Rear:
61-623: Rear: Rear: The BMW F series is a family of parallel-twin engine dual-sport motorcycles manufactured in Berlin , Germany by BMW Motorrad . Launched in 2008, the range comprises the F650GS , F700GS , F800GS , and F800GSA . In 2012, the F700GS replaced the discontinued F650GS, and in 2013, the F800GSA was introduced with a 24-litre (5.3 imp gal; 6.3 US gal) fuel tank and
122-503: A San Diego County jury verdict affirmed in full on appeal in 2014. Another noteworthy risk of injury is known as off throttle steering, which results from the lack of steering capability while off throttle in certain models of PWCs. This can result in death or serious bodily injuries. While also rare, spinal injuries can occur while surf jumping and, potentially, wake jumping. The PWC manufacturers' owner's manuals all include warnings regarding jumping at excessive heights, or operating
183-450: A longitudinal engine orientation (i.e. with the crankshaft in line with the chassis) or a U-engine ( tandem twin ) where the cylinders are arranged longitudinally in the chassis (although the two crankshafts are actually oriented transversely). Compared with V-twin engines and flat-twin engines , straight-twins are more compact, a simpler design and cheaper to produce. Straight-twin engines can be prone to vibration, either because of
244-426: A 180 degree crankshaft and a balance shaft. Since 1993, most Honda straight-twin motorcycle engines use 180 degree crankshafts. Two-stroke engines typically use a 180 degree crankshaft, since this results in two evenly-spaced power strokes per revolution. The fundamental frequency of vibration is twice that of an equivalent single-cylinder engine; however, the amplitude is halved. Two-stroke engines that do not use
305-421: A 180 degree crankshaft include the 1972 Yankee . In an engine with a 270 degree crankshaft, one piston follows three quarters of a rotation behind the other. This results in an uneven firing interval where the second cylinder fires 270 degrees after the first, followed by a gap of 450 degrees until the first cylinder fires again. This is the same pattern as a 90 degree V-twin engine , and both configurations have
366-413: A 270 degree crankshaft can have a similar sound and feel to a V-twin engine with an uneven firing order. Longitudinal engine straight-twin motorcycles are less common; however, examples include the 1930–1938 Dresch Monobloc and the 1949–1956 Sunbeam S7 and S8 . This engine orientation allows for a motorcycle as narrow as a single-cylinder engine, which reduces the aerodynamic drag, especially for
427-476: A 360 degree crankshaft. Vibration was less of an issue for smaller engines, such as the 1965 Honda CB92 and 1979 Honda CM185 . Larger engines, such as the 1969 Yamaha XS 650 and 1972 Yamaha TX750 , often used balance shafts to reduce the vibration. The later 1978–1984 Honda CB250N/CB400N engines also used a 360 degree crankshaft, as does the 1989 Yamaha XTZ750 Super Ténéré . The 2008 BMW F series parallel-twin motorcycles also use 360 degree crankshafts, with
488-421: A PWC if there is a prior history of back injury. The current on-product labels say "Jumping wakes or waves can increase the risk of spinal/backbone injuries (paralysis)". The current Kawasaki owner's manual provides: "Slow down before crossing waves. Do not ride if you have a back condition. High speed operation in choppy or rough water may cause back injuries." Another rare, but unique injury risk with jetboats,
549-551: A balance shaft is often used to compensate for this. The secondary balance of a 270 degree engine is perfect; however, the configuration does result in an unbalanced rocking couple. The first production 270 degree straight-twin motorcycle engines were fitted to the 1996 Yamaha TRX850 and Yamaha TDM . Later examples include the 2009 Triumph Thunderbird , 2010 Norton Commando 961 , 2012 Honda NC700 series , 2014 Yamaha MT-07 , 2016 Triumph Thruxton 1200 and 2018 Royal Enfield Interceptor 650 & Continental GT . This architecture
610-442: A balance shaft to reduce the vibration. A 180 degree straight-twin engine has a secondary imbalance (similar to an inline-four engine); however, the lower reciprocating mass means that this often does not require treatment. A 180° crankshaft engine suffers fewer pumping losses than a 360° twin, because displacement of the crankcase is relatively unchanged as the pistons move. In the 1960s, Japanese motorcycle manufacturers favoured
