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70-791: Azizbeyov became a member of Russian Social Democratic Labour Party and one of the leaders of Muslim Social Democratic Party . After the October Revolution , he joined the Baku Comissars. As the Baku Commune was voted out of power in July 1918, Azizbeyov and rest of the Commissars abandoned Baku and fled across the Caspian Sea . However, they were captured by anti-Soviet forces. On the night of September 20, Azizbeyov

140-527: A British-backed coalition of Dashnaks , SRs and Mensheviks , Azizbeyov and his comrades were captured by British troops and executed by firing squad between the stations of Pereval and Akhcha-Kuyma of the Transcaucasian Railroad. Azizbeyov, along with other Baku Comissars were buried in a huge ceremony in the center of Baku. In January 2009, the Baku authorities began the demolition of

210-543: A big group of a high-ranking Moscow's Cheka officers headed by Yakov Peters , an international criminal associated with the Siege of Sidney Street . Sennikov also brings up a quote of Chaikin in the article of Suren Gazaryan "That should not be repeated" in the Leningrad magazine " Zvezda ": "The painting of Brodsky Execution of the 26 Baku Commissars is historically false. They were not shot, but rather decapitated . And

280-646: A book in 2004 about his findings on the Tambov Rebellion where he mentioned several facts about the event. Sennikov claims that the famous Brodsky's painting is an invention of the Soviet historiography. The truth was established by the special commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) that arrived from Moscow. The commission was headed by Vadim Chaikin ( PSR ). The commission also consisted of

350-693: A city in the Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic are still officially called Azizbeyov . There are streets named after him in Kazakhstan ( Almaty , Taraz ), Russia ( Volgograd , Astrakhan ), Tajikistan ( Dushanbe ), Ukraine ( Kryvyi Rih , Donetsk ), and Uzbekistan ( Jizzakh ). There is also an alleyway in Magaramkent ( Dagestan ) named after him. Russian Social Democratic Labour Party The Russian Social Democratic Labour Party ( RSDLP ), also known as

420-677: A conference in Prague and expelled the liquidators, ultimatists and recallists from the RSDLP, which officially led to the creation of a separate party, known as the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks) , while the Mensheviks continued their activities establishing the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Mensheviks) . In August 1912, Trotsky's group tried to reunite all the RSDLP factions into

490-482: A government led by SRs and British officers who immediately ordered the arrest of the commissars. The Soviets would later immortalize the death of the 26 commissars through, among other things, movies, artwork, stamps, and public works including the 26 Commissars Memorial in Baku. In Isaak Brodsky's famous painting, British officers are depicted as being present at the executions. Boris Vladimirovich Sennikov published

560-594: A number of books about him. His wife Khanum Azizbeyova became the chairman of the first women club in 1919 organized by the oil magnate Shamsi Asadullayev. She was also active in the notable women's magazine Şərq qadını (Woman of the East). The grandson of his uncle's son Janibek Azizbeyov was killed during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War . In the Soviet Union , Azizbeyov was portrayed as one of

630-462: A tense silence. One sailor shouted: "I'm not afraid, I'm dying for liberty." One of the executioners replied that "We too will die for liberty sooner or later, but we mean it in a different way from you." The first group of commissars, led from the train in the semi-darkness, was dispatched with a single salvo. The second batch tried to run away but was mown down after several volleys. The third resigned itself to its fate ... Soviet officials later blamed

700-654: Is one who accepts its programme and who supports the Party both financially and by personal participation in one of the Party organizations". Martov's big tent definition of party membership initially won the vote 28–23. However, his majority was short-lived, given the exit from the party, for separate reasons, of its Bundist and Economist members who had supported his definition. That left in the majority those in favour of Lenin's definition of party members as, in effect, professional revolutionaries- centrally directed, tightly disciplined, and therefore capable of operating effectively in

770-500: The Okhrana (imperial secret police). Before the 2nd Party Congress in 1903, a young intellectual named Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (better known by his pseudonym, Vladimir Lenin ) joined the party. In 1902, he had published What Is To Be Done? , outlining his view of the party's proper task and methodology: to form "the vanguard of the proletariat ". He advocated a disciplined, centralized party of committed activists who would fuse

