Azerbaijan International is a magazine that discusses issues related to Azerbaijanis around the world. It was established in 1993 shortly after the dissolution of the Soviet Union when Azerbaijan gained its independence. Since then, it has been published quarterly in English with occasional articles in the Azerbaijani language in Latin and Arabic scripts. The magazine has offices in Los Angeles and Baku .
23-558: Each issue includes about 100-colored pages and relates to a specific theme. Past themes have included art, music, literature, folklore, architecture, archeology, health, the environment, international relations, business, trends, and transitions. Its target audience is international readers in the business, diplomatic, and academic communities. The magazine is funded via advertisements from major companies which do business in Azerbaijan. Several editions have been particularly noteworthy in
46-516: A multilingual inscription is an inscription that includes the same text in two or more languages. A bilingual is an inscription that includes the same text in two languages (or trilingual in the case of three languages, etc.). Multilingual inscriptions are important for the decipherment of ancient writing systems , and for the study of ancient languages with small or repetitive corpora . Important bilinguals include: The manuscript titled Relación de las cosas de Yucatán (1566; Spain) shows
69-421: A grouping of pictorial representations or a modern-day forgery without further meaning. This is commonly approached with methods from the field of grammatology . Prior to decipherment of meaning, one can then determine the number of distinct graphemes (which, in turn, allows one to tell if the writing system is alphabetic, syllabic, or logo-syllabic; this is because such writing systems typically do not overlap in
92-410: A text from one language into a second, and then from the second language back into the first, rarely reproduces exactly the original writing. Likewise, unless a significant number of words are contained in the multilingual text, limited information can be gleaned from it. Internal approaches are multi-step: one must first ensure that the writing they are looking at represents real writing, as opposed to
115-557: Is more common, and includes things such as the detection of cognates or related words, discovery of the closest known language, word alignments, and more. In recent years, there has been a growing emphasis on methods utilizing artificial intelligence for the decipherment of lost languages, especially through natural language processing (NLP) methods. Proof-of-concept methods have independently re-deciphered Ugaritic and Linear B using data from similar languages, in this case Hebrew and Ancient Greek . Related to attempts to decipher
138-525: Is the core author of Ali and Nino as his personal life and works mirror the storyline and issues in the novel. (2) Lev Nussimbaum (Essad Bey) (1905-1942) served primarily as a broker and enhanced passages—especially related to folklore and legendary topics. (3) Essad Bey plagiarized passages from Georgian writer Grigol Robakidze (1881-1962), especially related to travels in Tiflis (Tbilisi) and Iran. (4) Austrian Baroness Elfriede Ehrenfels (1894-1982) registered
161-548: The de Landa alphabet (and a bilingual list of words and phrases), written in Spanish and Mayan ; it allowed the decipherment of the Pre-Columbian Maya script in the mid-20th century. Important trilinguals include: Important quadrilinguals include: Important examples in five or more languages include: Notable modern examples include: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948; Paris, France)
184-601: The Azerbaijan Republic State History Archives, Institute of Manuscripts (Baku), Georgian Centre for Manuscripts (Tbilisi), Ukrainian National Archives (Kyiv), ZMO (Center for Modern Oriental Studies, Berlin) and the rare library resources of German, Italian and French journals from the 1930s that are available at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and Getty Museum, Los Angeles. In the articles, Betty Blair concludes that (1) Azerbaijani writer Yusif Vazir Chamanzaminli (1887-1943)
207-618: The Enigma during the World War II . Many other ciphers from past wars have only recently been cracked. Unlike in language decipherment, however, actors using ciphertext intentionally lay obstacles to prevent outsiders from uncovering the meaning of the communication system. Today, at least a dozen languages remain undeciphered. A notable recent decipherment was that of the Linear Elamite script. According to Gelb and Whiting,
230-630: The Spring issues of 1996, 1999, 2004, 2005, and 2011, and 2013. The Literature of Stalinist repressions in Azerbaijan had never been published in English before and is even difficult to find in the Azerbaijani language. The recent triple edition of the 2011 edition of the magazine (Vol. 15:2-4, 364 pages available in English and in Azerbaijani) deals with the mystery surrounding the identity of
253-512: The application of such statistical methods becomes exceedingly laborious, in which computers might be used to apply them automatically. Computational approaches towards the decipherment of unknown languages began to appear in the late 1990s. Typically, there are two types of computational approaches used in language decipherment: approaches meant to produce translations in known languages, and approaches used to detect new information that might enable future efforts at translation. The second approach
