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28-500: (Redirected from Awsa ) Aussa or Awsa can refer to the Sultanate of Aussa Asaita , a city also called Aussa See also [ edit ] American Woman Suffrage Association , AWSA Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Aussa . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change

56-419: A Voi il giuramento di fedelta mio della gente della mia razza. Ripotero al mio Paese la Vostra immagine e la Vostra parola. Dio benedica la Vostra opera e ci mantenga sulla giusta via della Vostra Volontà. Io Vi offro questo tappeto che fu gia del Negus Micael e che poi, Ligg Jasu dono mio padre: sono lieto che questo tappeto, fatto per i sovrani abissini, sia oggi proprieta del Fondatore dell'Impero Duce, from

84-672: A local Sultan (which became the colony of Eritrea in 1890), and led Sultan Mahammad to sign several treaties with that country. As a result, the Ethiopian Emperor Menelik II stationed an army near Aussa to "make sure the Sultan of Awsa would not honor his promise of full cooperation with Italy" during the First Italo–Ethiopian War . Count Tornielli declared to the Marquis of Salisbury that Article 5 of

112-720: A part of the Eritrean Governorate and the Harar Governorate . Afar society has traditionally been divided into petty kingdoms, each ruled by its own Sultan . The Imamate of Aussa was carved out of the Adal Sultanate in 1577, when Muhammed Jasa moved his capital from Harar to Aussa (Asaita) with the split of the Adal Sultanate into Aussa. In 1647, the rulers of the Emirate of Harar broke away to form their own polity. The Imamate of Awsa

140-606: A visit to Rome, Sultan Mohamed Yayyo met Benito Mussolini and declared a speech of his loyalty towards the Italian Empire in Palazzo Venezia. Duce, dal tempo più lontano, la mia famiglia e state nemica degli abissini, nemici della potenti Italia. Mio nonno e mio padre sono sempre stati amici dell'Italia ed io, con il cuore e con la spada, sono un soldato dell'Impero italiano. Per la mia fedelta ho chiesto il premio di vedervi Oggi Vi vedo ed ho la gioia di ripetere

168-591: The Franco-Prussian War broke out, and French resources were diverted to this higher priority, whereupon he left the service of the French. In July of that year he was sent to Aden , where he joined Captain S.B. Miles on an expedition into the interior of the southern Arabian peninsula. He then left the French and entered the service of the Egyptian government of Khedive Ismail , serving as governor of

196-630: The Harla led Adal Sultanate which had occupied the region since the thirteenth century. This marked the start of a new and more sophisticated polity that would last into the colonial period. The primary symbol of the Sultan was a silver baton , which was considered to have magical properties. The influence of the sultanate extended into the Danakil lowlands of what is now Eritrea . After 15 years of rule, Kadafo's son, Muhammäd Kadafo, succeeded him as Sultan. Muhammäd Kadafo three decades later bequeathed

224-760: The University of Bern , then later took courses in Oriental studies at Munich University and the Sorbonne . He was the son of Josef Munzinger , member of the Swiss Federal Council . In 1852 Munzinger arrived at Cairo , where he spent a year improving his Arabic . Entering a French mercantile house, he led a trading expedition to various parts of the Red Sea. Until 1855 he served as French consul at Massawa , when he moved to Keren where he spent

252-461: The 18th century they wished to capture the capital therefore they enlisted in the support of a number of Yemen matchlockmen from Aden. According to Krapf and Isenberg, were no less than a few hundred strong and enjoyed a complete monopoly of firepower. William Cornwallis Harris had stated that the town's defence was organised by the ruler Yusuf ibn Idjahis, a brave and martial sultan, whose armoury boasted several cannons and matchlocks. He claimed that

280-465: The Aussa state to suffer greatly. Aussa, once an important place had lost much of its political significance but had remained an extensive encampment frequented by innumerable Afars and Somalis as a place for perpetual fairs. Sultan Mahammad ibn Hanfadhe defeated and killed Werner Munzinger in 1875, who was leading an Egyptian army into Ethiopia. In 1869, the newly unified Italy bought Assab from

308-621: The Keren region and Massawa (modern-day Eritrea ). Once he reached his command, his first act was to place the Bogos once again under Egyptian rule and significantly develop the port of Massawa . During the Egyptian-Ethiopian War , Munzinger was selected to command a small expedition intended to open up communication with Menelik II , king of Shewa , a potential ally of Egypt. In late 1875, he led an Egyptian force of 350 men from

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336-454: The centralising forces of Haile Selassie's government. In 1950 he withdrew from Asaita for two years in opposition, returning only two after following mediation by Fitawrari Yayyo. The Sultan sought to unite the Afar people under an autonomous Sultanate, while remaining part of Ethiopia; they had been divided amongst the provinces of Hararghe , Shewa , Tigray , and Wollo . In 1961, when it

364-508: The defenders caught the would-be attackers off guard, while they were sleeping and cut all the throats of "all save one". The Debne-Wemas, according to this account were not intimidated by this reverse returned with fresh allies from the coast that they rallied and had achieved a murderous defeat of the Mudaitos. Yusuf was slain after which the town was sacked and the garrison was put to the sword. The instability from this invasion had caused

392-592: The earliest times, my family has been an enemy of the Abyssinians, enemies of mighty Italy. My grandfather and my father have always been friends of Italy, and I with heart and sword, am a soldier of the Italian Empire. For my fidelity I have asked for the reward of seeing you Today I see you and I have the joy of repeating the oath to you of my allegiance of the people of my race. I will repeat your image and your word to my country. God bless your work and keep us on track way of your will. I offer you this carpet which

