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93-588: The Ayrshire Post was founded in 1880 as a voice of Liberalism, in direct competition to existing Tory rival the Ayr Advertiser and the now defunct Ayr Observer and the more radical Ayrshire Express . The Post was edited by John Fergus Macnair from 1925 to 1958, and the chief reporter was Allan Hewitson from 1946 to 1961, who also founded the Ayr branch of the National Union of Journalists . There

186-505: A 3D model of a human for example, the chest is a parent of the upper left arm, which is a parent of the lower left arm, which is a parent of the hand . This pattern is used in modeling and animation for almost everything built as a 3D digital model. Many grammatical theories, such as phrase-structure grammar , involve hierarchy. Direct–inverse languages such as Cree and Mapudungun distinguish subject and object on verbs not by different subject and object markers, but via

279-411: A branching hierarchy , one or more objects has a degree of 2 or more (and therefore the minimum degree is 2 or higher). For many people, the word "hierarchy" automatically evokes an image of a branching hierarchy. Branching hierarchies are present within numerous systems, including organizations and classification schemes . The broad category of branching hierarchies can be further subdivided based on

372-514: A family tree ) and inheritance ( succession and heirship ). All the requisites of a well-rounded life and lifestyle can be organized using Maslow's hierarchy of human needs - according to Maslow's hierarchy of human needs. Learning steps often follow a hierarchical scheme—to master differential equations one must first learn calculus ; to learn calculus one must first learn elementary algebra ; and so on. Nature offers hierarchical structures, as numerous schemes such as Linnaean taxonomy ,

465-475: A reverse hierarchy , the conceptual pyramid of authority is turned upside-down, so that the apex is at the bottom and the base is at the top. This mode represents the idea that members of the higher rankings are responsible for the members of the lower rankings. Empirically, when we observe in nature a large proportion of the (complex) biological systems, they exhibit hierarchic structure. On theoretical grounds we could expect complex systems to be hierarchies in

558-400: A business setting, a superior is a supervisor/boss and a peer is a colleague . Degree of branching refers to the number of direct subordinates or children an object has (in graph theory, equivalent to the number of other vertices connected to via outgoing arcs, in a directed graph) a node has. Hierarchies can be categorized based on the "maximum degree", the highest degree present in

651-579: A conciliatory position between Blue Tories and Red Tories. The term " Pink Tory " is also used by Canadian politics as a pejorative term to describe a conservative party member who is perceived as liberal. In the United Kingdom, the Conservative and Unionist Party is often colloquially referred to as the Tories , both by themselves and by opponents, and also in the media. Members and voters of

744-446: A containment hierarchy is demonstrated in class inheritance in object-oriented programming . Two types of containment hierarchies are the subsumptive containment hierarchy and the compositional containment hierarchy. A subsumptive hierarchy " subsumes " its children, and a compositional hierarchy is " composed " of its children. A hierarchy can also be both subsumptive and compositional . A subsumptive containment hierarchy

837-623: A contemporary political term. In Canada, a Tory refers to a member of the Conservative Party of Canada , while the party as a whole are colloquially referred to as the Tories . It is also used to refer to the party's predecessor, including the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada . In addition to the federal Conservative Party, the terms have also been used to describe provincial Conservative/Progressive Conservative parties and their members. LGBTory

930-402: A file on a computer desktop, one may first direct them towards the main folder, then the subfolders within the main folder. They will keep opening files within the folders until the designated file is located. For more complicated hierarchies, the stair structure represents hierarchical relationships through the use of visual stacking. Visually imagine the top of a downward staircase beginning at

1023-428: A generalized nested hierarchy allows for multiple objects within levels but with each object having only one parent at each level. The general concept is both demonstrated and mathematically formulated in the following example: A square can always also be referred to as a quadrilateral, polygon or shape. In this way, it is a hierarchy. However, consider the set of polygons using this classification. A square can only be

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1116-484: A hallmark of Toryism under subsequent prime ministers. The word Conservative began to be used in place of Tory during the 1830s, as Robert Peel 's followers began to re-interpret elements of Tory tradition under a banner of support for social reform and free trade. The party was eventually succeeded by the Conservative and Unionist Party , with the term Tory enduring to become an interchangeable phrase with Conservative . Provincial Provincial The term Tory