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840-484: The Baku authorities began the demolition of the city's 26 Commissars Memorial . This was the latest monument of several that had been built to commemorate the Commissars erected in that park during the Soviet period. This last monument itself had been fenced-off since July 2008. The remains of the commissars were reburied at Hovsan Cemetery on 26 January 2009, with participation of Muslim, Jewish and Christian clergy, who conducted religious ceremonies. The dismantling

910-524: The Bolsheviks (derived from bolshinstvo —Russian for "majority"), headed by Lenin; and the Mensheviks (from menshinstvo —Russian for "minority"), headed by Julius Martov . Confusingly, the Mensheviks were actually the larger faction, but the names Menshevik and Bolshevik were taken from a vote held at the 1903 Party Congress for the editorial board of the party newspaper, Iskra ( Spark ), with

980-1066: The Central Committee of RKP(b) . In 1922 Vadim Chaikin published his book To the history of the Russian Revolution through the Grazhbin Publishing ( Moscow ) commemorating the first part "Execution of 26 Baku Commissars" to the event. After serving time in the Oryol Prison Chaikin on 11 September 1941 he was executed by a firing squad along with 156 other Oryol prison inmates during the Medvedev Forest massacre . The 26 "Baku Commissars" were not all commissars and were not all Bolsheviks; some of them were Left SRs and Dashnaks . There were many ethnicities among them: Greek , Latvian , Jewish , Russian , Georgian , Armenian and Azerbaijani . The 26 "commissars" were: In January 2009,

1050-795: The March Days Azizbeyov was in charge of the Shamakhi district and he saved the large part of population from the mass killings by Dashnaks , as he believed the poor village population can not be dangerous to the revolution. Azizbeyov was friends with Mammad Amin Rasulzade in the early 1900s when he was also a member of the Hummet organization. When the Commune was toppled by the Centro Caspian Dictatorship ,

1120-780: The Russian Empire into one party, the RSDLP split in 1903 into Bolshevik ("majority") and Menshevik ("minority") factions, with the Bolshevik faction eventually becoming the Communist Party of the Soviet Union . The RSDLP was not the first Russian Marxist group; the Emancipation of Labour group had been formed in 1883. The RSDLP was created to oppose the revolutionary populism of the Narodniks , which

1190-759: The Russian Social Democratic Party in 1898 and took part in student movements. In 1899, he entered the St. Petersburg Technological Institute and graduated in as an electrical engineer. He was fluent in Russian and German . He took part in the protest of Saint Petersburg factory workers in 1902, for which he was persecuted, and in the Russian Revolution of 1905, as well as the famous "Mazut" constitution movement in Azerbaijan . He

1260-775: The Russian Social Democratic Workers' Party or as the Russian Social Democratic Party , was a socialist political party founded in 1898 in Minsk . Members of the RSDLP became popularly labelled as esdeki ( Russian : эсдеки , singular: Russian : эсдек , romanized :  esdek ) - from the Russian-language names of the initial letters S ( Russian : С ) and D ( Russian : Д ) standing for "Social Democrats" ( Russian : социал-демократы , romanized :  sotsial-demokraty ). Formed to unite various revolutionary organizations of

1330-555: The history of Azerbaijan . Soviet sources claimed that he was born into the family of bricklayers , but according to the Azizbeyov's grandson, he was born into a family of noblemen . Azizbeyov's father was close friends with Zeynalabdin Taghiyev , but he was executed during the rule of the Russian Empire . Mashadi finished secondary school in Baku in 1896 and moved to St. Petersburg to enter civil engineering school. He joined

1400-444: The "Liquidators", whose most prominent advocates were Pavel Axelrod , Fyodor Dan , Nikolai Aleksandrovich Rozhkov and Nikolay Chkheidze , who wished to pursue purely legal activities and who now repudiated illegal and underground work. The Menshevik Julius Martov was formally also considered a liquidator, partly because most of his closest political allies were part of the liquidator subfaction. The Bolsheviks split threeways into