420-589: The effort came up empty-handed. Despite these encroachments and conflicts, the Sultan remained fundamentally loyal to the Emperor and Ethiopia; in turn, while he did not achieve the autonomous sultanate he desired, he enjoyed an appreciable level of autonomy in the areas of the Sultanate, almost unique amongst the many petty kingdoms incorporated into the Ethiopian state in the late 19th century. For example, while

448-511: The government appointed a governor to the awrajja (district) of Aussa proper, the governor, rather than taking up residence in the capital of Asaita , instead sat in Bati , which was outside the district entirely. In 1975, Sultan Alimirah Hanfare was exiled to Saudi Arabia , but returned after the fall of the Derg regime in 1991. Upon Alimirah Hanfere's death in 2011, his son Hanfere Alimirah

476-412: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aussa&oldid=1113422058 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Sultanate of Aussa The Ethiopian Empire nominally laid claim to

504-645: The next six years exploring the lands of the Bogos . In 1861 Munzinger joined Theodor von Heuglin in an attempt to explore central Africa, but separated from him in November, proceeding along the Gash and Atbara to Khartoum . There he succeeded von Heuglin as leader of the expedition, and travelled in 1862 to Kordofan , but failed to reach Darfur and Wadai . After a short stay in Europe in 1863, Munzinger returned to

532-685: The north and north-east borderlands of Ethiopia. In 1865 Munzinger managed the British consulate along the border of Ethiopia , but remained in Massawa , after the 1868 British invasion of Ethiopia , where he became the French consul . There, according to Augustus B. Wylde, he married a woman of Hamasien and convinced one of the local warlords, Wolde Mikael , to cede the province of Hamasien to France. Munzinger sailed to France, and by early 1870 had an expedition ready at Toulon to sail to Massawa when

560-704: The port of Tadjoura towards Ankober with the objective of joining forces with Menelik. He planned to cross through the Danakil Desert and enter the Ethiopian Highlands through the Awash Valley . However on the night of November 14, warriors of the Afar and Issa tribes attacked the Egyptian force on the outskirts of Aussa . This resulted in the massacre of Munzinger, his wife, and most of

588-485: The region but were met with harsh resistance. Due to their skills in desert warfare, the Afars managed to remain independent, unlike other similar groups in the region. The Sultan Yayyo visited Rome along with countless other nobility from across East Africa to support the creation of Italian East Africa . This marked the end of the region's independence and it was disestablished and incorporated into Italian East Africa as

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616-689: The territories of Gambo Kona and Ablis as a part of Italian Eritrea. During the Second Italian-Ethiopian War , the Sultan Mahammad Yayyo agreed to cooperate with the Italian invaders. By 1 April 1936, Italian troops completed the occupation of the rich Sultanate of Aussa, bordering on French Somaliland. As a result, in 1943 the reinstalled Ethiopian government sent a military expedition that captured Sultan Muhammad Yayyo and made one of his relatives Sultan. Upon

644-475: The throne to his own son, Aydahis, who in turn would reign for another twenty-two years. According to Richard Pankhurst , these relatively long periods of rule by modern standards pointed to a certain degree of political stability within the state. Aussa's prosperity was coveted by Afars from neighbouring lands and in particular the Debne-Wemas, the strongest of the southern Adoimara. In the last decade of

672-558: The treaty concluded between the Italians and the Sultan Mahammad Hanfare. That in a case of any other power trying to occupy Aussa or any parts of his territory, the Sultan must oppose it and declare that his nation is an Italian protectorate and must raise the Italian flag. According to Article 3, the Sultan had recognised the whole Danakil coast from Amphila Bay to Ras Doumeira as an Italian possession and had conceded

700-678: Was already by the Negus Mikael and which later, Lij Iyasu gifted to my father: I am delighted that this rug, made for the Abyssinian sovereigns, is today property of the Founder of the Empire. Sultan Alimirah often came into conflict with the central government over its encroachment on the authority of the Sultanate. Aussa, which had been more-or-less self-governing until the Sultan's ascension in 1944, had been greatly weakened in power by

728-631: Was clear the Eritrean federal arrangement was headed towards its demise, 55 Afar chieftains in Eritrea met and endorsed the idea of an Ethiopian Afar autonomy. Following the dissolution of Eritrea's federal government and its transformation into a centrally-administered province, Afar leaders met again in Assab in 1963 and supported the creation of an autonomous region. In 1964, Afar leaders went to Addis Ababa to present Haile Selassie with their proposal, but

756-707: Was later destroyed by the local Mudaito Afar in 1672. Following the Awsa Imamate's demise, the Mudaito Afars founded their own kingdom, the Sultanate of Aussa. At some point after 1672, Aussa declined in conjunction with Imam Umar Din bin Adam's recorded ascension to the throne. In 1734, the Afar leader Data Kadafo, head of the Mudaito clan, seized power and established the Mudaito dynasty after overthrowing

784-571: Was named his successor as sultan. The religious elites of Aussa commonly carried the honorific title Kabir. Werner Munzinger Werner Munzinger (4 April 1832 in Olten , Switzerland – 14 November 1875 in Aussa , Sultanate of Aussa ) was a Swiss adventurer and administrator under the service of the Khedivate of Egypt . He was born in Olten , and studied science and history at

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