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77-583: The host was made up of several Cossack groups who were re-settled there. The most numerous were the former Danubian Sich Cossacks, who came under Russian Patronage in 1828. The host was the only one in the Russian Empire whose primary task was Naval Coast Guard duties, participating extensively in the course of the Caucasus and Crimean wars. During the Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829) ,

154-506: A Special Zaporozhian Host out of them, who took extensive part in the war. After Russia's victory, a separate newly created Danube Cossack Host was deemed sufficient to safeguard the borders and the ex-Zaporozhian presence in the Danube was deemed excessive. The Tsar, having personally befriended Gladky, suggested that his Host moves to the Kuban to join the other ex- Zaporozhian Cossacks ,

231-740: A decree setting up a naval base for the Black Sea Fleet in Novorossiysk. Russia has allocated 12.3 billion rubles (about $ 480 million) for the construction of the new base between 2007 and 2012. The construction of other facilities and infrastructure at the base, including units for coastal troops, aviation and logistics, will continue beyond 2012. Russia planned to move the Black Sea Fleet with 80 warships and its headquarters from Sevastopol to Novorossiysk base in 2020. The Russian lease on port facilities in Sevastopol , which, though

308-472: A black double-headed eagle under a crown, in the paws of an eagle a scepter and a power, on the chest a scarlet shield in which a golden Orthodox cross above a silver inverted crescent. In 1994, the Soviet coat of arms was changed to a new one. In 2006, the coat of arms of 1914 was re-adopted with minor changes (a crown was added). The description of the modern coat of arms sounds like this in official sources: In

385-473: A borderline humid subtropical ( Cfa ) and Mediterranean climate ( Csa ) in the Köppen climate classification . Since the driest month has 36 mm (1.4 inches) and may or may not happen consistently in the summer, the city cannot be classified as solely humid subtropical or Mediterranean. The city sprawls along the shore of the non-freezing Tsemess Bay , which has been recognized since antiquity as one of

462-732: A few failed business attempts in Crimea and Odessa , had left Russia and joined the Sich in 1822. He took part in the campaign against Messolonghi and afterwards was elected to be a Kuren Ataman of the Platnyrovsky Kuren. After the failed negotiations with Nezmayevsky, Tuchkov approached Hladky, who upon the Kosh elections held on Pokrov (1 October) was elected to be the Kosh Ataman. Hladky only gathered those that he suspected of having

539-484: A gold shield with a black wavy tip is a black double-headed eagle crowned with an Imperial crown, with a scepter and a power in its paws, on the wings of which is a shield, in the scarlet field of which is a golden Orthodox eight-pointed cross mounted on a silver inverted crescent. The shield is crowned with a golden five-pronged tower crown. The city is located on the Black Sea . It is not a resort town, but Anapa to

616-634: A group of 217 Nekrasov Cossacks were added to their host. The Azov Host was instantly involved in the Caucasus War , and General Yermolov 's aide A.Velyaminov suggested to press the Circassians from the south-western slope of the Caucasus ridge, which runs along the Black Sea from the Strait of Kerch (the mouth of the Azov) all the way to Abkhazia . A defence line was proposed from Anapa all

693-581: A piece of land that was uninhabited (Rather than just let them remain). Gladky chose the northern coast of the Azov Sea , next to Berdyansk . In May 1832, Gladky carried his men over to the new land and there they formed the Azov Cossack Host . Initially numbering 2336 people (including 687 women), the new Host was the only Cossack force in Russia which had a Naval role, acting as a coast guard for

770-564: A potent force and stroke fear to the captains of contraband ships and Circassian galleys . The success of the Azov Cossacks led to a plan being drawn in 1843 to once again re-settle them to the whole Black Sea Coast from Mingrelia to the mouth of the Kuban river . This however was never realised. After the events of 1848 it became clear that Russia was en route to another major conflict between Ottoman Empire and her new allies Britain and France . The Azov Cossack Host's first job

847-427: A pro-Turkish allegiance (about two thousand men) and set out for Silistra. After reaching there, he asked to return to the Sich to gather more. When he returned, he instead called for a Cossack Rada and announced his decision to side the whole Sich with Russia. On 30 (18) May 1828, Hladky along with 218 Cossacks and 578 Rayah crossed the Danube with all the Sich regalia, treasury and prized possessions. After landing on