1209-511: A hierarchy of persons. In this system, the three (or four with Algonquian languages ) persons occur in a hierarchy of salience . To distinguish which is subject and which object, inverse markers are used if the object outranks the subject. On the other hand, languages include a variety of phenomena that are not hierarchical. For example, the relationship between a pronoun and a prior noun-phrase to which it refers commonly crosses grammatical boundaries in non-hierarchical ways. The structure of

1302-406: A higher-level entity can have on x' s properties and interactions. Furthermore, the entities found at each level are autonomous . Kulish (2002) suggests that almost every system of organization which humans apply to the world is arranged hierarchically. Some conventional definitions of the terms "nation" and "government" suggest that every nation has a government and that every government

1395-806: A hostile description by the Federalists' foes of whom Jefferson was one and not a name used by the Federalists themselves. The Federalist Party was dissolved in 1835 with no successor parties. Later the Democratic-Republican Party splintered in different parties, with the two dissidences being the National Republican Party and the Whig Party . The rest of the party would become the Democratic Party . The National Republican Party would then merge with

1488-778: A member of the Conservative Party or for the party in general in Canada and the UK, and can be used interchangeably with the word Conservative . In the United States, Tory is often used as a historical term to describe supporters of Great Britain during the American Revolution. However, in Canadian parlance, British supporters during the revolution are called Loyalists , with the term Tory being used as

1581-526: A miscreant of any kind into the 19th century. However, because later Conservative and anti-revolutionary parties assumed the term Tory , it has also been suggested that the word originated from the Irish word toir , meaning to give, grant and bestow; or toirbhearl , meaning efficiency, bounty or munificence. By the 1640s, the term was used in the English language to refer to dispossessed Irish Catholics. It

1674-529: A musical composition is often understood hierarchically (for example by Heinrich Schenker (1768–1835, see Schenkerian analysis ), and in the (1985) Generative Theory of Tonal Music , by composer Fred Lerdahl and linguist Ray Jackendoff ). The sum of all notes in a piece is understood to be an all-inclusive surface, which can be reduced to successively more sparse and more fundamental types of motion. The levels of structure that operate in Schenker's theory are

1767-410: A problem. The use of parentheses is also a representation of hierarchy, for they show which operation is to be done prior to the following ones. For example: (2 + 5) × (7 - 4). In this problem, typically one would multiply 5 by 7 first, based on the rules of mathematical hierarchy. But when the parentheses are placed, one will know to do the operations within the parentheses first before continuing on with

1860-439: A quadrilateral; it can never be a triangle , hexagon , etc. Nested hierarchies are the organizational schemes behind taxonomies and systematic classifications. For example, using the original Linnaean taxonomy (the version he laid out in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae ), a human can be formulated as: Taxonomies may change frequently (as seen in biological taxonomy ), but the underlying concept of nested hierarchies

1953-404: A required general property. These level hierarchies are characterized by bi-directional causation . Upward causation involves lower-level entities causing some property of a higher level entity; children entities may interact to yield parent entities, and parents are composed at least partly by their children. Downward causation refers to the effect that the incorporation of entity x into

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2046-682: A revival. Under the Corn Laws (1815–1846) a majority of Tories supported protectionist agrarianism with tariffs being imposed at the time for higher food prices , self-sufficiency and enhanced wages in rural employment. English Tories from the time of the Glorious Revolution up until the Reform Act 1832 were characterised by strong monarchist tendencies, support for the Church of England and hostility to radical reform, while

2139-656: A strong Tory tradition and political culture. Thereafter in the 1990s, the Progressive Conservatives were a small party in the House of Commons of Canada and could only exert legislative pressure on the government through their power in the Senate of Canada . Eventually, through death and retirements, this power waned. Joe Clark returned as leader, but the schism with the Reformers effectively watered down

2232-441: A system that is largely hierarchical can also incorporate alternative hierarchies. Hierarchical links can extend "vertically" upwards or downwards via multiple links in the same direction, following a path . All parts of the hierarchy that are not linked vertically to one another nevertheless can be "horizontally" linked through a path by traveling up the hierarchy to find a common direct or indirect superior, and then down again. This

