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60-537: Awdal ( Somali : Awdal , Arabic : أودَل ) is an administrative region ( gobol ) in western Somaliland . It was separated from Woqooyi Galbeed and became a province in 1984 and is the most northwesterly province of Somaliland . To the east it borders Maroodi Jeex and Sahil ; to its north-west it borders Djibouti ; to its south and south-west lies Ethiopia ; and the Gulf of Aden to its north. The province has an estimated population of 1,010,566. The region comprises

120-747: A Latin orthography as the official national alphabet over several other writing scripts that were then in use. Concurrently, the Italian -language daily newspaper Stella d'Ottobre ("The October Star") was nationalized, renamed to Xiddigta Oktoobar , and began publishing in Somali. The state-run Radio Mogadishu has also broadcast in Somali since 1951. Additionally, other state-run public networks like Somaliland National TV , regional public networks such as Puntland TV and Radio and, as well as Eastern Television Network and Horn Cable Television , among other private broadcasters, air programs in Somali. Somali

180-631: A Quran memorization contest hosted by the President, and were awarded by the President. In July 2018, the Minister of Finance of Somaliland announced that the Awdal region had overtaken the Togdheer region to become the second highest contributor to the national treasury in terms of tax revenue. In October 2019, a government vehicle was fired upon by unidentified armed forces in the Awdal region. As

240-761: A diplomatic position at the Somali Embassy in Djibouti . In the last years of the Siad Barre government, during the 1980s, Kahin was the highest-ranking National Security Service (NSS) officer in Berbera . He was stationed in Las Anod in 1981 to 1982. From 1997 to 2002, Kahin served as the Vice President of Somaliland . On 3 May 2002, Kahin became the third President of Somaliland , after

300-493: A prominent 40,000-entry Somali dictionary. Most of the terms consisted of commonly used nouns. These lexical borrowings may have been more extensive in the past since a few words that Zaborski (1967:122) observed in the older literature were absent in Agostini's later work. In addition, the majority of personal names are derived from Arabic. The Somali language also contains a few Indo-European loanwords that were retained from

360-473: A result, one of the commanders of the Somaliland military visited Borama in Awdal and held a countermeasures meeting with the local government and traditional elders. In November 2019, a video was sent to the media showing around 30 armed men who said they were “liberating” the area in eastern Borama, Awdal. In December 2019, Sultan Mohamed Abshir Du'ale, one of the traditional leaders of the Awdal region,

420-522: A result, regional politics in Awdal is almost synonymous with Gadabuursi internal clan affairs." Roland Marchal (1997) states that numerically, the Gadabuursi are the predominant inhabitants of the Awdal Region: "The Gadabuursi's numerical predominance in Awdal virtually ensures that Gadabuursi interests drive the politics of the region." Marleen Renders and Ulf Terlinden (2010) both state that

480-474: Is a result of a long series of southward population movements over the past ten centuries from the Gulf of Aden littoral. Lamberti subdivides Northern Somali into three dialects: Northern Somali proper (spoken in the northwest; he describes this dialect as Northern Somali in the proper sense), the Darod group (spoken in the northeast and along the eastern Ethiopia frontier; greatest number of speakers overall), and

540-448: Is a tonal language, whereas Banti (1988) suggests that it is a pitch system. The syllable structure of Somali is (C)V(C). Root morphemes usually have a mono- or di-syllabic structure. Clusters of two consonants do not occur word-initially or word-finally, i.e., they only occur at syllable boundaries. The following consonants can be geminate: /b/, /d/, /ɖ/, /ɡ/, /ɢ/, /m/, /n/, /r/ and /l/. The following cannot be geminate: /t/, /k/ and

600-750: Is also a sizeable minority of the Issa subclan of the Dir who mainly inhabit the Zeila district. The Awdal region consists of four districts: In British Somaliland , today's Awdal was called Zeila-Borama district based on the region's main city. In around 1964, the Berbera, Borama, and Hargeisa districts were combined to form the North-Western (Hargeisa) Province. In 1984, the Somalia government established