1470-499: The Baku commissars attempted to leave Baku but were captured by the Centrocaspian Dictatorship and imprisoned. On 14 September 1918, during the fall of Baku to Ottoman forces, Red Army soldiers broke into their prison and freed the commissars; they then boarded a ship to Krasnovodsk , where they were promptly arrested by local authorities and, on the night of 20 September, executed by a firing squad between

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1540-584: The Baku Commune. The commune was established in the city of Baku , which was then the capital of the briefly independent Azerbaijan Democratic Republic , and is now the capital of the Republic of Azerbaijan . The commune, led by Stepan Shahumyan , existed until 26 July 1918 when the Bolsheviks were forced out of power by a coalition of Dashnaks , Right SRs and Mensheviks . After their overthrow,

1610-642: The Baku Red Army repulsed an assault by overwhelming Ottoman troops, but later it launched an unsuccessful assault on Ganja , the headquarters of the Ottoman Army of Islam , and was obliged to retreat to Baku. At this point, Dashnaks , Right SRs and Mensheviks started to negotiate with General Dunsterville , the commander of the British troops in Persia, inviting his troops to Baku in order to defend

1680-453: The Bolshevik leaders and some loyal troops tried to reach Astrakhan , the only Caspian port still in Bolshevik hands. However, their ship was intercepted by the military vessels of the Caspian fleet and after undergoing an hour's bombardment in mid-sea they surrendered and returned to Baku. Most of the Bolshevik militants were arrested and remained in prison until, after the fall of Baku to

1750-650: The Bolshevik supporters came into serious conflict with the Mensheviks. At the 4th (Unity) Congress of the RSDLP in 1906, the Latvian Social Democratic Workers Party entered the RSDLP as a territorial organisation. After the Congress, its name was changed Social-Democracy of the Latvian Territory. 26 Baku Commissars The 26 Baku Commissars were Bolshevik and Left Socialist Revolutionary (SR) members of

1820-399: The Bolsheviks being the majority and the Mensheviks being the minority. These were the names used by the factions for the rest of the party Congress and these are the names retained after the split at the 1903 Congress. Lenin's faction later ended up in the minority and remained smaller than the Mensheviks until the Russian Revolution . A central issue at the Congress was the question of

1890-523: The Bolsheviks earned a reputation for ruthlessness executing those who did not support them, the Bolsheviks of Baku were not so strict. The Cheka in Baku executed only two persons, both members of the Soviet caught in embezzling public funds: the Commissar for Finance, Aleksandr Kireev, and the commissar of the steamship Meve , Sergei Pokrovskii. After the fall of the Baku Soviet in July 1918,

1960-494: The Commune had to face several problems: from the shortage of food and supplies to the threat of a strong Ottoman Empire Army which wanted to attack Baku. Despite the difficult conditions, the Commune carried out several social reforms, such as the nationalization of the oil industry. This is how the writer Victor Serge described the situation in May, June and July and the state of the small Red Army of Baku: In May, June and July

2030-907: The Moslem peasants, causing disaffection among them. On April 25, 1918, at a meeting of the Baku Council, the Baku Council of People's Commissars (Sovnarkom) was formed, consisting of Bolsheviks and Left Social Revolutionaries . The Bolsheviks entered the Baku Council of People's Commissars: Stepan Shaumyan (Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars and People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs), Prokopius Dzhaparidze (People's Commissar for Internal Affairs), Yakov Zevin (People's Commissar of Labor), Meshadi Azizbekov (provincial Commissar), Grigory Korganov (People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs), Nariman Narimanov (People's Commissar of Municipal Economy), Ivan Fioletov (People's Commissar of