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924-435: A pro-Turkish split. The former were willing to return to Russia if a pardon was given. Learning of this, the head (Hradonachalik) of Izmail S.A. Tuchkov entered into secret negotiations with Kosh Vasily Nezmayevsky (1827). The conditions were set to allow the whole Host to return to Russia. Despite being a Russophile, Nezmayevsky was not ready to accept such a move. With the outbreak of the new Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829) ,

1001-549: A result of the Russo-Turkish War . After this, admirals Mikhail Lazarev and Nikolay Raevsky founded an eastern base for the Black Sea Fleet on the shore in 1838. Named after the province of Novorossiya , the port formed a vital link in the chain of forts known as the Black Sea Coastal Line , which stretched south to Sochi . During the rest of the 19th century, Novorossiysk developed rapidly. It

1078-575: A similar fate awaited them from the hands of the Don Cossacks . After the end of the war in 1856 all of the units, save the ones which resumed their previous patrolling of the Caucasus coast were disbanded. The Azov Host was awarded with the highest award that a Russian military unit could earn, the Banner of St. George whose inscription read: For exceptional bravery and excellent service during

1155-588: A very brutal conflict, which shocked even the Turkish authorities, Zaporozhians captured the Nekrasovite capital Upper Dunavets (modern Romania ) in 1814 . There they founded their final Sich. Many Nekrasov Cossacks were later re-located to Anatolia , while those who remained mixed with Lipovans and old-believers among the Danubian Cossacks. After a few years of peace, trouble once again came to

1232-653: Is a city in Krasnodar Krai , Russia . It is one of the largest ports on the Black Sea . It is one of the few cities designated by the Soviet Union as a Hero City . Population: 262,293 ( 2021 Census ) ; 241,952 ( 2010 Census ) ; 232,079 ( 2002 Census ) ; 185,938 ( 1989 Soviet census ) . In antiquity, the shores of the Tsemes Bay were the site of Bata ( Ancient Greek : Βατά ), an ancient Greek colony that specialized in

1309-572: Is connected by rail and highways to the main industrial and population centres of Russia, Transcaucasia, and Central Asia. It is served by the Novorossiysk railway station . The closest airports ( Gelendzhik Airport , Anapa Airport and Krasnodar Airport , situated 33 kilometres (21 mi), 53 kilometres (33 mi) and 172 kilometres (107 mi) away from the city, respectively, offer flights to many cities in Russia. The city association football team, FC Chernomorets Novorossiysk , plays in

1386-499: The City of Novorossiysk —an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts . As a municipal division , the City of Novorossiysk is incorporated as Novorossiysk Urban Okrug . The coat of arms of Novorossiysk was officially approved by Emperor Nicholas II on October 15, 1914. The description of the coat of arms was as follows: in a golden field above a black wavy tip,

1463-596: The Black Sea Cossack Host who were actively involved against the Circassians in the course of the Caucasus War . In 1830 Gladky visited the Kuban, but rejected this idea of migrating there, citing the difficulties faced in such a long move for such a small host, and because such a persona would reject subordinating to the supreme authorities of the Black Sea Cossacks. The Tsar instead allowed

1540-673: The Caspian Pipeline Consortium . Novorossiysk is also an industrial city, dependent on steel , food processing , and the production of metal goods and other manufactures. Extensive limestone quarries supply important cement factories in and around the city. The town is home to the Maritime State Academy and Novorossiysk Polytechnic Institute. Novorossiysk is the biggest Russian seaport. In 2019 cargo turnover amounted to 142,5m tons In 2021 cargo turnover amounted to 105,2m tons Novorossiysk

1617-564: The Caucasus War approached its decisive finale, and Russian General Nikolay Yevdokimov initiated several reforms of the Caucasus Hosts, forming the Kuban and Terek Cossack Hosts out of the previous Black Sea, Caucasus Line Hosts. The Circassian front, particularly the Western Caucasus , after decades of stationary action began a process of capturing Circassian land and moving the peaceful Circassians from mountains to

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1694-675: The Danubian Sich Cossacks, previously living in exile in Ottoman controlled Danube Delta were split in loyalty towards the Orthodox Russian Empire , who they left in 1775 and Islamic Ottoman Empire, which was about to start another war with Russia. Led by their Kosh ataman Osip Gladky , some of the Cossacks, chose to defect to Russia, where they were pardoned by Nicholas I in 1828. The Tsar formed