660-732: Is an Afroasiatic language belonging to the Cushitic branch. It is spoken primarily in Greater Somalia , and by the Somali diaspora as a mother tongue. Somali is an official language in both Somalia and Ethiopia , and serves as a national language in Djibouti , it is also a recognised minority language in Kenya . The Somali language is officially written with the Latin alphabet although

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720-537: Is from Awdal. Meanwhile, the Awdal elders' council visited Hargeisa, the capital of Somaliland, and requested that Awdal be given fair representation. On March 18th 2015, intellectuals, businessmen, and politicians gathered at the home of Suldaan Wabar and announced that they would liberate the Awdal region from Somaliland and join the Federal Republic of Somalia. On March 28, 2015, several militiamen who sympathized with Sultan Abikar Waberi surrendered to

780-491: Is mainly inhabited by the Gadabuursi subclan of the Dir who are especially well represented and considered the predominant clan of the region. Federico Battera (2005) states about the Awdal Region: "Awdal is mainly inhabited by the Gadabuursi confederation of clans." A UN report published by Canada: Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada (1999), states concerning Awdal: "The Gadabuursi clan dominates Awdal region. As

840-597: Is not marked, and front and back vowels are not distinguished. Writing systems developed in the twentieth century include the Osmanya , Borama and Kaddare alphabets , which were invented by Osman Yusuf Kenadid , Abdurahman Sheikh Nuur and Hussein Sheikh Ahmed Kaddare , respectively. Several digital collections of texts in the Somali language have been developed in recent decades. These corpora include Kaydka Af Soomaaliga (KAF), Bangiga Af Soomaaliga,

900-481: Is rarely pronounced as a velar fricative, Partially the reason why is that it is mostly found in Arabic loanwords. It is pronounced as the phoneme χ when it is an allophone for the letter ⟨q⟩ in syllabic codas. As in A kh ri from A q ri meaning (read). Pitch is phonemic in Somali, but it is debated whether Somali is a pitch accent , or it is a tonal language . Andrzejewski (1954) posits that Somali

960-584: Is recognized as an official working language in the Somali Region of Ethiopia. Although it is not an official language of Djibouti , it constitutes a major national language there. Somali is used in television and radio broadcasts, with the government-operated Radio Djibouti transmitting programs in the language from 1943 onwards. The Kenya Broadcasting Corporation also broadcasts in the Somali language in its Iftin FM Programmes. The language

1020-467: Is similar to the stem alternation that typifies Cairene Arabic . Somali has two sets of pronouns: independent (substantive, emphatic) pronouns and clitic (verbal) pronouns. The independent pronouns behave grammatically as nouns, and normally occur with the suffixed article -ka/-ta (e.g. adiga , "you"). This article may be omitted after a conjunction or focus word. For example, adna meaning "and you..." (from adi - na ). Clitic pronouns are attached to

1080-682: Is spoken by an estimated 95% of the country's inhabitants, and also by a majority of the population in Djibouti. Following the start of the Somali Civil War in the early 1990s, the Somali-speaking diaspora increased in size, with newer Somali speech communities forming in parts of the Middle East, North America and Europe. Constitutionally, Somali and Arabic are the two official languages of Somalia . Somali has been an official national language since January 1973, when

1140-507: Is spoken in Somali inhabited areas of Somalia , Djibouti , Ethiopia , Kenya , Yemen and by members of the Somali diaspora . It is also spoken as an adoptive language by a few ethnic minority groups and individuals in Somali majority regions. Somali is the most widely spoken Cushitic language in the region followed by Oromo and Afar . As of 2021, there are approximately 24 million speakers of Somali, spread in Greater Somalia of which around 17 million reside in Somalia. The language

1200-718: Is spoken in the Somali territories within North Eastern Kenya , namely Wajir County , Garissa County and Mandera County . The Somali language is regulated by the Regional Somali Language Academy , an intergovernmental institution established in June 2013 in Djibouti City by the governments of Djibouti, Somalia and Ethiopia. It is officially mandated with preserving the Somali language. As of October 2022, Somali and Oromo are

