a rich geopolitical and cultural history from its pre-Roman , Celtic and Roman days, four centuries of Islamic rule as Marca Superior of Al-Andalus or kingdom (or taifa ) of Saraqusta , as lands that once belonged to

2788-410: The ideal of courtly love : "one might have supposed him cured of all chivalrous delusions after the catastrophe of Nicopolis", remarked Huizinga. In the same year, he was sent with six ships carrying 1,200 men to assist Byzantine emperor Manuel II Palaeologus against the Ottomans, who were besieging Constantinople . In 1401, because of his military accomplishments and his knowledge of the east, he

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2856-420: The intense continental climate of the Teruel-Daroca area and the Mediterranean climate in the southern areas bordering Castilla La Mancha and the Valencian Community . The main characteristics of the Aragonese climate are: Temperatures are very dependent on the altitude. In the Ebro Valley the winters are relatively moderate, although the frosts are very common and the thermal sensation can decrease

2924-464: The interior. In the territorial distribution that Rome made of Hispania , the current Aragon was included in the Hispania Citerior . In the year 197 BCE, Sempronius Tuditanus is the praetor of the Citerior and had to face a general uprising in their territories that ended with the Roman defeat and the own death of Tuditanus. In view of these facts the Senate sent the consul Marcus Porcius Cato with an army of 60 000 men. The indigenous peoples of

2992-460: The name John XXIII , tried to flee and was deposed during his absence, being subsequently tried upon his return. Benedict, on the other hand, refused to stand down. Finally, Emperor Sigismund organised a European summit in Perpignan, to convince Benedict to resign his office and end the Western Schism. On 20 September 1415, the Emperor met with Benedict at the Palace of the Kings of Majorca , accompanied by King Ferdinand I of Aragon , delegates of

3060-403: The names of Jesus or Mary. Those laws were repealed by Pope Martin V , after he received a mission of Jews , sent by the famous synod convoked by the Jews in Forlì , in 1418. In 1415, the Council of Constance brought this clash between papal claimants to an end. Gregory XII agreed to resign, and Baldassare Cossa, who had succeeded Philarghi as the Pisan papal contender in 1410 and had assumed

3128-493: The papacy. Following the Council of Constance Benedict's logic was not widely accepted. An army led by Geoffrey Boucicaut , brother of Jean Boucicaut , occupied Avignon and started a five-year siege of the Papal Palace which ended when Benedict managed to escape from Avignon on 12 March 1403. He sought shelter in the territory of Louis II of Anjou . Avignon immediately submitted again to him, and his cardinals likewise recognized him. Popular sentiment being again in his favor, he

3196-463: The peninsular center and the coasts of the Cantabrian Sea . The human presence in the lands that today form the autonomous community date back several millennia, but present-day Aragon, like many of the current historical nationalities, was formed during the Middle Ages . The oldest testimonies of human life in the lands that today make up Aragon go back to the time of the glaciations, in the Pleistocene , some 600 000 years ago. This population left

3264-421: The people of Rome feared that the cardinals would elect a French pope and return the papacy to Avignon. Consequently, they rioted and laid siege to the cardinals, insisting on an Italian pope. The conclave duly elected Bartolomeo Prignano, Archbishop of Bari , as Urban VI on 9 April, but the new pope proved to be intractably hostile to the cardinals. Some of them reconvened at Fondi in September 1378, declared

3332-523: The right bank, the Jalón , Huerva and Guadalope stand out. In the stream bed of the Ebro river, near the border with Catalonia, the Mequinenza Reservoir , of 1 530  hm and a length of about 110 km; it is popularly known as the "Sea of Aragon". The small Pyrenean mountain lakes called ibones merit special mention. These lakes are very scenic, originating during the last glaciation , and are usually found above 2 000  m . The Autonomous Community lies within three hydrographic regions,

3400-415: The rivers that are born there, which are: The intrapirenaic depression is a broad perpendicular corridor. Its best represented section is the Canal de Berdún , which limits on the south with the reliefs of San Juan de la Peña ( 1 552  m ) and Oroel Rock ( 1 769  m ), modeled on conglomerates of the Campodarbe Formation. The pre-Pyrenean outer ranges are in the Huescan foothills and constitute

3468-505: The school university status by issuing a series of papal bulls , which followed on 28 August 1413. Having lost the support of France and driven out from Avignon, Benedict by then had taken refuge in Perpignan , on the Catalan border of the Crown of Aragon , but Scotland was among the handful of supporters that remained loyal. Nowadays, the University of St Andrews 's coat of arms/emblem still incorporates that of Benedict. In part to bolster faltering support for his papacy, Benedict initiated

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3536-493: The south of the Ebro there are the limestone plateaus of Borja and of Zaragoza . The Aragonese section of the Sistema Ibérico straddles the provinces of Zaragoza and Teruel . It is a set of hills without a clear structural unit, which can be divided into two zones: Sistema Ibérico del Jalón and Sistema Ibérico turolense. In the first, the Moncayo stands out with 2 314  m , formed by Paleozoic quartzites and slates , partly covered by Mesozoic limestones . The second

3604-423: The southernmost unit of the Pyrenees; formed by predominantly calcareous materials, reach heights between 1 500 and 2 000 meters. The Sierra de Guara , one of the most important mountain ranges of the Spanish Pre-Pyrenees , stands out; its summit, the Guara Peak , reaches 2 077 metres. The Mallos de Riglos , near the town of Ayerbe , stand out for their beauty. The Aragonese central depression includes

3672-445: The succession of another pope who would remain faithful to the now beleaguered Avignon line. Three of these cardinals met on 10 June 1423 and elected Sanchez Muñoz as their new pope, with Muñoz assuming the papal name of Clement VIII , whose claim was still recognised by Aragon. The fourth cardinal, Jean Carrier, the archdeacon of Rodez near Toulouse , was absent at this conclave and disputed its validity, whereupon Carrier, acting as