2325-481: A wide variety of fields, such as architecture , philosophy , design , mathematics , computer science , organizational theory , systems theory , systematic biology , and the social sciences (especially political science ). A hierarchy can link entities either directly or indirectly, and either vertically or diagonally. The only direct links in a hierarchy, insofar as they are hierarchical, are to one's immediate superior or to one of one's subordinates , although

2418-466: A world in which complexity had to evolve from simplicity. System hierarchies analysis performed in the 1950s, laid the empirical foundations for a field that would become, from the 1980s, hierarchical ecology . The theoretical foundations are summarized by thermodynamics . When biological systems are modeled as physical systems , in the most general abstraction, they are thermodynamic open systems that exhibit self-organised behavior, and

2511-500: Is a branching hierarchy in which at least one object has two parent objects. For example, a graduate student can have two co-supervisors to whom the student reports directly and equally, and who have the same level of authority within the university hierarchy (i.e., they have the same position or tenure status). Possibly the first use of the English word hierarchy cited by the Oxford English Dictionary

2604-441: Is a classification of object classes from the general to the specific. Other names for this type of hierarchy are "taxonomic hierarchy" and " IS-A hierarchy". The last term describes the relationship between each level—a lower-level object "is a" member of the higher class. The taxonomical structure outlined above is a subsumptive containment hierarchy. Using again the example of Linnaean taxonomy, it can be seen that an object that

2697-404: Is a direct extrapolation of the nested hierarchy concept. All of the ordered sets are still nested, but every set must be " strict "—no two sets can be identical. The shapes example above can be modified to demonstrate this: The notation x ⊊ y {\displaystyle x\subsetneq y\,} means x is a subset of y but is not equal to  y . A general example of

2790-485: Is a hierarchical ordering of nested sets . The concept of nesting is exemplified in Russian matryoshka dolls . Each doll is encompassed by another doll, all the way to the outer doll. The outer doll holds all of the inner dolls, the next outer doll holds all the remaining inner dolls, and so on. Matryoshkas represent a nested hierarchy where each level contains only one object, i.e., there is only one of each size of doll;

2883-508: Is a member of the level Mammalia "is a" member of the level Animalia ; more specifically, a human "is a" primate, a primate "is a" mammal, and so on. A subsumptive hierarchy can also be defined abstractly as a hierarchy of " concepts ". For example, with the Linnaean hierarchy outlined above, an entity name like Animalia is a way to group all the species that fit the conceptualization of an animal. A compositional containment hierarchy

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2976-413: Is akin to two co-workers or colleagues ; each reports to a common superior, but they have the same relative amount of authority. Organizational forms exist that are both alternative and complementary to hierarchy. Heterarchy is one such form. Hierarchies have their own special vocabulary. These terms are easiest to understand when a hierarchy is diagrammed (see below ). In an organizational context,

3069-405: Is always transitive . The second requirement asserts that a hierarchy must have a leader or root that is common to all of the objects. Mathematically, in its most general form, a hierarchy is a partially ordered set or poset . The system in this case is the entire poset, which is constituted of elements. Within this system, each element shares a particular unambiguous property. Objects with

3162-420: Is always the same. In many programming taxonomies and syntax models (as well as fractals in mathematics), nested hierarchies, including Russian dolls, are also used to illustrate the properties of self-similarity and recursion . Recursion itself is included as a subset of hierarchical programming, and recursive thinking can be synonymous with a form of hierarchical thinking and logic. A containment hierarchy

3255-442: Is an advocacy group for LGBT supporters of the Conservative Party of Canada and provincial conservative parties. The terms " Blue Tory " and " Red Tory " describe two factions of Canada's federal and provincial conservative parties. The former leader of the Progressive Conservative Party of Ontario , Tim Hudak , adopted the term " Purple Tory " to characterize himself, aiming to avoid the strong ideological stance and instead provide

3348-507: Is an ordering of the parts that make up a system—the system is "composed" of these parts. Most engineered structures, whether natural or artificial, can be broken down in this manner. The compositional hierarchy that every person encounters at every moment is the hierarchy of life . Every person can be reduced to organ systems , which are composed of organs , which are composed of tissues , which are composed of cells , which are composed of molecules , which are composed of atoms . In fact,

