Misplaced Pages

#182817

51-472: In communities like the Q'ero , five principles define the Andean way of life: munay (to love), yachay (to learn, know, and remember), llan'kay (to work), kawsay (life), and ayni (reciprocity). Among them, ayni is regarded as the most important principle, as it provides the backbone of life. This is because ayni is not limited to being compensated for earlier help; a more broad definition of ayni would be

102-590: A naffīr ʽāmm ( نَفِّير عَامّ ) refers to a general call to arms. Naffīr has also been used in a military context in Sudan. For example, the term was used to refer to النَّفِّير الشَّعَبِي an-Naffīr aš-Šaʽabī or "the People's Militias" that operated in the central Nuba Mountains region in the early 1990s. Kuu is a labor-sharing arrangement in Liberia , especially for seasonal work. Gotong-royong

153-548: A church or repairing village roads. The work was entirely voluntary and no compensation, except possibly meals for workers, was expected. Gadugi (Cherokee: ᎦᏚᎩ ) is a term used in the Cherokee language which means 'working together' or 'cooperative labor' within a community. Historically, the word referred to a labor gang of men and/or women working together for projects such as harvesting crops or tending to gardens of elderly or infirm tribal members. The word Gadugi

204-566: A cultural value. Gotong - royong has long functioned as the scale of the village, as a moral conception of the political economy. Pottier records the impact of the Green Revolution in Java: "Before the GR, 'Java' had relatively 'open' markets, in which many local people were rewarded in kind. With the GR, rural labour markets began to foster 'exclusionary practices'... This resulted in

255-400: A force as sovereign as it is subdued. Anthropologist Robert A. Hahn writes: Javanese culture is stratified by social class and by level of adherence to Islam. ...Traditional Javanese culture does not emphasize material wealth. ...There is respect for those who contribute to the general village welfare over personal gain. And the spirit of gotong royong , or volunteerism, is promoted as

306-600: A frame from bamboo poles, which individuals stationed at the ends of each pole then use to lift and carry the house. The family traditionally shows their gratitude for the assistance by hosting a small fiesta . In society, bayanihan has been adopted as a term to refer to a local civil effort to resolve national issues. One of the first groups to use the term is the Bayanihan Philippine National Folk Dance Company which travels to countries to perform traditional folk dances of

357-432: A general loss of rights, especially secure harvesting rights within a context of mutual cooperation, known as gotong royong . " Citing Ann Laura Stoler 's ethnography from the 1970s, Pottier writes that cash was replacing exchange, that old patron-client ties were breaking, and that social relations were becoming characterized more by employer-employee qualities. For Prime Minister Muhammad Natsir , gotong royong

408-415: A house in exchange for food and drink, or in scouting , where volunteer campsite wardens maintain campsites around Ireland. Andecha (from Latin indictia 'announcement) is voluntary, unpaid and punctual aid to help a neighbor carry out agricultural tasks (cutting hay, harvesting potatoes, building a barn, collecting apples to make cider, etc.). The work is rewarded with a snack or a small party and

459-540: A significant number of people in southern Kordofan and are unique to the region, as are the Kadu languages , but Arabic is the main and most widely spoken language in the greater Kordofan region. About the beginning of the 16th century, Funj from Sennar settled in the country; toward the end of that century, Kordofan was conquered by Sulayman Solong , Sultan of Darfur . In 1779, Sultan Adlan II of Sennar sent Sheikh Nacib, with two thousand cavalry, to take possession of

510-400: A spirit of communal unity or effort to achieve a particular objective. It is focused on doing things as a group as it relates to one's community. The term bayanihan originated in the practice of volunteers from a community helping a family move by carrying the house itself, a tradition which remains the classic illustration for the concept as a whole. The feat is accomplished by building

561-563: A state of mutual co-operation. How fine that is ! A Gotong Royong state! In 1960, Sukarno dissolved the elected parliament and implemented the Gotong Royong Parliament . Governor of Jakarta , Ali Sadikin , spoke of a desire to reinvigorate urban areas with village sociality, with gotong royong . Suharto's New Order was characterized by much discourse about tradition. During the New Order, Siskamling harnessed