671-430: A common crank pin for both connecting rods . Most vintage British straight-twin motorcycle engines (such as Triumph, BSA, Norton and Royal Enfield) had two main bearings . Beginning in the late 1950s, most Honda straight-twin engines had four main bearings. Subsequent straight-twin engines had four or occasionally three main bearings. The world's first production motorcycle, the 1894 Hildebrand & Wolfmüller used
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#1732793336299732-422: A crankshaft angle of 360 degrees, since the two pistons are in the same direction (i.e. parallel to each other). "Vertical-twin" was used to describe engines with a crankshaft angle of 180 degrees, which causes the pistons to travel in opposite directions. The terms "straight-twin" and "inline-twin" were used more generically for any crankshaft angle. For motorcycles, "inline-twin" has sometimes referred to either
793-509: A larger front fairing and screen. The F800GT and F800S both have belt drive. Contrary to industry convention, each model's "number" does not refer to the engine capacity. Instead, each bike in the F-series range uses essentially the same 798 cc (48.7 cu in) engine, but with different power outputs and equipment levels. The parallel-twin engine was first used in the F800S , and
854-679: A mix of new and current racers to a new type of racing and in 2013, P1 rolled out a second series in the USA. Such was the uptake that the original format needed revising to cope with the influx of new riders and by the end of 2015 over 400 riders from 11 countries had registered to compete in an AquaX event. In the United States, the main sanctioning bodies are the International Jet Sport Boating Association (IJSBA) and Pro Watercross (PWX). As of 2022,
915-660: A prototype and submitted a patent to the government of the Kingdom of Greece on the 5th June 1970, with serial number 40056. He never exploited the invention commercially. He died on March 5, 2022. Stand-up PWCs were first produced by the Japanese company Kawasaki (under the Jet Ski brand) in 1972, and appeared on the US market in 1973. These were mass-produced boats to be used by only one rider. While they are still produced today,
976-406: A similar 'pulsing' exhaust sound as a result. The pistons in a 270 degree straight-twin engine are never both stationary at the same time (as per a 90 degree V-twin engine), thereby reducing the net momentum exchange between the crank and pistons during a full rotation. An imperfect primary balance is created in a 270 degree straight-twin engine, due to a combination of free force and rocking couple;
1037-514: A straight-twin engine. The cylinders lay flat and forward-facing, with the pistons connected directly to the rear wheel using a locomotive-style connecting rod. In 1903, the Werner Motocyclette became the second production motorcycle model, using a straight-twin engine with vertical cylinders. The Werner engine uses cast-iron cylinders with integral heads, side valves and has a displacement of 500 cc. The 1938 Triumph Speed Twin
1098-410: A third "vestigial" connecting rod (acting as a counterbalance) and a rev limit of 9,000 rpm to reduce vibrations. In 2009 Fiat launched Multiair inline twin car engines that use 360 degree crankshaft which relied on balance shafts to reduce the vibrations. In an engine with a 180 degree crankshaft, one piston rises as the other falls. In a four-stroke engine, the firing interval is uneven, with
1159-536: Is also used in the F800GT , F800R and F800ST , although these bikes are tuned to deliver peak power at a different RPM from the GS models. The GS models have longer suspension travel, needed for offroad use. The F650GS name causes further confusion as it was previously used for a 652 cc (39.8 cu in) BMW bike fitted with a single-cylinder Rotax engine. It was produced from 2000–2007, then relaunched in 2009 as
1220-415: Is as per a single-cylinder engine of equivalent reciprocating mass. Early engines attempted to reduce vibration through counterweights on the crankshaft; however, later methods also included balance shafts and a separate weighted connecting rod. Compared with a single-cylinder engine, the more frequent firing interval (360 degrees compared with 720 degrees) results in smoother running characteristics, despite
1281-449: Is being sucked into the intake side of the pump jet. Current PWC products contain on-product warnings that state: " Keep away from Intake Grate while the engine is on. Items such as long hair, loose clothing, or PFD straps can become entangled in moving parts and result in severe injury or drowning". There have been fatal accidents involving PWCs. In a notable case, U.S. astronaut Alan G. Poindexter died in 2012 from injuries sustained in