3441-490: Is credited with first use of it as an abstract noun. Since hierarchical churches, such as the Roman Catholic (see Catholic Church hierarchy ) and Eastern Orthodox churches, had tables of organization that were "hierarchical" in the modern sense of the word (traditionally with God as the pinnacle or head of the hierarchy), the term came to refer to similar organizational methods in secular settings. A hierarchy

3534-631: Is hierarchical. Sociologists can analyse socioeconomic systems in terms of stratification into a social hierarchy (the social stratification of societies), and all systematic classification schemes ( taxonomies ) are hierarchical. Most organized religions , regardless of their internal governance structures, operate as a hierarchy under deities and priesthoods . Many Christian denominations have an autocephalous ecclesiastical hierarchy of leadership . Families can be viewed as hierarchical structures in terms of cousinship (e.g., first cousin once removed, second cousin, etc.), ancestry (as depicted in

3627-598: Is infinitely hierarchical because there is no finite bound on the number of digits can be used after the decimal point. Organizations can be structured as a dominance hierarchy . In an organizational hierarchy, there is a single person or group with the most power or authority , and each subsequent level represents a lesser authority. Most organizations are structured in this manner, including governments , companies , armed forces , militia and organized religions . The units or persons within an organization may be depicted hierarchically in an organizational chart . In

3720-556: Is occasionally used as a pejorative term by members of the Australian Labor Party to refer to conservative members of the Liberal Party of Australia and National Party of Australia parties (who are in a long-standing coalition ). The term is not used anywhere near as often as in the UK and Canada, and it is rare – though not unheard of – for members of those parties to self-describe as 'Tories'. Writing in

3813-498: Is owned by Reach plc and is the biggest selling weekly title within the Media Scotland stable. As of 2012, it had a circulation of 20,000, approximately the same as in 1939 and a 10% decline from 2011's circulation of 23,493. Tory A Tory ( / ˈ t ɔː r i / ) is an individual who supports a political philosophy known as Toryism , based on a British version of traditionalist conservatism which upholds

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3906-420: Is typically depicted as a pyramid , where the height of a level represents that level's status and width of a level represents the quantity of items at that level relative to the whole. For example, the few Directors of a company could be at the apex , and the base could be thousands of people who have no subordinates. These pyramids are often diagrammed with a triangle diagram which serves to emphasize

3999-484: The "postal district" , consists of 18 objects (letters). The next level down is the "zone", where the objects are the digits 0–9. This is an example of an overlapping hierarchy , because each of these 10 objects has 18 parents. The hierarchy continues downward to generate, in theory, 7,200,000 unique codes of the format A0A 0A0 (the second and third letter positions allow 20 objects each). Most library classification systems are also hierarchical. The Dewey Decimal System

4092-833: The Abhorrers . The word "Tory" had connotations of Papist and outlaw derived from its previous use in Ireland. There were two Tory ministries after James II acceded to the throne: the first led by the Earl of Rochester , the second by Lord Belasyse . A significant faction took part in the Glorious Revolution the military coup d'état that ousted James II with the Whigs to defend the Church of England and definitive Protestantism . A large but dwindling faction of Tories continued to support James in exile and his Stuart heirs to

4185-780: The Advertiser was 14,000, while that of the Post was 20,000. The title was judged Scottish Weekly Newspaper of the Year in 2014 at the Scottish Press Awards . It was the first time an Ayrshire newspaper has won the award. The Ayrshire Post won Weekly Newspaper of the Year at the 43rd Scottish Press Awards held in September 2022. There separate editions for Troon and the district of Carrick , which includes communities centred around Maybole and Girvan . The newspaper

4278-574: The American Revolutionary War . In post-Confederation Canada, the terms " Red Tory " and " Blue Tory " have long been used to describe the two wings of the Conservative and previously the Progressive Conservative (PC) parties. The dyadic tensions originally arose out of the 1854 political union of British-Canadian Tories, French-Canadian traditionalists and the monarchist and loyalist leaning sections of

4371-678: The Australian Dictionary of Biography , Michael Persse notes the impact of 'Liberal Toryism' on the colonial era Australian statesman William Charles Wentworth when he was in Britain. Chief Justice Garfield Barwick titled his memoir A Radical Tory . The newspaper of the University of Sydney Conservative Club is named The Sydney Tory . A moderate faction of the Australian Greens has been pejoratively dubbed