3740-475: The year-long Disputation of Tortosa in 1413, which became the most prominent Christian–Jewish disputation of the Middle Ages . Two years later Benedict issued the papal bull Etsi doctoribus gentium which was one of the most complete collections of anti-Jewish laws. Synagogues were closed, Jewish goldsmiths were forbidden to produce Christian sacred objects such as chalices and crucifixes and Jewish book binders were forbidden to bind books which included

3808-406: Was a French knight and military leader. Renowned for his military skill and embodiment of chivalry , he was made a marshal of France . He was the son of Jean I Le Maingre , also called Boucicaut and likewise a marshal of France . He became a page at the court of Charles V of France , and at the age of 12 he accompanied Louis II, Duke of Bourbon , in a campaign against Normandy . At age 16 he

3876-445: Was appointed French governor of Genoa , which had fallen to Charles VI in 1396. He successfully repelled an attack from King Janus of Cyprus , who tried to take back the city of Famagusta on Cyprus , which had been captured by Genoa. Later on, Boucicaut wanted to attack Alexandria but he was prevented by adverse winds to land there, he later went to Tripoli , then after a costly attempt to capture it, he went south to Botron which

3944-469: Was based on the family group, consisting of four generations. Self-sufficient societies in which the greater part of the population was dedicated to agricultural and livestock activities. In the Iberian scope the power was monarchical, exercised by a king; there was a democratic assembly with participation of the male population. There were visible social differentiations and established legal-political statutes. The Romans arrived and progressed easily into

4012-579: Was buried in Peniscola castle. His body was later moved to Illueca ; but during the War of the Spanish Succession his remains were destroyed. Only his skull was saved, and it was kept in the palace of the Counts of Argillo in Sabiñán . Aragon, Spain. In April 2000, it was stolen from the now ruined palace. The thieves sent an anonymous letter to the mayor of Illueca asking for 1,000,000  ₧ ( € 6,000). The Spanish Civil Guard found that they were two brothers who were sentenced in November 2006 to 6 months in prison, substituted with € 2,190. The skull

4080-474: Was burned and pillaged, then to Beirut on 10 August 1403, which was also sacked and 500 bundles of spices worth 30,000 ducats were taken from the Venetian warehouses there, he later went to attack Sidon then Latakia , which both showed resistance due to strong garrison, he returned to Famagusta in late August, eventually to settle in Rhodes in September, where he dispatched 500 men with two large ships who tried in vain to take Alexandria. On his return, he

4148-420: Was characterized in the province of Huesca presenting two important megalithic nuclei: the Pre-Pyrenees of the Outer Ranges and the High Pyrenean valleys. The Late Bronze Age begins in Aragon around 1100 BCE with the arrival of the Urnfield culture . They are Indo-European people, with an alleged origin in Central Europe, who incinerate their dead by placing the ashes in a funeral urn. There are examples in

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4216-418: Was defeated by the Venetians at the Battle of Modon on 7 October 1403. After some struggles in the Mediterranean, the Genoese freed themselves from French rule by 1409. Boucicaut returned to France and became involved in the rivalry between Burgundy and Orléans . In the Battle of Agincourt in 1415 he commanded the French vanguard, but was captured by the English and died six years later in Yorkshire . He

4284-472: Was knighted by Louis on the eve of the Battle of Roosebeke (27 November 1382). In 1383, he began the first of his journeys that would take up more than twenty years of his life. In 1384, he undertook his first journey to Prussia in order to assist the Teutonic Order in its war against the pagan Lithuanians , who would convert to Roman Catholicism in 1386. After some campaigns against the Moors in Spain, and against Toulouse in France he again accompanied

4352-401: Was neutral to both papal contenders. Charles helped to organise the Council of Pisa in 1409. This council was supposed to arrange for both Gregory and Benedict to resign, so that a new universally recognised pope could be elected. To oppose this, Benedict convoked the Council of Perpignan but with little success. Since both Benedict and Gregory refused to abdicate, the only achievement in Pisa

4420-401: Was recognized as the legitimate pope by France, Scotland, Castile and Sicily. After the Roman Pope Innocent VII died in 1406, the newly elected Roman pope, Gregory XII , started negotiations with Benedict, suggesting that they both resign so a new pope could be elected to reunite the Catholic Church. When these talks ended in stalemate in 1408, Charles VI of France declared that his kingdom

4488-452: Was recovered in September 2000. After an anthropological survey, it was placed in the Zaragoza Museum , where it is not in exhibition. On 21 December 2018, the association "Friends of Pope Luna" presented to the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith a petition to have Benedict recognised as a legitimate pontiff. The Anti-pope (Peter de Luna, 1342–1423): A study in obstinacy by Alec Glasfurd, Roy Publishers, New York (1965) B0007IVH1Q

4556-460: Was that a third candidate to the Holy See was put forward: Peter Philarghi, who assumed the name Alexander V . A group of Augustinian clergy , driven from the University of Paris by the Schism and from the universities of Oxford and Cambridge by the Anglo-Scottish Wars , formed a society of higher learning in St Andrews , Fife , Scotland in 1410. The Bishop of St Andrews , Henry Wardlaw , then successfully petitioned Benedict to grant

4624-451: Was very great. In 1393, Clement VII appointed him legate to France, Brabant, Flanders, Scotland, England, and Ireland. As such he stayed principally in Paris, but he did not confine his activities to those countries that belonged to the Avignon obedience. Following Clement's death on 16 September 1394, the cardinals met at Avignon. The conclave consisted of 11 French cardinals, eight Italians, four Spaniards, and one from Savoy , all proclaiming

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