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#17327933362991342-675: Is ejected) off the back can land directly in the path of the PWC's high-pressure jet of water. Unless a rider is appropriately dressed in garments made out of a strong, thick substance like neoprene (as is commonly found in wetsuits ), the jet may penetrate any orifice it reaches. All major PWC manufacturers warn about this risk and recommend that passengers wear wet suit bottoms or equivalent protection. The American Waterski Racing Association recommends that all of their racers wear wet suit bottoms for this same reason. Such orifice injuries can result in permanent disability or death. For example, in 2006,
1403-405: Is proving popular among manufacturers, which are upgrading models that were previously equipped with other engine types, such as the 2016 Honda Africa Twin (formerly a V-twin ), 2023 Honda Hornet (formerly an inline-4 ) or 2023 V-Strom 800 (the older design being equipped with a V-twin ). Each cylinder in a straight-twin engine has a separate crank pin , unlike V-twin engines which can use
1464-624: Is ruled by each national federation's member of the U.I.M. Aquabike World Championship is known among the motorsports with most different national entries for each competition, reaching up to 32 nationalities and 140 riders registered to compete in Italy in 2018. Other private competitions also exist, such as P1 AquaX, which is a personal watercraft racing series, first launched in the UK in May 2011 by London-based sports promoter Powerboat P1. The series attracted
1525-565: The California Court of Appeal for the First Appellate District upheld a $ 3.7 million Napa County jury verdict against Polaris Industries arising out of one such incident (which had devastating effects on the victim's lower abdomen). It is also possible for multiple riders on the same PWC to sustain orifice injuries in a single accident, as actually occurred in a 2007 accident at Mission Bay which resulted in
1586-675: The G650GS , fitted with a Chinese-assembled engine of the same 652 cc capacity. All bike variants use the same basic engine. The F800 produces 85 hp (63 kW), which is 10 hp (7.5 kW) more power than the F700 and 14 hp (10 kW) more than the discontinued F650. Engines on both the F800 and F700 can be modified to deliver a reduced power output of 35 kW (47 hp) for European riders on restricted Category A2 licences. The F800 and F700 are fitted with twin brake discs on
1647-541: The Hirth 2704 and Cuyuna 430-D. Purpose-built engines for ultralight aircraft include the Rotax 503 and Rotax 582 . Straight-twin engines are sometimes also used in large scale radio-controlled aircraft . Personal watercraft A personal watercraft ( PWC ), also called water scooter , is a primarily recreational watercraft that is designed to hold only a small number of occupants, who sit or stand on top of
1708-409: The 1970s. In the 1960s, the idea was developed further by Clayton Jacobson II of Lake Havasu City, Arizona , USA. Originally a motocross enthusiast, Jacobson's idea was designed in the mid-1960s, powered by an internal pump-jet rather than an outboard motor , made of all aluminum, and had a fixed, upright handle. Jacobson eventually quit his job in banking to devote himself to developing
1769-499: The 2001 Yamaha TMAX and the 2001 Honda Silver Wing . Straight-twin engines are also used in motocross sidecar racing. Many large British motorcycles from 1945 to the 1960s used a straight-twin transverse engine (i.e. oriented with the crankshaft perpendicular to the frame), such as the Triumph Bonneville and Norton Commando . This layout is well suited to air-cooling, since both cylinders receive equal airflow and
1830-617: The 2008 Tata Nano . As of January 2024, petrol straight-twin engines used in production cars currently just include the Fiat TwinAir engine (used in various models from Fiat, Lancia and Alfa Romeo). The Piaggio Porter made use of a diesel straight-twin engine until 2020. Straight-twin engines have been often used as inboard motors , outboard motors and jet pump motors. In the early 20th century, gaff-rigged British fishing boats such as Morecambe Bay Prawners Lancashire Nobbys would sometimes retrofit an inboard engine, such as
1891-657: The American manufacturer Indian . In 1949, the AJS E-90 Porcupine won the 500 1949 Grand Prix World Championship , becoming the first and only straight-twin motorcycle to win the championship. This engine is one of few four-stroke straight-twins to use cylinders oriented horizontally rather than vertically. Since the 2000s, BMW and several Japanese manufacturers have continued to produce straight-twin engines, mostly for middleweight models. Several large scooters have also used straight-twin engines, such as