4464-474: The Democratic-Republican Party ) described the conservative Federalist Party as "[a] political Sect [...] believing that the executive is the branch of our government which the most needs support, [who] are called federalists, sometimes aristocrats or monocrats, and sometimes Tories, after the corresponding sect in the English Government of exactly the same definition". However, that was clearly

4557-819: The House of Stuart during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms . The Tories , a British political party which emerged during the late 17th century, was a reaction to the Whig-controlled Parliaments that succeeded the Cavalier Parliament . As a political term, Tory was a term derived from the Irish language , that was first used in English politics during the Exclusion Crisis of 1678–1681. It also has exponents in other parts of

4650-549: The Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan governments. As Mulroney took the Progressive Conservative Party further in this direction, with policy initiatives in the areas of deregulation , privatization, free-trade and a consumption tax called the Goods and services tax (GST), many traditionally-minded Tories became concerned that a political and cultural schism was occurring within the party. The 1986 creation of

4743-762: The Reform Party of Canada attracted some of the neo-liberals and social conservatives away from the Tory party and as some of the neoconservative policies of the Mulroney government proved unpopular, some of the provincial-rights elements moved towards Reform as well. In 1993, Mulroney resigned rather than fight an election based on his record after almost nine years in power. This left the Progressive Conservatives in disarray and scrambling to understand how to make Toryism relevant in provinces such as Quebec , Saskatchewan , Alberta and British Columbia that had never had

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4836-832: The Scottish Labour Party (especially those from the " Blairite and Brownite " factions) may be referred to as Red Tories by traditional Labour members and advocates of an independent Scotland such as members and supporters of the Scottish National Party , the Alba Party (formerly Solidarity ), the Scottish Socialist Party and the Scottish Greens . Similarly, Labour supporters have referred to SNP members and supporters as being Tartan Tories . In Australia, Tory

4929-623: The Tory party was an actual organisation which held power intermittently throughout the same period. Conservatism began to emerge in the late 18th century—it synthesised moderate Whig economic policies and many Tory social values to create a new political philosophy and faction in opposition to the French Revolution . Edmund Burke and William Pitt the Younger led the way in this. Interventionism and strong armed forces were to prove

5022-475: The Tree Tories by the hard left faction. Hierarchy A hierarchy (from Greek : ἱεραρχία , hierarkhia , 'rule of a high priest', from hierarkhes , 'president of sacred rites') is an arrangement of items (objects, names, values, categories, etc.) that are represented as being "above", "below", or "at the same level as" one another. Hierarchy is an important concept in

5115-477: The organization of life , and biomass pyramids attempt to document. While the above examples are often clearly depicted in a hierarchical form and are classic examples, hierarchies exist in numerous systems where this branching structure is not immediately apparent. For example, most postal-code systems are hierarchical. Using the Canadian postal code system as an example, the top level's binding concept,

5208-579: The set/subset relations between dissipative structures can be characterized in a hierarchy. Other hierarchical representations related to biology include ecological pyramids which illustrate energy flow or trophic levels in ecosystems , and taxonomic hierarchies, including the Linnean classification scheme and phylogenetic trees that reflect inferred patterns of evolutionary relationship among living and extinct species. CGI and computer-animation programs mostly use hierarchies for models. On

5301-582: The Confederates, Southern Unionists symbolized a direct challenge to their political aspirations and were viewed as "traitors to the white race". Conversely, Unionists regarded Southern Unionists as a loyal segment of the Southern population, swept by the tide of succession, and whom the foundations of Reconstruction would be built. In Texas in 1832–1836, support for the Texas Revolution

5394-489: The English-Canadian traditions of Monarchy , Empire-Commonwealth , parliamentary government , nationalism , protectionism, social reform and eventually acceptance of the necessity of the welfare state . By the 1970s, the Progressive Conservative Party was a Keynesian-consensus party. With the onset of stagflation in the 1970s, some Canadian Tories came under the influence of neo-liberal developments in