1771-520: The Dobruja region around Ukraine and Romania . In 1992, they numbered four thousand people according to official Romanian statistics while the local community claims to number 20,000. Known as Rusnaks they continue to pursue the traditional Cossack lifestyle of hunting and fishing. The legacy of the Danube Cossacks survived in a lyrical-comic opera called "A Zaprorozhian Cossack beyond

1848-662: The Kuban . This caused many of the remaining Danubians, who initially wished to follow the Kosh and move to Russia, to reconsider. After negotiations with the Russian General Kutuzov , many Nekrasovites were pardoned and allowed to move to Russia. The 1812 Treaty of Bucharest resulted in the Buhjak becoming part of Russia. With the old rivalry still strong, the Zaporozhian Danubians once again attacked their enemy, and in 1813 retook Katerlez. After

1925-487: The Mariinsky Theatre on 14 March 1863. After its premiere it was censored and restricted from performance. In the 1870s it was revived by amateur Ukrainian theatre troupes and received a new lease on life. Today it is considered a Ukrainian opera classic. Novorossiysk Novorossiysk ( Russian : Новоросси́йск , IPA: [nəvərɐˈsʲijsk] ; Adyghe : ЦӀэмэз , romanized:  C̣ămăz )

2002-512: The Rayah . In order to gain permission to do so, there had to be at least a marriage link to a Cossack family. In 1825, Kosh otaman Lytvyn promised to send another expedition to Greece but fled the Sich without any trace. The events in Greece once again affected relations between Turkey and Russia, and a new Russo-Turkish War broke out. Among the Danubian Cossacks there was as ever a pro-Russian and

2079-550: The Russian Armed Forces during the 2014 Crimean crisis and as such the question of renewing the lease does not immediately arise while Crimea remains illegally occupied by the Russian Federation according to international law (See: Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation ). Within the framework of administrative divisions , it is, together with twenty-four rural localities , incorporated as

2156-406: The Russo-Turkish War divided the Cossacks. Some returned to Russia and joined the new Host of Loyal Zaporozhians (later the Black Sea Cossack Host ) formed out of the Cossacks who chose to remain in Russia in 1775. After the Russo-Turkish War (1806–12) , Bessarabia became part of Russia, and the Danubian Cossacks lost their allocated land. Following Turkey's defeat, some Cossacks retreated with

2233-571: The grain trade . It is mentioned in the works of Strabo and Ptolemy , among others. Following brief periods of Roman and Khazar control, from the 9th century onwards, the area was part of the Byzantine θέμα Χερσῶνος Thema Khersonos (Province of Cherson). During the 11th century, the area was overrun and controlled by nomads from the Eurasian steppe, led by the Cumans . Later that century,

2310-549: The Azov Cossacks' role in patrolling the Black Sea Coast. In 1845 the 26 commands were re-organized into two groups. The first one numbering 147 Cossacks and 7 Starshinas patrolling the coast from Anapa where they were based to Navaginsk fort (modern Sochi ), and the southern group numbering 164 Cossacks with 20 officers from Svyatogo Dukha to Svyatogo Nikolaya ( Sukhum ). During the following years, as quoted by General M.Rayevsky The Azov Cossacks recommended themselves as

2387-771: The Balkans, with the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence . In 1821, the Russian-Greek commander Alexander Ypsilantis moved the Eterian Greeks from Russia to Wallachia . The Danubian Cossacks, under command of Kosh Nikifor Beluha, assisted in the defeat of this incursion. Afterwards five thousand Cossacks under the Kosh Semen Moroz were sent to Greece to fight for the Turks. In 1824 they took part in

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2464-552: The Byzantine emperor Ἀλέξιος Κομνηνός Alexios I Komnenos ( r. 1081–1118) was approached by Anglo-Saxon refugees, who had left England following the Norman conquest . Alexios offered land to these refugees in Thema Khersonos if they could recapture it from the nomads and there is contemporaneous evidence that a Byzantine-English colony was subsequently founded. For example, medieval nautical charts mention place names on

2541-588: The Caucasus and Crimean coasts, by defending them from Turkish and Circassian raiders. The remaining Cossacks who managed to escape the Sultan's vengeance, but did not return to Russia moved to the Danube Delta, where in 1830 they numbered 1,095 families. Over the years they were joined by other peasants fleeing serfdom in the Russian Empire. To date there is still a small Ukrainian minority living in