SECTION 10

#1732764790183

612-464: A task that exceeds his or her own capacity. For instance, elderly neighbours or relatives can need help if their house or garden is damaged by a storm, or siblings can agree to arrange a party for a parent's special birthday as a talkoot . Typically, club houses, landings, churches, and parish halls can be repaired through a talkoot , or environmental tasks for the neighborhood are undertaken. The parents of pre-school children may gather to improve

663-504: A work team, gang, or party and denotes the co-operative labour system in Ireland where groups of neighbours help each other in turn with farming work such as harvesting crops. The term is used in various writings of Irish language authors. It can convey the idea of community spirit in which neighbours respond to each other's needs. In modern use for example, a meitheal could be a party of neighbours and friends invited to help decorate

714-568: Is a conception of sociality ethos familiar to Indonesia . In Indonesian languages especially Javanese , gotong means 'carrying a burden using one's shoulder', while royong means 'together' or 'communally', thus the combined phrase gotong royong can be translated literally as 'joint bearing of burdens'. It translate to working together, helping each other or mutual assistance. The village's public facilities, such as irrigation, streets, and houses of worship (mosque, church or pura ) are usually constructed through gotong royong , where

765-401: Is a gathering for mutually accomplishing a task or for communal fundraising . Communal work provided manual labour to others, especially for major projects such as barn raising , "bees" of various kinds (see § Bee below), log rolling , and subbotniks . Different words have been used to describe such gatherings. They are less common in today's more individualistic cultures, where there

816-472: Is also the official motto of Kenya and appears on its coat of arms . Umuganda is a national day of community service held on the last Saturday of each month in Rwanda. In 2009, umuganda was institutionalized in the country. It is translated as 'coming together in common purpose to achieve an outcome'. A social event is held to build a house or a farm, especially for elderly and widows who do not have

867-418: Is fulfilled. An alternative, more recent, definition describes naffīr as 'to bring someone together from the neighborhood or community to carry out a certain project, such as building a house or providing help during the harvest season'. The word may be related to the standard Arabic word nafr ( نَفْر ) which describes a band, party, group or troop, typically mobilized for war. In standard Arabic,

918-506: Is largely an undulating plain, with the Nuba Mountains in the southeast quarter. During the rainy season from June to September, the area is fertile, but in the dry season, it is virtually desert. The region's chief town is El-Obeid . Traditionally the area is known for production of gum arabic . Other crops include groundnuts , cotton and millet . Originally Kordofan was inhabited by brown-skinned- Nubian -speaking peoples, and

969-434: Is less reliance on others than in preindustrial agricultural and hunter-gatherer societies. Major jobs such as clearing a field of timber or raising a barn needed many workers. It was often both a social and utilitarian event. Jobs like corn husking or sewing could be done as a group to allow socializing during an otherwise tedious chore. Such gatherings often included refreshments and entertainment. In more modern societies,

1020-583: Is not the democracy of the West' together with social justice for all can be pressed down to one, and called socio democracy. Finally – belief in God. 'And so what originally was five has become three: socio nationalism, socio democracy, and belief in God.' 'If I press down five to get three, and three to get one, then I have a genuine Indonesian term – GOTONG ROYONG [mutual co-operation]. The state of Indonesia which we are to establish should be

1071-524: Is the form of communal voluntary work. Neighbours gather together to build something , to harvest crops, etc. Kaláka ( IPA: [ˈkɒlaːkɒ] ) is the Hungarian word for working together for a common goal. This can be building a house or doing agricultural activities together, or any other communal work on a volunteer basis. Meitheal ( IPA: [ˈmʲɛhəlˠ] ) is the Irish word for