5487-437: The Irish who were dispossessed of their lands and took to the woods, forming themselves into bands that subsisted on wild animals and goods taken from settlers. After these activities were suppressed, the term lost its original signification with English-speakers and was used to describe "an outlaw papist" or a "robber that is noted for outrages and cruelty". The Irish peasantry also used the term Tory to refer to an outlaw or

5580-430: The United Kingdom and the United States, which highlighted the policies for privatization and supply-side interventions . In Canada, these Tories have been labelled neoconservatives —which has a somewhat different connotation in the United States. By the early 1980s, there was no clear neoconservative in the Tory leadership cadre, but Brian Mulroney (who became leader in 1983) eventually came to adopt many policies from

5673-785: The Whig Party, giving rise to what would be called the Second Party System . Although the Whig Party adopted its name from its British counterpart, the term "Tories" had already completely fallen out of favour in the US. During the American Civil War , Confederate forces commonly referred to Southern Unionists as Tories , drawing a parallel with the Tories of the American Revolutionary War. To

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5766-627: The combined Blue and Red Tory vote in Canada. By the late 1990s, there was talk of the necessity of uniting the right in Canada, to deter further Liberal Party majorities. Many Tories—both red and blue—opposed such moves, while others took the view that all would have to be pragmatic if there was any hope of reviving a strong party system. The Canadian Alliance party (as the Reform Party had become) and some leading Tories came together on an informal basis to see if they could find common ground. While Progressive Conservative Leader Joe Clark rebuffed

5859-515: The degree. A flat hierarchy (also known for companies as flat organization ) is a branching hierarchy in which the maximum degree approaches infinity, i.e., that has a wide span. Most often, systems intuitively regarded as hierarchical have at most a moderate span. Therefore, a flat hierarchy is often not viewed as a hierarchy at all. For example, diamonds and graphite are flat hierarchies of numerous carbon atoms that can be further decomposed into subatomic particles. An overlapping hierarchy

5952-531: The emerging commercial classes at the time—many of whom were uncomfortable with the pro-American and annexationist tendencies within the liberal Clear Grits . Tory strength and prominence in the political culture was a feature of life in Nova Scotia , New Brunswick , Prince Edward Island , Ontario and Manitoba . By the 1930s, the factions within Canadian Toryism were associated with either

6045-521: The established social order as it has evolved through the history of Great Britain . The Tory ethos has been summed up with the phrase "God, King (or Queen), and Country". Tories are monarchists , were historically of a high church Anglican religious heritage, and were opposed to the liberalism of the Whig party . The philosophy originates from the Cavaliers , a royalist faction which supported

6138-412: The following terms are often used related to hierarchies: In a mathematical context (in graph theory ), the general terminology used is different. Most hierarchies use a more specific vocabulary pertaining to their subject, but the idea behind them is the same. For example, with data structures , objects are known as nodes , superiors are called parents and subordinates are called children . In

6231-938: The former British Empire , such as the Loyalists of British America , who opposed secession during the American War of Independence . Loyalists who fled to the Canadas at the end of the conflict, known as the United Empire Loyalists , formed the support base for political cliques in Upper and Lower Canada . Toryism remains prominent in the politics of Canada and the United Kingdom . The British Conservative Party and Conservative Party of Canada , and their supporters, continue to be referred to as Tories. Adherents to traditional Toryism in contemporary times are referred to as High Tories , who typically defend

6324-419: The ideas of hierarchy , natural order , and aristocracy . The word Tory originates from an Irish term that was phonetically anglicised. Several Irish words have been suggested as the etymological root for the word Tory . The Irish word toruidhe or toruighe , meaning "to pursue" or "to hunt", is suggested as the origin for the term Tory . From the 1500s to 1600s, the term Tory first emerged to refer to

6417-527: The last two levels apply to all matter , at least at the macroscopic scale . Moreover, each of these levels inherit all the properties of their children . In this particular example, there are also emergent properties —functions that are not seen at the lower level (e.g., cognition is not a property of neurons but is of the brain )—and a scalar quality (molecules are bigger than atoms, cells are bigger than molecules, etc.). Both of these concepts commonly exist in compositional hierarchies, but they are not

6510-429: The left and descending on the right. Child elements are towards the bottom of the stairs and parent elements are at the top. This structure represents hierarchical relationships through the use of visual stacking. In plain English, a hierarchy can be thought of as a set in which: The first requirement is also interpreted to mean that a hierarchy can have no circular relationships ; the association between two objects