2618-571: The Circassians on the northern Kuban approach, unleashed them onto the Black Sea line in 1840. Outnumbered and after several Russian forts and garrisons were overrun, it was decided to abandon the Black Sea Coast and the Azov Cossacks proved their importance in evacuating the surviving Russian units. Despite the unsuccessful operation in building the line, the Russian evacuation did not affect

2695-717: The Cossacks of the Starodubskaya stanitsa (descendants of Chernigov migrants, whose ancestors were Cossacks in the Sloboda ) agreed to move to the Kuban. Whilst the dwellers of the Novospasskaya and Petrovskaya stanitsas who were local peasants and traders that were enlisted into Cossackdom in 1832 chose to stay. All in all 1093 families (5224 people) nearly half of the Azov Host left the Azov in 1862 and were settled in

2772-656: The Cossacks to remain in Novorossiya provided they found a suitable empty land. Gladky found the territory adjacent to the west of the Don Cossack Host land on the Northern coast of the Azov Sea between Berdyansk and Mariupol (modern Donetsk Oblast , Ukraine ). Thus in 1832, Gladky moved his host to Priazovye which numbered 2,336 Cossacks (including 637 women), and the Azov Cossack Host

2849-543: The Danube" (Zaporozhetz za Dunayem) composed in the 1850s by Semen Hulak-Artemovsky , a student of Mikhail Glinka . Although the opera historically relates to the aftermath of the Russo-Turkish war of 1828-9, where according to a peace treaty, the Danube cossacks were granted the right to return to their homeland, Hulak-Artemovsky reset the opera to take place in the 18th century. The opera first opened in St. Petersburg at

2926-515: The Danube, an area of Silistra Eyalet . The Cossacks were protecting the Metropolitan bishop of Brăila who serviced the area of Budjak and Yedisan ( Ottoman Ukraine ) and was titled as Metropolitan bishop of all Ukraine. By the late 18th century, the combat ability of Zaporozhia was greatly reduced, especially after the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca and the Russian annexation of Crimea , when

3003-673: The Danubian Zaporozhians further up the Danube on the Great Brăila Island . The new location was much poorer for fishing and resulted in a group of 500 Cossacks, led by Kosh Pomelo to return to Russia. In 1800, the Balkan Peninsula erupted in uprisings led by Osman Pazvantoğlu who rebelled against the new Turkish Sultan Selim III . In order to gain support, Pazvantoğlu promised the Nekrasovites all

3080-513: The Danubians form a new Special Zaporozhian Host (Отдельное Запорожное Войско), with Hladky as the appointed Ataman. The new Host was small with only a five infantry sotnias (~100 men each) and came under the control of the Danube flotilla . Despite the small number of men, they soon became a prized asset due to their knowledge of the complicated Danube Delta. They proved themselves in combat in

3157-471: The Kuban coast with possible English origins, including a port (located within or near the future site of Novorossiysk) known as Susaco (or Susacho ) – a name that may have been derived from Sussex . (The same maps also show, north-west of Susaco , a river Londia , which may derive its name from London . ) In the 15th century, Genoese merchants from the Ghisolfi family maintained a trade outpost in

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3234-559: The Lower-Danube Budjak Host (Усть-Дунайское Буджацкое Войско). The new host lasted only five months, during which many neighbouring Ukrainian and Moldovan landowners complained about their serfs running off to Kiliya (modern Ukraine ) and Galats (modern Galaţi , Romania ) where the Host was based. Therefore, on 20 June, the host, which by that point numbered only 1387 men, was disbanded. Approximately 500 of them moved to

3311-537: The Russian Army under command of Field-Marshal Peter Wittgenstein advanced. Threatening to overrun the Sich, the Sultan wished to relocate it to Adrianopol (modern Edirne , Turkey ) and ordered the Kosh to rally the Danubian Army to Silistra (modern Bulgaria). The new Kosh was Osyp Hladky , originally from a rich landowner family from Poltava who in 1820 had left his home to earn a living, but after

3388-468: The Russian marines and sailors who were faced with conquering the very difficult landings. The Azov Cossacks also helped to intercept numerous English, French and Turkish contraband supplies, and in 1835 off the coast of Novorossiysk they destroyed two Schooners and later captured the English cargo ship Vixen which carried a whole arsenal of illegal rifles. However, despite the success in 1839 Imam Shamil sent his naib Magomet-Amin who instead of rallying