SECTION 20

#1732764790183

1122-857: Is the name of the community newspaper for the Philippine community in Australia. It is in English and in Filipino with regular news and articles on Philippine current events and history. It was established in October 1998 in Sydney, Australia. Basij was created after the Islamic Revolution and during the Iran and Iraq wars. It was an organization which aimed to gather volunteers for fighting in

1173-400: Is thought to have originated from the harsh climate of the Andean mountain region and the mutualism thus demanded for the survival of the people living there. Members of a community help other members for private purposes when support is needed for activities such as construction and planting. Participants are supplied with food and drink by the hosting party. The party that was helped returns

1224-473: Is translatable to the spirit of will to work together for a better community. Many Norwegians will describe this as a typical Norwegian thing to have. The word dugnad was used to unite the people of Norway to cooperate and shut down public activities to fight the pandemic of 2020. Moba (Serbian: моба ) is an old Serbian tradition of communal self-help in villages. It was a request for help in labor-intensive activities, like harvesting wheat, building

1275-480: Is unknown to most Swedes . However, cognate terms and in approximately the same context are used in Estonia ( talgu(d) ), Latvia (noun talka , verb talkot ), and Lithuania (noun talka , verb talkauti ). It is the cultural equivalent of communal work in a village community, although adapted to the conditions of Finland , where most families traditionally lived in isolated farms often miles away from

1326-490: The physical strength to do it on their own. Naffīr ( نَفِّير ) is an Arabic word used in parts of Sudan (including Kordofan , Darfur , parts of the Nuba mountains and Kassala ) to describe particular types of communal work undertakings. Naffīr has been described as including a group recruited through family networks, in-laws and village neighbors for some particular purpose, which then disbands when that purpose

1377-687: The Defturdar, with about 4,500 soldiers and eight pieces of artillery, to subject Kordofan to his power. The monopoly enjoyed by the Egyptian governors in Kordofan impeded trade and stifled entrepreneurial activities. From 1837 to 1839, the country was explored by Ignaz Pallme . The Mahdi captured El-Obeid in 1883. The Egyptian government dispatched a force from Cairo under the British General William Hicks , which

1428-539: The Islamic revolution in schools and mosques. Basij now is part of the Sepah army (military, cultural and financial) organization which receives an undefined budget from the government. Imece is a name given for a traditional Turkish village-scale collaboration . For example, if a couple is getting married, villagers participate in the overall organization of the ceremony including but not limited to preparation of

1479-442: The celebration venue, food, building and settlement of the new house for the newly weds. Tasks are often distributed according to expertise and has no central authority to govern activities. Talkoot (from Finnish talkoo , almost always used in plural, talkoot ) is a Finnish expression for a gathering of friends and neighbors organized to accomplish a task. The word is borrowed into Finland Swedish as talko but

1530-745: The core tenets of Indonesian philosophy. Paul Michael Taylor and Lorraine V. Aragon state that " gotong royong [is] cooperation among many people to attain a shared goal." In a 1983 essay Clifford Geertz points to the importance of gotong royong in Indonesian life: An enormous inventory of highly specific and often quite intricate institutions for effecting the cooperation in work, politics, and personal relations alike, vaguely gathered under culturally charged and fairly well indefinable value-images— rukun ('mutual adjustment'), gotong royong ('joint bearing of burdens'), tolong-menolong ('reciprocal assistance')—governs social interaction with

1581-551: The country with the objective of promoting Philippine culture. The concept is related to damayán ('to help one another'). In computing, the term bayanihan has evolved into many meanings and incorporated as codenames to projects that depict the spirit of cooperative effort involving a community of members. An example of these projects is the Bayanihan Linux project which is a Philippines-based desktop-focused Linux distribution. In ethnic newspapers, Bayanihan News

Ayni - Misplaced Pages Continue

1632-407: The country, which remained for about five years under the government of Sennar. There followed a considerable immigration of Arab tribes and native people from Sennar and Dongola (see old Dongola ) into the country. The Sennari however suffered a decisive defeat in 1784 and thereafter under Darfur viceroys the country enjoyed prosperity. The inhabitants lived in peace and were not troubled with taxes;