6603-846: The merger. They formed the rival Progressive Canadian Party . The term "Loyalist" was used in the American Revolution for those who remained loyal to the British Crown. About 80% of the Loyalists remained in the United States after the war. The 60,000 or so Loyalists who settled in Nova Scotia, Quebec , the Bahamas , or returned to Great Britain after the American War of Independence are known as United Empire Loyalists. On 12 February 1798, Thomas Jefferson (of

6696-656: The notion, the talks moved ahead and eventually in December 2003, the Canadian Alliance and the Progressive Conservative parties voted to rejoin into a new party called the Conservative Party of Canada. After the merger of the Progressive Conservatives with the Canadian Alliance in 2003, there was debate as to whether the "Tory" appellation should survive at the federal level. Commentators speculated that some Alliance members would take offence to

6789-522: The party are also often referred to as "Tories" as well. The British Broadcasting Corporation 's own style guide permits the use of the term Tory , although requires the term Conservative be used in its first instance. In Scotland , the term Tory is used to describe members and supporters of the Scottish Conservatives , or to accuse other parties of being insufficiently opposed to that party. For example, members and supporters of

6882-541: The principles and methods of each faction. During the American Revolution , the term Tory was used interchangeably with the term " Loyalist " in the Thirteen Colonies to refer to colonists who remained loyal to the Crown during the conflict. The term contrasts the colloquial term used to describe supporters of the revolution, " Patriots " or "Whigs". Towards the end of Charles II 's reign (1660–1685) there

6975-407: The problem. These rules are largely dominant in algebraic problems, ones that include several steps to solve. The use of hierarchy in mathematics is beneficial to quickly and efficiently solve a problem without having to go through the process of slowly dissecting the problem. Most of these rules are now known as the proper way into solving certain equations. A nested hierarchy or inclusion hierarchy

7068-477: The rules of visual hierarchy . Visual hierarchy is also important for proper organization of files on computers. An example of visually representing hierarchy is through nested clusters. Nested clusters represent hierarchical relationships using layers of information. The child element is within the parent element, such as in a Venn diagram . This structure is most effective in representing simple hierarchical relationships. For example, when directing someone to open

7161-469: The same property value are grouped together, and each of those resulting levels is referred to as a class . "Hierarchy" is particularly used to refer to a poset in which the classes are organized in terms of increasing complexity. Operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division are often performed in a certain sequence or order. Usually, addition and subtraction are performed after multiplication and division has already been applied to

7254-470: The size differences between the levels (but not all triangle/pyramid diagrams are hierarchical; for example, the 1992 USDA food guide pyramid ). An example of a triangle diagram appears to the right. Another common representation of a hierarchical scheme is as a tree diagram . Phylogenetic trees , charts showing the structure of § Organizations , and playoff brackets in sports are often illustrated this way. More recently, as computers have allowed

7347-399: The storage and navigation of ever larger data sets, various methods have been developed to represent hierarchies in a manner that makes more efficient use of the available space on a computer's screen. Examples include fractal maps, TreeMaps and Radial Trees . In the design field, mainly graphic design, successful layouts and formatting of the content on documents are heavily dependent on

7440-517: The system as a whole. Categorization in this way yields two broad classes: linear and branching . In a linear hierarchy , the maximum degree is 1. In other words, all of the objects can be visualized in a line-up, and each object (excluding the top and bottom ones) has exactly one direct subordinate and one direct superior. This is referring to the objects and not the levels ; every hierarchy has this property with respect to levels, but normally each level can have an infinite number of objects. In

7533-526: The term Tory , which then signified an Irish robber, to those who would not believe in his Popish Plot and the name gradually became extended to all who were supposed to have sympathy with the Catholic Duke of York. The Tory political faction originally emerged within the Parliament of England to uphold the legitimist rights of James II to succeed his brother Charles II to the thrones of

7626-407: The term. Nevertheless, it was officially adopted by the merged party during the 2004 leadership convention . Stephen Harper , former leader of the Conservative Party of Canada and Prime Minister from 2006 to 2015, regularly refers to himself as a Tory and says the new party is a natural evolution of the conservative political movement. However, there were some dissident Red Tories who were against