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#1732780408204276-403: The approach of decipherment depends on four categories of situations in an undeciphered language: A number of methods are available to go about deciphering an extinct writing system or language. These can be divided into approaches utilizing external or internal information. Many successful encipherments have proceeded from the discovery of external information, a common example being through
299-737: The author of the novel Ali and Nino: A Love Story which appeared under the pseudonym Kurban Said , first published in 1937 in German by the Austrian publishing house E.P. Tal. The issue is entitled "Who Wrote Azerbaijan's Most Famous Novel: Ali and Nino? The Business of Literature." According to Betty Blair, editor of AI and author of the articles, research was carried out over a period of six years (2004–2010) examining documents and materials in 10 languages (Azerbaijani, Russian, English German, French, Italian, Turkish, Georgian, Persian and Swedish). The magazine staff also relied on archival materials in
322-497: The following comment about the letter <o>: "In the long time it naturally soundeth sharp, and high; as in chósen, hósen, hóly, fólly [. . .] In the short time more flat, and a kin to u; as còsen, dòsen, mòther, bròther, lòve, pròve". Another example comes from detailed comments on pronunciations of Sanskrit from the surviving works of Sanskrit grammarians. Many challenges exist in the decipherment of languages, including when: Multilingual inscription In epigraphy ,
345-735: The history of the magazine. These include research about the discovery and decipherment of the Caucasian Albanian ( Old Udi alphabet ) in Mount Sinai , Egypt, by Dr. Zaza Aleksidze, Folklore of the Sufi Hamid Cemetery, and the relationship of Maiden Tower to the Winter Solstice . Also the 2006 Tangaroa Pacific Voyage : "Testing Thor Heyerdahl 's Theories about Kon-Tiki 60 Years Later." Six issues were dedicated to Azerbaijani literature ; specifically,
368-455: The last line of a text has a small number, it can be reasonably guessed to be referring to the date, where one of the words means "year" and, sometimes, a royal name also appears. Another case is when the text contains many small numbers, followed by a word, followed by a larger number; here, the word likely means "total" or "sum". After one has exhausted the information that can be inferentially derived from probable content, they must transition to
391-604: The meaning of languages and alphabets, include attempts to decipher how extinct writing systems, or older versions of contemporary writing systems (such as English in the 1600s) were pronounced. Several methods and criteria have been developed in this regard. Important criteria include (1) Rhymes and the testimony of poetry (2) Evidence from occasional spellings and misspellings (3) Interpretations of material in one language from authors in foreign languags (4) Information obtained from related languages (5) Grammatical changes in spelling over time. For example, analysis of poetry focuses on
414-407: The number of graphemes they use ), the sequence of writing (whether it be from left to right, right to left, top to bottom, etc.), and the determination of whether individual words are properly segmented when the alphabet is written (such as with the use of a space or a different special mark) or not. If a repetitive schematic arrangement can be identified, this can help in decipherment. For example, if
437-419: The pseudonym “Kurban Said” in her own name. Decipherment In philology , decipherment is the discovery of the meaning of the symbols found in extinct languages and/or alphabets . Decipherment overlaps with another technical field known as cryptanalysis , a field that aims to decipher writings used in secret communication, known as ciphertext . A famous case of this was in the cryptanalysis of
460-500: The similar or the same sound. This method does have some limitations however, as texts may use rhymes that rely on visual similarities between words (such as 'love' and 'remove') as opposed to auditory similarities, and that rhymes can be imperfect . Another source of information about pronunciation comes from explicit description of pronunciations from earlier texts, as in the case of the Grammatica Anglicana , such as in
483-545: The systematic application of statistical tools. These include methods concerning the frequency of appearance of each symbol, the order in which these symbols typically appear, whether some symbols appear at the beginning or end of words, etc. There are situations where orthographic features of a language make it difficult if not impossible to decipher specific features (especially without certain outside information), such as when an alphabet does not express double consonants. Additional, and more complex methods, also exist. Eventually,
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#1732780408204506-483: The use of multilingual inscriptions , such as the Rosetta Stone (with the same text in three scripts: Demotic , hieroglyphic , and Greek ) that enabled the decipherment of Egyptian hieroglyphic. In principle, multilingual text may be insufficient for a decipherment as translation is not a linear and reversible process, but instead represents an encoding of the message in a different symbolic system. Translating
529-520: The use of wordplay or literary techniques between words that have a similar sound. Shakespeare 's play Romeo and Juliet contains wordplay that relies on a similar sound between the words "soul" and "soles", allowing confidence that the similar pronunciation between the terms today also existed in Shakespeare's time. Another common source of information on pronunciation is when earlier texts use rhyme , such as when consecutive lines in poetry end in
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