1260-646: The Arabic script and several Somali scripts like Osmanya , Kaddare and the Borama script are informally used. Somali is classified within the Cushitic branch of the Afroasiatic family, specifically, Lowland East Cushitic in addition to Afar and Saho . Somali is the best-documented of the Cushitic languages, with academic studies of the language dating back to the late 19th century. The Somali language

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1320-702: The Gabiley District and the Reer Nuur clan of the Awdal region, and two people died. The conflict between the two clans dates back to 1998. In July 2009, a riot broke out in Borama, Awdal, due to a clan conflict, and four people died. In September 2010, an army of just under 300 troops, thought to be from the Ogaden National Liberation Front , invaded the area between Lughaya and Zeila in Awdal, but they were surrounded by

1380-556: The Gadabuursi almost exclusively inhabit the Awdal Region: "Awdal in western Somaliland is situated between Djibouti, Ethiopia, and the Issaq-populated mainland of Somaliland. It is primarily inhabited by the three sub-clans of the Gadabursi clan, whose traditional institutions survived the colonial period, Somali statehood and the war in good shape, remaining functionally intact and highly relevant to public security." There

1440-455: The Near East and South Asia (e.g. khiyaar "cucumber" from Persian : خيار khiyār ). Other loan words have also displaced their native synonyms in some dialects (e.g. jabaati "a type of flat bread" from Hindi: चपाती chapāti displacing sabaayad). Some of these words were also borrowed indirectly via Arabic. As part of a broader governmental effort of linguistic purism in

1500-553: The Royal Geographical Society of Great Britain, scientist Johann Maria Hildebrandt noted upon visiting the area that "we know from ancient authors that these districts, at present so desert, were formerly populous and civilised[...] I also discovered ancient ruins and rock-inscriptions both in pictures and characters[...] These have hitherto not been deciphered." According to the 1974 report for Ministry of Information and National Guidance, this script represents

1560-610: The Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC) declared it the Somali Democratic Republic 's primary language of administration and education. Somali was thereafter established as the main language of academic instruction in forms 1 through 4 , following preparatory work by the government-appointed Somali Language Committee. It later expanded to include all 12 forms in 1979. In 1972, the SRC adopted

1620-720: The Awdal region. From the late 1980s, Somalia was in a state of civil war. In northwestern Somalia, the Somali National Movement (SNM), a political organization centered on the Isaaq clan, took up arms and waged an anti-government movement. At first, the Gadabuursi clan militia fought alongside the Somalia government against the SNM. However, the SNM fought back, and in January 1991 there were battles in Dilla, Awdal , with

1680-478: The Awdal regional government in Somaliland. In April 2015, the Somaliland government arrested six of the 40 members of the committee established by Sultan Abikar Waberi. In October 2015, a riot broke out at the Borama football stadium, and one civilian was killed in clashes with the police. The following day, the home of the Borama police chief was attacked and set on fire, and it burned down. In October 2015, both Ethiopia and Somaliland began operations to withdraw

1740-641: The Cushitic and Semitic Afroasiatic languages spoken in the Horn region (e.g. Amharic ). However, Somali noun phrases are head-initial, whereby the noun precedes its modifying adjective. This pattern of general head-finality with head-initial noun phrases is also found in other Cushitic languages (e.g. Oromo), but not generally in Ethiopian Semitic languages. Somali uses three focus markers: baa , ayaa and waxa(a) , which generally mark new information or contrastive emphasis. Baa and ayaa require

1800-617: The Gadabuursi clan chiefs in Hayayaabe, west of Borama . On December 5th 2014, the Jibriil Yoonis clan leader Suldaan Abuubakar Wabar led an army into the mountains and declared independence from the Somaliland government. On the other hand, Suldaan Saleebaan Cali Ismaaciil, another clan leader from Awdal, criticized Wabar's move, saying that the administration of Awdal should be left to the Vice President of Somaliland, who