BMW F series parallel-twin - Misplaced Pages Continue
1952-908: The Lister or the Kelvin E2 3.0 litre petrol-paraffin engine. From the 1950s, manufacturers of outboard motors had settled on the use of the basic inline engine design, cylinders stacked on top of each other with the crankshaft driving the propeller shaft . The Suzuki 15 outbound motor was introduced in 1989. Other uses include tractors (such as various John Deere models until 1960), snowmobiles , personal watercrafts , and all-terrain vehicles . Design variations include two-stroke, four-stroke, petrol, diesel, air-cooling , water-cooling , natural aspiration and turbocharging . Ultralight aircraft , single seat gyro-copters and small homebuilt aircraft have also used straight-twin engines, often using engines originally designed for snowmobiles such as
2013-476: The PWC industry's fastest-growing segments. Lifeguards use PWCs equipped with rescue platforms to rescue water users from trouble, as well as flood survivors, and carry them to safety. Police and rangers use them to enforce laws in coastal waters, lakes and rivers. A PWC combined with a wash-reduction system, carrying waterproof loudspeaker equipment and GPS for instructions and distance measurement, has reportedly been used by assistant coaches for rowing sports on
2074-504: The River Tyne. Further, PWCs are used by the U.S. Navy as surface targets. When equipped with GPS, electronic compass, radar reflector, and a radio modem, the PWC can be controlled remotely with a two-way link. Its small shipboard footprint allows it to be stored in and deployed from the smallest of vessels, and it has been used for target practice for armaments of sizes from 5 in (13 cm) cannon to small arms . Apart from
2135-682: The United Kingdom and Europe in the mid-1950s, with models such as the British 200cc propeller-driven Vincent Amanda , and the German Wave Roller . Two thousand Vincent Amandas were exported to Australia, Asia, Europe and the United States. The Sea Skimmer was introduced in 1961 as a highly maneuverable version of a propelled surfboard. It was 1.7 m (5.6 ft) long, powered by an inboard/outboard motor and reached speeds up to 40 km/h (25 mph). The rider lay on
2196-994: The bikes suitable for shorter riders. Includes a larger 24 litre fuel tank, reinforced rear sub-frame. Desert Blue and Alpine White paintwork, Black and Rally Grey seat, aluminium engine guard plate and hand protectors with large spoilers. Black paintwork, Black anodised fork tubes and rims, Granite Grey frame and Nürburg Silver swing arm. Sun Yellow and Black Silk Gloss paintwork, Granite Grey fork tubes, wheels and frame, Nürburg Silver swing arm, plastic engine guard plate and high windscreen. Alpine White paintwork with white/blue/red decals, red seat with embossed GS logo, white direction indicators, aluminium engine guard plate, hand protectors with large spoilers, heated grips, onboard computer and tinted high windscreen. Alpine White paintwork with white/blue/red decals, red seat with embossed GS logo, white direction indicators, Magnesium painted wheels, plastic engine guard plate, hand protectors with large spoilers, and tinted high windscreen. The F800GS
2257-683: The boat, controlling the speed with hand throttles and using the feet as rudders. Originally manufactured in Kansas City, operations moved to Boynton, Florida, in 1962, and the name was changed to Aqua-Skimmer. Aqua-Skimmer ceased operations in 1962 and sold its inventory to the military. Renamed Aqua Dart (Aqua Dart INC), the Sea Skimmer, Aqua Skimmer, Aqua Dart was modified for military requirements, and saw service in 1962 river reconnaissance missions in Vietnam and other military missions until
2318-656: The competitors are classified according to the type of watercraft used (with stand-up or saddle). The sport is ruled by the World Powerboating Federation ( Union Internationale Motonautique , U.I.M.) recognised by the International Olympic Committee . The current official world series, established in 1996, is the Aquabike World Championship . The sport is also established at the national level and
2379-429: The craft, not within the craft as in a boat . Prominent brands of PWCs include Jet Skis and Sea-Doos. PWCs have two style categories. The first and the most popular is a compact runabout , typically holding no more than two or three people, who mainly sit on top of the watercraft as one does when riding an ATV or snowmobile . The second style is a "stand-up" type, typically built for only one occupant who operates