3465-439: The Sich once again in 1805 and sacked it. The surviving Zaporozhians fled to Brailov (modern Brăila , Romania ). The new Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) caused further division among the Danubian Cossacks. After Russia overran the Danube, the Kosh Otaman Trofim Gaibadura and Ivan Guba offered their allegiance to Russia. They were permitted to settle in the Budjak region and by order of Alexander I and on 20 January 1807 formed

3542-406: The Turkish Army across the Danube River , where the Sultan allowed them to build a Sich in the settlement of Katerlez in the Danube Delta right next to existing settlements of Nekrasov Cossacks and Lipovans . There was increasing friction between the two groups over land and fishing rights. In 1794, the Nekrasovites attacked and destroyed Katerlez. Afterwards the Turkish authorities re-located

3619-401: The Western Caucasus with financial compensation and free transport promised to them. After freeing those who lacked elder sons, adolescent orphans and those older than 45 or were sick to travel, it was planned to use the draw method of selection. However no draw was required. Most Cossacks who were descendants of the Danubian Sich, the Nekrasovites (Nikolskaya and Pokrovskaya stanitsas) as well as

3696-421: The area. A 2007 archaeological investigation of related sites discovered some interesting items. From 1722, the bay was controlled by an Ottoman fortress ( qale ) named Sujuk (also transliterated Sudzhuk , Sudschuk and Soğucak ). This name may be derived from Susaco (see above) and, as late as 1769, the area was sometimes named in European maps as Suzako . The coastline was ceded to Russia in 1829 as

3773-438: The enemy from reaching the Don, a task which they accomplished (see Siege of Taganrog ). However, in addition to guarding the Don , and their Black Sea duties in Novorossiysk , the Azov Cossacks were constantly involved in guarding their own home, and Gladky formed three irregular units a naval battalion numbering 722 Cossacks, an infantry battalion with 400 more and a cavalry sotnia which had further 104 Cossacks. However

3850-467: The land on the lower Danube. Seeing an opportunity to settle the score with their rivals, the Danubian Zaporozhians sided with the Sultan. The resulting Civil War saw severe losses in both Cossack groups. In the end the rebellion was put down, the Zaprozhians where rewarded by the Brailov Nazir, who allowed then to return to Katerlez in 1803. However the Nekrasovites found their own protector, the commandant of Izmail Pekhlevanoğlu. With his aid, they attacked

3927-406: The left bank of the Danube river ( Budjak ) then part of the Ottoman Empire , who allowed them to settle there. By 1778, they numbered 12 thousand men, and the Turkish Sultan decided that they would have much more use as a Cossack Host , and allocated them the land of Kuchungary (modern Transnistria ) in the lower Dniester where they swore loyalty to the Ottoman Empire. However the outbreak of

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4004-485: The left bank, they were taken to the Russian headquarters where they knelt before Emperor Nicholas I himself, who was quoted saying: God will forgive you, the Motherland forgives you, and I too forgive The Danubian Cossacks were fully pardoned for their past, and managed to win over the Tsar's trust, which was confirmed when the Russian Army Crossed the Danube, as Nicholas was in the same boat that Hladky had initially came over in, with Kosh Polkovnyks rowing. The Tsar let

4081-399: The main base of Russia's Black Sea Fleet , was part of Ukraine , was set to expire in 2017. Ukraine was reported to be planning not to renew the lease; however, in April 2010 the Russian and Ukrainian presidents signed an agreement to extend the lease by twenty-five years, with an option of further extension of five years after the new term expires. However, in 2014, Crimea was occupied by

4158-423: The many historical refuge areas, where over the previous decades many Cossacks fleeing from Turkey found sanctuary such as Akkerman . There were plans to relocate the Danubian Cossack Host to the Kuban , where Gladky visited in 1830. But the Caucasus War was in full swing, and the long journey for such a small group would have been too difficult. Instead the Tsar allowed Gladky to remain in Novorossiya and find

4235-400: The need for the Host to guard the borders was removed. At the same time, the Zaporozhian's other enemy, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth , was also weakened and on the verge of being partitioned . This meant that militarily the Zaporozhian Sich was becoming increasingly superfluous, but at the same time their existence caused friction with Imperial Russian authorities who wanted to colonise