1860-760: The Latin nor Osmanya scripts accommodate this numerical switching. *the commas in the Osmanya number chart are added for clarity Dahir Riyale Kahin Kahin was born in the town of Quljeed , situated in the northwestern Awdal region of Somaliland . He hails from the Jibreel Younis sub-clan of the Gadabuursi clan. He was educated in Amoud , and was later trained in Mogadishu . Kahin's previous posts included

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1920-585: The Lower Juba group (spoken by northern Somali settlers in the southern riverine areas). Benadir (also known as Coastal Somali) is spoken on the central Indian Ocean seaboard, including Mogadishu . It forms a relatively smaller group. The dialect is fairly mutually intelligible with Northern Somali. The language has five basic vowels . Somali has 22 consonant phonemes . The retroflex plosive /ɖ/ may have an implosive quality for some Somali Bantu speakers, and intervocalically it can be realized as

1980-512: The President of Somaliland announced that the area centered on Zeila in the Awdal region would be separated to form the Salal region. However, it was not approved by the Somaliland parliament, and was reconfirmed that Zeila is in the Awdal region with the implementation of the “Local Government Act of 2019” in January 2020. In February 2009, there was fighting between the Reer Hareed clan of

2040-534: The SNM was superior militarily. After that, the Gabadulshi clan cooperated in stabilizing Somaliland, and acted as a third party in mediating disputes between the Isaaq clan. The Grand Conference of National Reconciliation in 1993 was held in Borama in Awdal. In 2000, Borama Airport was closed. From 2002 to 2010, the President of Somaliland was Dahir Riyale Kahin , from the Gadabuursi clan. In March 2008,

2100-451: The SNM winning and advancing as far as Borama . However, afterwards, the Gadabuursi clan made peace with the SNM, and the SNM withdrew from Awdal at an early stage. In May 1991, the SNM declared the re-independence of the State of Somaliland . The Gabadulsi clan did not necessarily want this, but they cooperated with Somaliland's independence, based on their desire for peace and the fact that

2160-588: The Semitic Himyarite and Sabaean languages that were largely spoken in what is modern day Yemen —"there is an extensive and ancient relationship between the people and cultures of both sides of the Red Sea coast" Mire posits. Yet, while many more such ancient inscriptions are yet to be found or analyzed, many have been "bulldozed by developers, as the Ministry of Tourism could not buy the land or stop

2220-668: The Somali Web Corpus (soWaC), a Somali read-speech corpus, Asaas (Beginning in Somali) and a Web-Based Somali Language Model and text Corpus called Wargeys (Newspaper in Somali). For all numbers between 11 kow iyo toban and 99 sagaashal iyo sagaal , it is equally correct to switch the placement of the numbers, although larger numbers is some dialects prefer to place the 10s numeral first. For example 25 may both be written as labaatan iyo shan and shan iyo labaatan (lit. Twenty and Five & Five and Twenty). Although neither

2280-525: The Somali language, the past few decades have seen a push in Somalia toward replacement of loanwords in general with their Somali equivalents or neologisms . To this end, the Supreme Revolutionary Council during its tenure officially prohibited the borrowing and use of English and Italian terms. Archaeological excavations and research in Somalia uncovered ancient inscriptions in a distinct writing system . In an 1878 report to

2340-530: The Somali people's extensive social, cultural, commercial and religious links and contacts with nearby populations in the Arabian peninsula. Arabic loanwords are most commonly used in religious, administrative and education-related speech (e.g. aamiin for "faith in God"), though they are also present in other areas (e.g. kubbad-da , "ball"). Soravia (1994) noted a total of 1,436 Arabic loanwords in Agostini a.o. 1985,

2400-469: The Somali poems by Sheikh Uways and Sheikh Ismaaciil Faarah. The rest of the existing historical literature in Somali principally consists of translations of documents from Arabic. Since then a number of writing systems have been used for transcribing the Somali language. Of these, the Somali Latin alphabet , officially adopted in 1972, is the most widely used and recognised as official orthography of