2440-453: The exception of freestyle, there are at least two categories: saddle jets and stand-up jets. For speed races, gear is generally classified according to the degree of authorized modifications: minor modifications fall into the so-called "stock" category, intermediate modifications into the so-called "limited" category, and more extensive modifications into the category. known as "F1". In freestyle and freeride, these categories do not exist; rather,
2501-419: The exhaust can exit in the well-cooled location at the front of each cylinder. The transverse-engine straight-twin design has been largely replaced by V-twin engines ; however, the straight-twin design has the advantage of easier packaging of ancillaries (such as the air-filter, carburettor and ignition components), which also improves access to ancillaries for maintenance/repairs. A straight-twin engine using
BMW F series parallel-twin - Misplaced Pages Continue
2562-544: The first time on F800. Straight-twin engine A straight-twin engine , also known as an inline-twin , vertical-twin , inline-2 , or parallel-twin , is a two-cylinder piston engine whose cylinders are arranged in a line along a common crankshaft. Straight-twin engines are primarily used in motorcycles; other uses include automobiles, marine vessels, snowmobiles, jet skis , all-terrain vehicles, tractors and ultralight aircraft. Various different crankshaft configurations have been used for straight-twin engines, with
2623-575: The front while the F650 was fitted with one disc. Both bikes had anti-lock brakes (ABS), which were optional on the F800 before 2013 models and all years of the F650. Previously, only the F650 had the option of lowered suspension, which was not available on F800 models up to 2012. From 2013, both the F800 and F700 can be specified with a low seat and/or lowered suspension, the combination of which reduces seat height to 820–850 mm (32–33 in) (F800) or 765–790 mm (30.1–31.1 in) (F700), and makes
2684-601: The fuel capacity to make long cruises, in some cases even beyond 160 kilometres (100 miles). Personal watercraft are often referred by the trademarked brand names of Kawasaki ( Jet Ski ), Yamaha ( WaveRunner ), Bombardier ( Sea-Doo ), Elaqua (E-PWC) and Honda (AquaTrax). The United States Coast Guard defines a personal watercraft, amongst other criteria, as a jet-drive boat less than 12 feet (3.7 m) long. There are many larger " jetboats " not classed as PWCs, some more than 40 feet (12 m) long. Water scooters—as they were originally termed—were first developed in
2745-452: The idea, and had a working prototype by 1965. It differed slightly from modern personal watercraft but had definite similarities. He completed a second prototype a year later made of fiberglass. The first Clayton-type PWC to reach the market was designed by Bombardier in the late 1960s. Bombardier's original designs were not very popular and Bombardier left the business before 1970. In Greece, an inventor named Dimitrios T. Moraitidis, built
2806-409: The irregular firing interval present in 180° crank engines or the large uncountered reciprocating mass in 360° crank engines. Inline-twins also suffer further from torsional torque reactions and vibration. The most common crankshaft configurations for straight-twin engines are 360 degrees, 180 degrees and 270 degrees. In an engine with a 360 degree crankshaft, both pistons move up and down at
2867-413: The more popular design is the sit-down variety of PWC. These sit-down runabouts have been produced by Kawasaki (Jetski), Bombardier ( Sea-Doo ), Yamaha ( WaveRunner ), Honda (AquaTrax), Polaris (Sealion) and Arctic Cat ( Tigershark ). As of 2010, the major manufacturers of PWCs were Kawasaki, Bombardier and Yamaha. Both Yamaha and Kawasaki continue to sell stand-up models but it is a small percentage of
2928-417: The most common being 360 degrees, 180 degrees and 270 degrees. The straight-twin layout is also referred to as "parallel-twin", "vertical-twin" and "inline-twin". Some of these terms originally had specific meanings relating to the crankshaft angle or engine orientation; however, they are often also used interchangeably. In the United Kingdom, the term "parallel-twin" is traditionally used for engines with
2989-427: The obvious hazards of collisions and mechanical breakdowns common to all vehicles , operating or riding a PWC can involve a risk of orifice injuries. These injuries are typical of the kinds of injuries that waterskiers experience as a result of falling into the water at speed. Such injuries can occur from simply falling in the water at speed or they can occur from the output end of the pump jet. A rider who falls (or