2100-751: The National Economy), A.B. Karinyan (People's Commissar of Justice), N N. Kolesnikova (People's Commissar of Education); and the left SRs: Mir Hasan Vezirov (People's Commissar of Agriculture), I. Sukhartsev (People's Commissar of Railways, Sea Transport, Posts and Telegraphs). And the Chairman of the Cheka for Combating Counterrevolution under the Baksovnarkom became the Bolshevik Sahak Ter-Gabrielyan . On 5 June 1918

2170-668: The Proletary group led by Lenin, Grigory Zinoviev and Lev Kamenev , who waged a fierce struggle against the liquidators, ultimatists and recallists; the Ultimatist group led by Grigory Aleksinsky , who wished to issue ultimatums to the RSDLP Duma deputies to follow the party line or to resign immediately; and the Recallist group led by Alexander Bogdanov and Anatoly Lunacharsky and supported by Maxim Gorky , who called for

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2240-766: The RSDLP. In 1902, the Tallinn organization of the RSDLP was founded, which in 1904 was converted into the Tallinn Committee of the party. In November, a parallel (that is, also directly under the CC of RSDLP) Narva Committee was created. Amongst other radicals, the Estonian RSDLP cadres were active in the 1905 Revolution. At the conference of the Estonian RSDLP organizations in Terijoki , Finland in March 1907,

2310-579: The Soviet era. Busts of him in a metro station in Georgia , one of the central parks of Armenia, and a metro station in Azerbaijan were removed in the last decades. Khazar raion was officially called Azizbeyov until 2010. A street named after him in Turkmenistan was changed in recent years as well. However, an avenue, a street in Baku , villages in the Goygol and Goranboy regions of Azerbaijan, and

2380-609: The Soviets. That same day, Teague-Jones attended the committee's meeting in Ashkabad which had the task of deciding the fate of the Commissars. For some reason, Teague-Jones did not communicate Malleson's request to the committee, and claimed he left before a decision was made. He further claimed that the next day he discovered the committee had eventually decided to issue orders that the commissars should be executed. According to historian Richard H. Ullman, Teague-Jones could have stopped

2450-508: The Turks, a commando unit led by Anastas Mikoyan freed them from their prison. Shahumyan, Dzhaparidze, Azizbekov, and their comrades, along with Mikoyan, then boarded the ship Turkmen , intending to reach Astrakhan by sea. According to recent historians, the sailors chose instead to sail to Krasnovodsk for fear of being arrested in Astrakhan. At Krasnovodsk the commissars were arrested by

2520-612: The city from an imminent Ottoman attack. The Bolsheviks and their leftist allies opposed this scheme, but on 25 July the majority of the Soviet voted to call in the British, and the Bolsheviks resigned. The Baku Commune was imprisoned for participation in unlawful military formations and militarized robbery, particularly for the March Days atrocities and was replaced by the Central-Caspian Dictatorship. In contrast to what happened in many parts of Russia, where

2590-487: The city's 26 Commissars Memorial . The monument itself had been fenced-off since July 2008. The remains of the commissars were reburied at Hovsan Cemetery on 26 January 2009, with participation of Muslim, Jewish and Christian clergy who conducted religious ceremonies. The dismantling was opposed by some local left-wingers and by the Azerbaijan Communist Party . During the reburial, no information

2660-459: The co-head of the cultural-educative society of Nijat and opened a new place to help the poor population of Baku. In 1914 he participated and actively supported the protest of Baku industrial workers. Jalil Mammadguluzadeh gave the first publication of Molla Nasraddin to Azizbeyov for his contributions to education in Azerbaijan at that time. After the 1917 revolution, he was elected to

2730-457: The coming revolution would be "bourgeois-democratic" within Russia, but while the Mensheviks viewed the liberals as the main ally in this task, the Bolsheviks opted for an alliance with the peasantry as the only way to carry out the bourgeois-democratic revolutionary tasks while defending the interests of the working class. Essentially, the difference was that the Bolsheviks considered that in Russia

2800-411: The construction of Shollar water in Baku, as a financial supporter and as an engineer. During his job in Elektrichiskaya Sila , he tried to stop the Azerbaijani-Armenian ethnic clashes . In 1906, he created the "druzhina" (paramilitary group) in Baku called Bayraği-nüsrət ( Flag of the Glory ). Then he played a role in the publishment of the Bolshevik papers called Devet-Qoch and Priziv . He became