2460-673: The Somaliland army. In June 2012, Rashid Hersi, who lives in Barrhaven , Ottawa, Canada, announced that Awdal had become independent and that he had been appointed president. In February 2013, Suldaan Ibraahim Jaamac Samatar, one of the traditional leaders of Awdal, criticized Mohamed Nour Arrale , the Minister of the Interior of Somaliland, for interfering in the election of the Zeila Regional Council and worsening public security. In April 2013, Awdal Governor criticized

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2520-730: The armed clash that occurred in March 2022 between armed men and the Somaliland police at a gold mine near Borama, and the killing of three civilians in the town of Borama in May 2022 amid tensions between clans. In May 2023, Somaliland's Vice President Abdirahman Saylici , who is from Awdal, criticized the Somaliland government for police officers assaulting young people demonstrating in Borama. Somali language Somali ( / s ə ˈ m ɑː l i , s oʊ -/ sə- MAH -lee, soh- ; Latin script: Af Soomaali ; Wadaad : اف صومالِ ‎; Osmanya : 𐒖𐒍 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘 [af soːmaːli] )

2580-498: The chief of the Jibriil Yoonis clan, had entered the base of the Ethiopian rebels, and the Somaliland military went on high alert in Borama. In August 2017, the governor of Awdal was dismissed by the Vice President of Somaliland for making many mistakes. In May 2018, Cyclone Sagar hit Awdal, making it difficult to provide support to rural areas due to the flooding. In June 2018, students from Awdal won second and fourth place in

2640-543: The colonial period. Most of these lexical borrowings come from English and Italian and are used to describe modern concepts (e.g. telefishen-ka , "the television"; raadia-ha , "the radio"). There are 300 loan words from Italian, such as garawati for "tie" (from Italian cravatta ), dimuqraadi from democratico (democratic), mikroskoob from microscopio , and so on. Additionally, Somali contains lexical terms from Persian , Urdu and Hindi that were acquired through historical trade with communities in

2700-445: The current level (13 seats, 16%) to 40%. On August 27th 2020, Ugaas Abdirashiid Ugaas Rooble, the Gadabuursi clan chief and a critic of the Awdal policy in Somaliland, set out from Ethiopia to Boroma by land, but was prevented from doing so by the Somaliland army On the same day, a violent demonstration broke out in Borama, and according to one account, several hundred young people took part. There have been reports of incidents such as

2760-543: The death of the self-declared republic's President Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal . Kahin later won the elections on 14 April 2003, representing the Ururka Dimuqraadiga Umada Bahawday (UDUB), or United Democratic People's Party . He was sworn into office on 16 May, the day after Egal's funeral. In 2008, Kahin established by decree new regions and districts, which drew criticism. Regions and districts in Somaliland are not just an instrument for

2820-534: The destruction". Besides Ahmed's Latin script, other orthographies that have been used for centuries for writing the Somali language include the long-established Arabic script and Wadaad's writing . According to Bogumił Andrzejewski , this usage was limited to Somali clerics and their associates, as sheikhs preferred to write in the liturgical Arabic language. Various such historical manuscripts in Somali nonetheless exist, which mainly consist of Islamic poems ( qasidas ), recitations and chants. Among these texts are

2880-402: The earliest written attestation of Somali. Much more recently, Somali archaeologist Sada Mire has published ancient inscriptions found throughout Somaliland . As much for much of Somali linguistic history the language was not widely used for literature, Dr. Mire's publications however prove that writing as a technology was not foreign nor scarce in the region. These piece of writing are from

2940-441: The flap [ɽ] . Some speakers produce /ħ/ with epiglottal trilling as / ʜ / in retrospect. /q/ is often epiglottalized . The letter ⟨dh⟩ is a retroflex flap when it is pronounced intervocalically, hence becoming the phoneme ( ɽ ): for example, Qu r aanjo (Ant) from Qu dh aanjo; But however, more often than not is the pronunciation of ɽ to the unretained-retroflex ɾ . The letter ⟨kh⟩