7719-596: The three kingdoms. James became a Catholic at a time when the state institutions were fiercely independent from the Catholic Church —this was an issue for the Exclusion Crisis supporting Patricians , the political heirs to the nonconformist Roundheads and Covenanters . During the Exclusion Crisis, the word Tory was applied in the Kingdom of England as a nickname to the opponents of the bill, called

7812-534: The throne despite his Catholic religion. After this, the term Tory began to be used as a colloquial term, alongside the word Whig , to describe the two major political factions/parties in British politics. Initially, both terms were used in a pejorative manner, although both later became acceptable terms to use in literary speech to describe either political party. The suffix -ism was quickly added to both Whig and Tory to make Whiggism and Toryism, meaning

7905-680: The throne, especially in 1714 after the Hanoverian Succession by George I , the first Hanoverian monarch. Although only a minority of Tories gave their adhesion to the Jacobite risings , this was used by the Whigs to discredit the Tories and paint them as traitors. After the advent of the Prime Ministerial system under the Whig Robert Walpole , Lord Bute 's premiership in the reign of George III marked

7998-450: The urban business elites, or with rural traditionalists from the country's hinterland. A "Red Tory" is a member of the more moderate wing of the party (in the manner of John Farthing and George Grant ). They are generally unified by their adherence to British traditions in Canada. Throughout the course of Canadian history, the Conservative Party was generally controlled by MacDonaldian Tory elements, which in Canada meant an adherence to

8091-476: Was some debate about whether his brother, James, Duke of York , should be allowed to accede to the throne because of James's Catholicism. "Whigs", originally a reference to Scottish cattle-drovers (stereotypically radical anti-Catholic Covenanters ), was the abusive term directed at those who wanted to exclude James on the grounds that he was a Catholic. Those who were not prepared to exclude James were labelled " Abhorrers " and later "Tories". Titus Oates applied

8184-601: Was also used to refer to isolated Irish rebels and guerrillas resisting Oliver Cromwell 's conquest of Ireland , who were allied with Cavaliers through treaty with the Parliament of Confederate Ireland. It was later used to refer to dispossessed Catholic Irish in Ulster following the Restoration . Tory was also used to refer to a rapparee and later applied to Confederates or Cavaliers in arms. The term Tory

8277-471: Was first introduced in England by Titus Oates , who used the term to describe individuals from Ireland sent to assassinate him and his supporters. Oates continued to refer to his opponents as Tories until his death. The word entered English politics during the 1680s, emerging as a pejorative term to describe supporters of James II of England during the Exclusion Crisis and his hereditary right to inherit

8370-707: Was first used to designate the pre-Confederation British ruling classes of Upper Canada and Lower Canada , known as the Family Compact and the Château Clique , an elite within the governing classes and often members within a section of society known as the United Empire Loyalists . The United Empire Loyalists were American loyalists from the Thirteen Colonies who resettled elsewhere in British North America during or after

8463-416: Was hot rivalry between the Advertiser and the Post . The Advertiser came out on Thursday, and if it had a good story, the Post , which came out on Friday could follow it up. Another source of news was The Daily Telegraph and The Times , with any local event being followed up. The Post did not devote as much space to agricultural matters as did the '' Advertiser . After World War II the circulation of

8556-606: Was in 1881, when it was used in reference to the three orders of three angels as depicted by Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite (5th–6th centuries). Pseudo-Dionysius used the related Greek word (ἱεραρχία, hierarchia ) both in reference to the celestial hierarchy and the ecclesiastical hierarchy . The Greek term hierarchia means 'rule of a high priest', from hierarches (ἱεράρχης, 'president of sacred rites, high-priest') and that from hiereus (ἱερεύς, 'priest') and arche (ἀρχή, 'first place or power, rule'). Dionysius

8649-522: Was not unanimous. The "Tories" were men who supported the Mexican government. The Tories generally were long-term property holders whose roots were outside of the lower south. They typically had little interest in politics and sought conciliation rather than war. The Tories wanted to preserve the economic, political and social gains that they enjoyed as citizens of Mexico and the revolution threatened to jeopardize those gains. Tory has become shorthand for

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