1683-460: The exchange of energy between humans, nature, and the universe. An example of this would be ayni between a human and a tree: A tree is watered by a human, and the tree uses this water to convert carbon dioxide into oxygen and glucose. The oxygen is used by humans to perform respiration and survive, and some glucose may eventually find its way into products that humans use such as fruits. In return, humans convert oxygen back to carbon dioxide for use by

1734-462: The favor by assisting those who helped them or others in need of aid, completing the reciprocity. This is not to be confused with Mink'a , also native to the Andean region, in which participants are typically paid for services such as harvesting crops. There are many concepts globally that show similarly to ayni. While none of them are exactly the same as ayni, they all show mutualism to a certain extent. Communal work#Mink'a Communal work

1785-462: The frontline. It was also a central idea of utilizing donations and volunteers to help the soldiers and bringing aid to the frontline. Women played a big role by knitting warm clothes, making foods, sewing new uniforms or religious accessories. Basij's aim and goals have been shifted and distorted after the war; after the war ended the Basij organization continue working as a center to spread ideologies of

1836-477: The funds and materials are collected mutually. Traditional communal events, such as the slametan ceremony, are also usually held in the gotong royong ethos of communal work spirit, which each member of society is expected to contribute to and participate in the endeavour harmoniously. The phrase has been translated into English in many ways, most of which hearken to the conception of reciprocity or mutual aid . For M. Nasroen , gotong royong forms one of

1887-695: The host, or consisting of various dishes brought by the participants, thus the meal is also a dugnad. In urban areas, the dugnad is most commonly identified with outdoor spring cleaning and gardening in housing co-operatives. Dugnader (plural) are also a phenomenon in kindergartens and elementary schools to make the area nice, clean and safe and to do decorating etc. such as painting and other types of maintenance. Dugnader occur more widely in remote and rural areas. Neighbours sometimes participate during house or garage building, and organizations (such as kindergartens or non-profit organisations) may arrange annual dugnader . The Norwegian word dugnadsånd

1938-546: The idea of gotong royong . By the 1990s, if not sooner, gotong royong had been "fossilized" by New Order sloganeering. During the presidency of Megawati , the Gotong Royong Cabinet was implemented. It lasted from 2001 to 2004. Bayanihan ( / b aɪ ə n i h ə n / , IPA: [ˌbajɐˈnihan] ) is a Filipino term taken from the word bayan , referring to a nation, country, town or community. The whole term bayanihan refers to

1989-614: The merchants were exempt from duties, and the tribute paid was a voluntary present to the Sultan of Darfur. Bara, the second commercial town of importance in the country, was built by the Dongolavi. Commerce extended in all directions. Caravans brought products from Abyssinia and Egypt into Lobeid and Bara, from which the greater part was again transported on to other parts of Africa. This prosperity ended in 1821 when Muhammad Ali Pasha , Ottoman Viceroy of Egypt sent his son-in-law, Mahommed Bey

2040-556: The name the Gadugi Safe Center for its programs to aid all people affected by sexual violence. Convite . Konbit or Tet Ansanm in Haitian Creole . Kordofan Kordofan ( Arabic : كردفان Kurdufān ) is a former province of central Sudan . In 1994 it was divided into three new federal states : North Kordofan , South Kordofan and West Kordofan . In August 2005, West Kordofan State

2091-407: The nearest village. A talkoot is by definition voluntary, and the work is unpaid. The voluntary nature might be imaginary due to social pressure , especially in small communities, and one's honour and reputation may be severely damaged by non-attendance or laziness. The task of the talkoot may be something that is a common concern for the good of the group, or it may be to help someone with

Ayni - Misplaced Pages Continue

2142-764: The playground, or the tenants of a tenement house may arrange a talkoot to put their garden in order for the summer or winter. A person unable to contribute with actual work may contribute food for the talkoot party, or act as a baby-sitter. When a talkoot is for the benefit of an individual, he or she is the host of the talkoot party and is obliged to offer food and drink. Toloka or taloka (also pomoch ) in Russian ( toloka in Ukrainian and talaka in Belarusian , tłoka in Polish )