4312-417: The new Sich was noticeably different from its predecessor. There were no longer any Host Starshynas , and only un-married Cossacks were considered as eligible for service. Polkovnyks were assigned temporarily by the Kosh. The Host lacked any cavalry, only infantry in boats. The social structure also began to fragment; instead of the former equality of all Cossacks, many fishing, tradesmen and landowners became

4389-423: The newly acquired lands that the Cossacks inhabited. After a number of Cossack attacks on Serbian colonies and with Cossack support offered to Yemelyan Pugachev , the Russian Empress Catherine the Great issued an order to General Pyotr Tekeli to end the troublesome Sich. Tekeli's operation, carried out in June 1775, was bloodless. The Zaporozhian Sich was surrounded with infantry and artillery and an ultimatum

4466-526: The north and Gelendzhik to the south are. There are several urban settlements under the jurisdiction of Novorossiysk. The most famous is Abrau-Dyurso , which consists of a townlet on the shore of Lake Abrau and a village on the coast of the Black Sea, connected by a winding mountain road. The area of Novorossiysk is one of Russia's main wine-growing regions. The wineries of Abrau-Dyurso , established by Tsar Alexander III in 1870, produce table and sparkling wines for domestic consumption. Novorossiysk has

4543-438: The ravines, and expelling (see Muhajir (Caucasus) ) those hostile to Ottoman Empire. To help settle the empty mountainous land, Yevdokimov suggested to Emperor Alexander II to bring the Azov Cossacks, whose military role by now was expiring, as the Imperial Russian Navy in the Black Sea has made provisions for taking over their coast guard roles. Originally Yevdokimov proposed to move 800 Cossack and eight officer families to

4620-466: The river Ingul next to the Southern Buh in Ottoman territory and to issue 50 passports. The pretext was enough to allow the Russians to let the Cossacks, as 50 passports allowed five thousand Cossacks to leave (approximately 30% of the Zaporozhian Cossacks). As long as Potemkin could be guilty, so starshyna, including Kalnyshevsky, was arrested for this. These Cossacks were joined by numerous Ukrainian peasants fleeing from Russian Serfdom and lived on

4697-401: The shores, turned out to be complete failures. When attempting to land at the headquarters of the Azov Host Petrovsky Posad (modern Nikolske , Ukraine) the Anglo-French troops demanded the Cossacks surrender and sent their landing party of 100 boasts. None were to reach the shores. Afterwards the survivors of the failed landing returned to the ships the squadron tried to land near Taganrog , but

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4774-419: The stanitsas of the Abinsk and Adagumsk Regiments of the Kuban Cossack Host . They participated in the finale of the Caucasus War which ended two years later in 1864. Afterwards, the ex-Azov Cossacks became fully integrated into the Kuban Host shared their history since. To this day their descendants live in the mountainous stanitsas of modern Krasnodar Krai and Adygea in Russia . The remaining Azov region

4851-413: The storming of Isaccea , and 10 Cossacks were awarded the Cross of St. George . For those Danubian Sich Cossacks who refused to follow Hladky, their fate was tragic. Learning of Hladky's betrayal, the Sultan called upon the Janissary corps to raze the Sich, massacre its population and burn down its church. Even those that were in Silistra were disarmed and sent to forced labour deep in Turkey. After

4928-418: The storming of Messolonghi . Many died there, and Moroz himself was killed in the naval battle off the island of Chios . During this time the Danube Sich reached its height, numbering 10,000-15,000 men, and controlling all of the Danube delta region with six villages being in personal control of the Kosh. In the Upper Dunavets there were 38 kurens under old traditional names of the Zaporozhian Sich. However,

5005-425: The superior bays of the Black Sea . The Novorossiysk Commercial Sea Port –with the market capitalization of $ 1,110,000,000 and shares listed at Moscow Exchange and London Stock Exchange –serves Russian sea trade with regions of Asia, Middle East, Africa, Mediterranean, and South America. It is the busiest oil port in the Black Sea and the terminus of the pipeline from the Tengiz Field in Kazakhstan , developed by

5082-473: The town was liberated by the Red Army on September 16, 1943. The heroic defense of the port by the sailors allowed the Soviets to retain possession of the city's bay, which prevented the Axis from using the port for supply shipments. Novorossiysk was awarded the title Hero City in 1973. In 1960, the town was commemorated in Dmitri Shostakovich 's work Novorossiysk Chimes, the Flame of Eternal Glory (Opus 111b). In 2003, President Vladimir Putin signed