3000-400: The focused element to occur preverbally, while waxa(a) may be used following the verb. Somali loanwords can be divided into those derived from other Afroasiatic languages (mainly Arabic), and those of Indo-European extraction (mainly Italian). Somali's main lexical borrowings come from Arabic, and are estimated to constitute about 20% of the language's vocabulary. This is a legacy of

3060-545: The four districts of Borama , the regional capital, Baki , Lughaya , and Zeila . Awdal (أودل) takes its name from the medieval Adal Sultanate (عَدَل), which was originally centered on Zeila . The area along the Ethiopian border is abundant with ruined cities, which were described by the British explorer Richard F. Burton . Geologically, much of the Awdal region is located in the Arabian Plate . The Awdal Region

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3120-471: The fricatives. Two vowels cannot occur together at syllable boundaries. Epenthetic consonants, e.g. [j] and [ʔ], are therefore inserted. Somali is an agglutinative language, and also shows properties of inflection . Affixes mark many grammatical meanings, including aspect, tense and case. Somali has an old prefixal verbal inflection restricted to four common verbs, with all other verbs undergoing inflection by more obvious suffixation. This general pattern

3180-411: The large number of young people emigrating from Somaliland to other countries, and mentioned the need for restrictions. In August 2013, Suldaan Abubakar Wabar, the chief of the Jibriil Yoonis sub-clan of the Gadabuursi clan, criticized the Somaliland government for disrupting public order in Awdal and Salal, Somaliland. In March 2014, Suldaan Ciise Suldaan C/laahi Suldaan Cumar was inaugurated as one of

3240-437: The militias that follow Sultan Abikar Waberi, who is based near the border. In November 2015, Suldaan Wabar left Somaliland and returned to North America, and the approximately 70 militiamen who had followed Wabar were incorporated into the Somaliland army. In December 2016, there was drought damage in Awdal due to a lack of rain during the rainy season. On December 27, 2016, there was information that Suldaan Abuubakar Wabar,

3300-523: The only Cushitic languages available on Google Translate . The Somali languages are broadly divided into three main groups: Northern Somali , Benadir and Maay . Northern Somali forms the basis for Standard Somali. It is spoken by the majority of the Somali population with its speech area stretching from Djibouti , and the Somali Region of Ethiopia to the Northern Frontier District . This widespread modern distribution

3360-487: The organisation of local government, they are also used as electoral districts. Kahin's move was considered by several to have motives rooted in electoral and clan-politics. Moreover, as these new regions and districts were never geographically delimitated, they argued that he saddled the region with a legacy that hampers the efficient organisation of local government to this day. Throughout his tenure as President of Somaliland, Kahim sought to maintain peace and tranquility in

3420-453: The plural of the masculine noun dibi ("bull") is formed by converting it into feminine dibi . Somali is unusual among the world's languages in that the object is unmarked for case while the subject is marked, though this feature is found in other Cushitic languages such as Oromo. Somali is a subject–object–verb (SOV) language. It is largely head final , with postpositions and with obliques preceding verbs. These are common features of

3480-494: The state. The script was developed by a number of leading scholars of Somali, including Musa Haji Ismail Galal , B. W. Andrzejewski and Shire Jama Ahmed specifically for transcribing the Somali language, and uses all letters of the English Latin alphabet except p , v and z . There are no diacritics or other special characters except the use of the apostrophe for the glottal stop , which does not occur word-initially. There are three consonant digraphs : DH, KH and SH. Tone

3540-408: The verb and do not take nominal morphology. Somali marks clusivity in the first person plural pronouns; this is also found in a number of other East Cushitic languages, such as Rendille and Dhaasanac. As in various other Afro-Asiatic languages, Somali is characterized by polarity of gender , whereby plural nouns usually take the opposite gender agreement of their singular forms. For example,

3600-465: Was arrested by the Somaliland government. It is thought that this was because he opposed the government's mining plans for the region. A protest demonstration by young people was held in Boroma, and one person was injured in a clash with the police. On August 19, 2020, Sultan Abdirahman Dhawal, one of the traditional leaders of the Gadabuursi clan, argued that the Awdal allocation of the 82 Somaliland House of Representatives members should be increased from

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