2193-604: The presidency of Sukarno , the idea of gotong royong was officially elevated to a central tenet of Indonesian life. For Sukarno, the new nation was to be synonymous with gotong royong . He said that the Pancasila could be reduced to the idea of gotong royong . On June 1, 1945, Sukarno said of the Pancasila: The first two principles, nationalism and internationalism, can be pressed to one, which I used to call 'socionationalism.' Similarly with democracy 'which

2244-512: The provision of common services (repair of bridges, cleaning of roads, etc.) Dugnad is a Norwegian term for voluntary work done together with other people. It is a core phenomenon for Norwegians, and the word was voted as the Norwegian word of the year 2004 in the TV programme Typisk norsk ('Typically Norwegian'). Participation in a dugnad is often followed by a common meal, served by

2295-959: The region's name may be derived from the Nubian word Kurta meaning 'man', but by the 14th century Arabs from Egypt began expanding southwards into Kordofan, amalgamating with some of the indigenous population and driving remnants of the indigenous population to the hills. Most of the inhabitants of Kordofan are Arabs . The main tribal groups of Arab tribes, include the Dar Hamid, Kawahla, Hamar, Bedairiah, Gawamaah and Rekabeiah. In Northern Kordofan there are large grazing areas used and inhabited for hundreds of years by Arabic -speaking, semi-nomadic Baggara and camel-raising Kababish tribes. Other ethnic groups that inhabit Kordofan are Nubians , Daju , Beja , Zaghawa , and Funj people. Nilotic tribes, Nuba , Shilluk and Dinka , also inhabit parts of Kordofan. The Kordofanian languages are spoken by

2346-468: The tacit commitment that the person assisted will come with their family to the call of another andecha when another neighbor requests it. It is very similar to the Irish meitheal . It should not be confused with another Asturian collective work institution, the sestaferia . In this, the provision of the service is mandatory (under penalty of fine) and is not called a to help of an individual but

2397-422: The tree, as well as plant seeds the tree produced to create more trees. The simple of act of watering a tree can also reap in rewards including by not limited to: creating shade, wind barriers, soil anchors, and more. The relationships that can be defined as ayni thus extend to everything beneficial involving two parties. In practice, Quechua and Aymara communities apply ayni through human to human interaction. This

2448-485: The word bee has also been used for some time already for other social gatherings without communal work, for example for competitions such as a spelling bee . Harambee ( Swahili: [hɑrɑˈᵐbɛː] ) is an East African ( Kenyan , Tanzanian and Ugandan ) tradition of community self-help events, e.g. fundraising or development activities. Harambee literally means 'all pull together' in Swahili , and

2499-673: Was abolished and its territory divided between North and South Kordofan States, as part of the implementation of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement between the Government of Sudan and the Sudan People's Liberation Movement . West Kordofan was reestablished in July 2013. Kordofan covers an area of some 376,145 km (146,932 miles²), with an estimated population in 2000 of 3.6 million (3 million in 1983). It

2550-505: Was an ethical principle of sociality, in marked contrast to both the "unchecked" feudalism of the West, and the social anomie of capitalism . Ideas of reciprocity, ancient and deeply enmeshed aspects of kampung morality, were seized upon by postcolonial politicians. John Sidel writes: "Ironically, national-level politicians drew on "village conceptions of adat and gotong royong . They drew on notions "of traditional community to justify new forms of authoritarian rule." During

2601-674: Was derived from the Cherokee word for 'bread', which is Gadu . In recent years the Cherokee Nation tribal government has promoted the concept of Gadugi . The GaDuGi Health Center is a tribally run clinic in Tahlequah, Oklahoma , the capital of the Cherokee Nation. The concept is becoming more widely known. In Lawrence, Kansas, in 2004 the rape crisis center affiliated with the University of Kansas , adopted

SECTION 50

#1732764790183
#182817