2870-418: The definition of party membership. Martov proposed the following formulation: "A member of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party is one who accepts the Party's programme, supports the Party financially, and renders it regular personal assistance under the direction of one of its organizations". On the other hand, Lenin proposed a more strict definition: "A member of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party

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2940-431: The executioner of the penalty was a single man - a Turkmen , a gigantic strength bogatyr . That Turkmen by himself with his own hands using a shashka beheaded all of them." The pit with remains of the commissars and their heads was uncovered under the surveillance of the VTsIK special commission and representatives of Cheka . The report on the death of Baku commissars was sent by the commission to VTsIK, Sovnarkom , and

3010-406: The executions if he wanted since the Ashkabad Committee was dependent on British support and could not refuse a request from its powerful ally, but he decided not to do so. On the night of 20 September, three days after being arrested, twenty-six of the commissars were executed by a firing squad between the stations of Pereval and Akhcha-Kuyma on the Trans-Caspian railway . How Anastas Mikoyan, who

3080-454: The executions on British agents acting in the Baku area at the time. When Soviet rule was established in the whole Caspian area, Funtikov, the head of the Ashkhabad 'Directorate' responsible for the executions, was imprisoned. Funtikov put all blame for the executions onto Britain, and in particular Teague-Jones who, he claimed, had ordered him to have the commissars shot. Funtikov was tried and shot in Baku in 1926. Britain denied involvement in

3150-428: The exhumation only 21 bodies were discovered and that "Shahumyan and four other Armenian commissars managed to escape their murderers". This report was questioned by Shahumyan's granddaughter Tatyana, now living in Moscow , who told the Russian daily Kommersant that: It is impossible to believe that they weren't all buried. There is a film in the archives of 26 bodies being buried. Apart from this, my grandmother

3220-561: The fallen heroes of the Russian Revolution . The first historical novella in Azerbaijani literature , Komissar , by writer Mehdi Huseyn , features Azizbeyov as the main character. In cinema, he was portrayed in 26 Commissars ( Russian : Двадцать шесть комиссаров , 1933), Morning ( Azerbaijani : Səhər , 1960, by Azeri actor Nodar Şaşıqoğlu  [ az ] ), an adaptation of Komissar , and 26 Baku Commissars! ( Russian : Двадцать шесть бакинских комиссаров , 1966, by Azeri actor Məlik Dadaşov  [ az ] ). He, along with

3290-447: The immediate recall of all RSDLP Duma deputies and a boycott of all legal work by the RSDLP, in favour of increased radical underground and illegal work. There was also a non-faction group led by Leon Trotsky , who denounced all the "factionalism" in the RSDLP, pushed for "unity" in the party and focused more strongly on the problems of Russian workers and peasants on the ground. In January 1912, Lenin's Proletary Bolshevik group called

3360-444: The incident, saying it was done by local officials without any knowledge of the British. This accusation caused a further souring of relations between Britain and the fledgling Soviet government and helped lead to the confrontational attitude of both sides in the coming years. According to Soviet historiography , two British officers on board the commissars' ship ordered it to sail to Krasnovodsk instead of Astrakhan, where they found

3430-419: The inhabitants could be given only minute rations of nuts and sunflower seed; the small quantities of corn that the Soviet managed to bring in by sea were reserved for the troops. Attempts at requisitioning were made by the small Red Army of Baku, a poorly disciplined, poorly managed body composed largely of Armenians who were alien to the revolutionary spirit of the proletariat. These drank in excess and plundered

3500-408: The leadership of the Baku Commune . In March, he began participating in Hummet organizations. In April, he became a member of the bureau of the Muslim Social Democratic Party in Baku. He continued these activities for the rest of the year. He was one of the 26 Commissars of the Baku Commune that was established in the city after the October Revolution . According to the Azizbeyov's grandson, during