5159-426: The war against the French, English and Turks in 1853-1858 After the Crimean War, Gladky attaining rank of General-Colonel retired and moved to Aleksandrovsk (modern Zaporizhzhia ) where he died in 1866. However the Northern shore of the Azov, during the 30 years of the Cossack presence became a prosperous region, where the Cossacks numbering 10 thousand men were involved in fishery, farming and trade. In 1860 however

5236-410: The war ended, Russia remained to administer the Danubian Principalities . Nicholas I decided to form yet another new Cossack group the Danube Cossack Host , which was to include descendants of the Zaporozhians who fled Russia in 1775 but did not join the Sultan and instead settled in Bessarabia. In addition it included loyal Nekrasovites as well as many volunteers from the Balkan peoples. It was based in

5313-449: The way to Sukhum . The first marine landings by the Russian Black Sea Fleet took place in 1830 near Gagra , prior to the formation of the Azov Host. After Gladky arrived in 1832, he immediately formed 10 commands numbering 20 Cossacks (later the number of commands was increased to 26) and their specially made barka boats (based in Sukhum and Konstantinovka) were regularly carrying out pre-landing reconnaissance and offered fire support to

5390-444: The weakly defended Strait of Kerch meant that in May 1855 a squadron of 57 English and French ships (17,400 men in total) easily overpowered the Russian garrison there and entered the Azov bassin. Afterwards the enemy approached Berdyansk and bombarded the city from the sea. Similar attacks were experienced by Petrovskaya Stanitsa, Mariupol and numerous other locations on the coast of the northern Azov. Yet any attempts to land troops on

5467-403: Was an organization of the part of former Zaporozhian Cossacks who settled in the territory of the Ottoman Empire (the Danube Delta , hence the name) after their previous host was disbanded and the Zaporozhian Sich was destroyed in 1775. In 1863, Semen Hulak-Artemovsky wrote his libretto Zaporozhets za Dunayem in Saint Petersburg to commemorate the exodus of Zaporizhian Cossacks to

5544-461: Was given to the Kosh otaman Petro Kalnyshevsky to destroy the Sich and to have Zaporozhian knights transfer to the family life. The Cossacks did not resist so that no Russian blood would be spilt. But later Zaporozhian Cossack Grigory Potemkin , and apparently without Kalnyshevky's knowledge, reached an agreement to allow a group of 50 Cossacks under the guidance of a starshyna Lyakh to go fishing in

5621-559: Was granted city status in 1866 and became the capital of the Novorossiysk Okrug and Black Sea Governorate , the smallest in the Russian Empire , in 1896. In December 1905, the city was the seat of the short-lived Novorossiysk Republic . From August 26, 1918, until March 27, 1920, the city was used as the principal center of Denikin 's White Army during the Russian Civil War . Denikin's South Russian Government

5698-528: Was moved to Crimea and many Whites escaped from Novorossiysk to Constantinople during the Evacuation of Novorossiysk (1920) , with the help of Allied warships. During World War II , most of the city was occupied by the German and Romanian Armies on September 10, 1942. A small unit of Soviet sailors defended one part of the city, known as Malaya Zemlya , for 225 days beginning on February 4, 1943, and

5775-462: Was officially formed, with Gladky as its Nakazny (appointed) Ataman . They were the only Cossack Host that had a naval role and were tasked in guarding the Black Sea coasts of the Caucasus and Crimea . Because of their initial small size, the peasants of Novospasovka selo were also incorporated into the host. They were joined by numerous volunteers from the Chernigov governorate and in 1839

5852-668: Was passed to the Yekaterinoslav Governorate and afterwards to the Ukrainian SSR , where the former Petrovskaya stanitsa was renamed to Volodarske in 1924 (modern Donetsk Oblast ). At present there are attempts to spread the knowledge of the Cossack heritage that the region has, despite the fact that all Don Cossacks were eradicated in 1921. Danubian Sich The Danubian Sich ( Ukrainian : Задунайська Сiч , romanized :  Zadunaiska Sich )

5929-572: Was to sabotage the remaining Russian strongholds on the Caucasus coast , which they themselves have built. After the British and French navies penetrated the Strait of Kerch and entered the Sea of Azov , they planned to navigate up the Don River to force the Russian armies en route to re-inforce Crimea to divert the attention. The Azov Host (by that point mobilising 1,920 men) was tasked with preventing

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