3570-547: The other Baku Commissars, was the subject of many films, documentaries, novels and poems of the Soviet Union , notably the 26-lar by Samad Vurgun , the novels Fighting City and Mysterious Baku by Mammad Said Ordubadi, as well as works by Nikolai Tikhonov , Nairi Zarian , Suleyman Rustam , Yeghishe Charents , Mikayil Mushfig , Vasily Kamensky , Paolo Iashvili , Semyon Kirsanov , Mirvarid Dilbazi , and Sergey Yesenin . The towns of Vayk , Aregnadem and Zarritap , all in Armenia , were officially named Azizbeyov during

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3640-400: The proceedings. The 5th Party Congress was held in London, England, in 1907. It consolidated the supremacy of the Bolshevik faction and debated strategy for communist revolution in Russia. The Social Democrats (SDs) boycotted elections to the First Duma (April–July 1906), but they were represented in the Second Duma (February–June 1907). With the SRs, they held 83 seats. The Second Duma

3710-513: The same party at a conference in Vienna, but he was largely rebuffed by the Bolsheviks. The Bolsheviks seized power during the October Revolution in 1917 when all political power was transferred to the soviets and in 1918 changed their name to the All-Russian Communist Party . They later banned the Mensheviks after the Kronstadt rebellion of 1921. The Interdistrictites , known as the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Internationalists), emerged in 1913 as another faction originating from

3780-404: The stations of Pereval and Akhcha-Kuyma on the Transcaspian Railway by soldiers of the Ashkhabad Committee . They were executed for essentially letting the Islamic Army of the Caucasus seize Baku. The Baku Commune lasted from 13 April to 25 July 1918. It came to power after the bloody confrontation with the Muslim population, known as the March Days in Baku. During its brief existence,

3850-431: The tasks of the bourgeois democratic revolution would have to be carried out without the participation of the bourgeoisie . The 3rd Party Congress was held separately by the Bolsheviks. The 4th Party Congress was held in Stockholm , Sweden and saw a formal reunification of the two factions (with the Mensheviks in the majority), but the discrepancies between Bolshevik and Menshevik views became particularly clear during

3920-474: The town's commandant who requested further orders from the " Ashkhabad Committee ", led by the Socialist Revolutionary Fyodor Funtikov , about what should be done with them. Three days later, British Major-General Wilfrid Malleson , on hearing of their arrest, contacted Britain's liaison-officer in Ashkhabad, Captain Reginald Teague-Jones , to suggest that the commissars be handed over to British forces to be used as hostages in exchange for British citizens held by

3990-402: The tsarist police state. From this was derived the faction names: "Majority" ("Bolshevik") and "Minority" ("Menshevik"). Despite a number of attempts at reunification, the split proved permanent. As time passed, ideological differences emerged in addition to the original organizational differences. The main difference that emerged in the years after 1903 was that the Bolsheviks believed that only

4060-416: The underground struggle for political freedom with the class struggle of the proletariat. In 1903, the 2nd Party Congress met in exile in Brussels to attempt to create a united force. However, after unprecedented attention from the Belgian authorities the Congress moved to London, meeting on 11 August in Charlotte Street . At the Congress, the party split into two irreconcilable factions on 17 November:

4130-436: The workers, backed up by the peasantry, could carry out the bourgeois-democratic revolutionary tasks in Russia, which would then provide incentive to socialist revolution in Germany, France and Britain, while the Mensheviks believed that the workers and peasants must seek out enlightened people from the liberal bourgeoisie to carry out the bourgeois-democratic revolutionary tasks in Russia. The two warring factions both agreed that

4200-418: The years of Tsarist repression that followed the defeat of the 1905 Russian Revolution , both the Bolshevik and Menshevik factions faced splits, causing further splits in the RSDLP, which manifested themselves from late 1908 and the years immediately following. The Mensheviks split into the "Pro-Party Mensheviks" led by Georgi Plekhanov , who wished to maintain illegal underground work as well as legal work; and

4270-420: Was an organizer of the Baku Oil Workers Union. During World War I , he helped many war refugees and wounded regardless of their nationality. Azizbeyov was a member of the İctimaiyyun-amiyyun ( Mujaheed ) party in Iran . He was elected to the State Duma as a representative from Baku. During the Iranian revolution of 1908–10, he went to Iran and provided support in terms of literature and weaponry. In 1909, he

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4340-433: Was based strictly on the theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels . Specifically, that despite Russia's agrarian nature at the time, the true revolutionary potential lay with the industrial working class. At this time, there were three million Russian industrial workers, just 3% of the population. The RSDLP was illegal for most of its existence. Within a month after the Congress, five of the nine delegates were arrested by

4410-401: Was chosen as the head of the organization called "Help for the Iranian Revolution " in Baku. He was invited to Rasht and Anzali to participate in revolutionary activities. He personally knew Sattar Khan . He played a very active role in the establishment of the National Drama Theater of Azerbaijan (the Academy National Drama Theater was named after him for a short time) and also contributed to

4480-409: Was dissolved on the pretext of the discovery of an SD conspiracy to subvert the army. Under new electoral laws, the SD presence in the Third Duma (1907–1912) was reduced to 19. From the Fourth Duma (1912–1917), the SDs were finally and fully split. The Mensheviks had seven members in the Duma and the Bolsheviks had six, including Roman Malinovsky , who was later uncovered as an Okhrana agent. In

4550-502: Was executed by a firing squad in a remote location between the stations of Pereval and Akhcha-Kuyma on the Trans-Caspian railway . Currently, views on Azizbeyov in Azerbaijan are mixed. Azerbaijani nationalists , the ruling New Azerbaijan Party , and the main opposition parties Musavat and APFP do not see Azizbeyov as a positive figure. Meanwhile, the Azerbaijan Communist Party and many other local left-wing politicians and sees Azizbeyov as an important, notable and positive figure in

4620-460: Was given to Azizbeyov's relatives, who wanted Azizbeyov to be reburied in the graveyard of Suvelan next to the grave of his mother. Currently, it is impossible to recognize which grave belongs to Mashadi Azizbeyov in the graveyard. Mashadi was married to the daughter of millionaire Zarbaliyev. He had four children; Aslan, Beyimkhanum, Safura and Aziz, who later became a major-general of the Soviet intendant service. His granddaughter Pustekhanum wrote

4690-497: Was later represented by the Socialist Revolutionary Party (SRs). The RSDLP was formed at an underground conference in Minsk in March 1898 . There were nine delegates: from the Jewish Labour Bund , and from the Robochaya Gazeta ("Workers' Newspaper") in Kiev , both formed a year earlier in 1897; and the League of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class in Saint Petersburg . Some additional social democrats from Moscow and Yekaterinburg also attended. The RSDLP program

4760-410: Was opposed by some local left-wingers and by the Azerbaijan Communist Party in particular. It also upset Armenia as the Armenian public believed that the demolition and reburial was motivated by the reluctance of the Azerbaijanis, after the Nagorno-Karabakh War to have ethnic Armenians buried in the center of their capital. Another scandal happened when Azerbaijani press reports claimed that during

4830-446: Was part of the group, managed to survive is still uncertain, as is the reason why his life was spared. In 1922, V. Chaikin, a Socialist Revolutionary journalist, published a description of the moments before the execution. At around 6 A.M. [relates a witness], the twenty-six commissars were told of the fate awaiting them while they were in the train. They were taken out in groups of eight or nine men. They were obviously shocked, and kept

4900-538: Was present at the reburial. Almost all monuments in Azerbaijan dedicated to the commissars including Shahumyan, Azizbekov, Dzhaparidze and Fioletov, have been demolished. Most streets named after the commissars have been renamed. Russian prominent poet Sergei Yesenin wrote "Ballad of the Twenty-six" to commemorate the Baku Commissars, poem first published in The Baku Worker , 22 September 1925. Russian band WOMBA named one of its albums The 27th Baku Commissar . Italian prominent writer Tiziano Terzani wrote about

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