3050-482: The overall market. Electric PWCs were commercialized in the early 2020s. Electric watercraft are increasing in popularity as gasoline engines produce greenhouse gases and can eject motor oil and gasoline directly into waterways . PWC racing competitions take place around the world. There are several disciplines: closed circuit speed races, offshore speed races (offshore), endurance races, freestyle (freestyle) and freeride events. For all these types of events, with
3111-619: The purpose of motorcycle racing. However, the main disadvantage for air-cooled engines is that the rear cylinder runs hotter than the front cylinder. Although two-cylinder engines are quite uncommon in cars, the straight-twin layout has been used for several automobile engines over time. The first known straight-twin engine was a variant of the Daimler Motors' Phoenix engine introduced in 1895; these engines were used in Panhard cars that year. Another early straight-twin engined car
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#17327933362993172-450: The same time. However, the firing interval is offset between cylinders, with one of the cylinders firing during the first crankshaft rotation and then the other cylinder in the following rotation. This set up results an even 360 degree firing interval unlike other crank configurations in inline twin engines. The 360 degree engines can use a single ignition system for both cylinders, using a wasted spark system. The imperfect primary balance
3233-435: The second cylinder firing 180 degrees after the first, followed by a gap of 540 degrees until the first cylinder fires again. The uneven firing interval causes vibrations and results in a 'lumpy' power delivery. A 180° engine also requires a separate ignition system for each cylinder. Perfect primary balance is possible with a 180 degree straight-twin engine; however, the design creates a rocking couple which requires use of
3294-439: The similar dynamic imbalance. From the 1930s, most British four-stroke straight-twin motorcycle engines used a 360 degree crankshaft, since this avoided the uneven intake pulsing of other configurations, thus preventing the need for twin carburettors. In the 1960s, even though Japanese motorcycles mostly switched to 180 degree crankshafts for engines sized from 250 to 500 cc, various smaller and larger engines continued to use
3355-819: The sport is experiencing exceeding levels of fragmentation and conflict due to poor management of the sanctioning bodies and non-constructive competition between organizations. The IJSBA World Finals competition is traditionally held in Lake Havasu City, Arizona, in early October. The Pro Watercross World Finals are typically held in Naples, Florida, in November. PWCs are small, fast, easily handled, fairly easy to use, and affordable, and their propulsion systems do not have external propellers, making them in some respects safer than small motorboats for swimmers and wildlife. For these reasons, they are used for fishing , one of
3416-408: The use of 180 degree crankshafts, since the increased smoothness allowed higher rpm and thus higher power outputs. For example, the 1966 Honda CB450 180 degree crankshaft engine has a similar power output to contemporary British 360 degree crankshaft engines, despite having a smaller displacement of 450 cc compared with 650 cc. Both the 1973 Yamaha TX500 and the 1977 Suzuki GS400 had
3477-408: The watercraft standing up as in riding a motorized scooter ; it is used more for doing tricks, racing, and in competitions. Both styles have an inboard engine driving a pump-jet that has a screw-shaped impeller to create thrust for propulsion and steering. Most are designed for two or three people, though four-passenger models exist. Many of today's models are built for more extended use and have
3538-501: Was a successful straight-twin motorcycle which also led to straight-twin engines becoming more widely used by other brands. The engine was designed by Edward Turner and Val Page , and was initially used in the 1933 Triumph 6/1 sidecar hauler (which won the International Six Days Trial silver medal and the 1933 Maudes Trophy ). During the development of the engine, it was found that a 360 degree crank angle
3599-572: Was better suited to the use of a single carburettor than a 180 degree crank angle. Following the trend created by the Triumph Speed Twin, the most common design used by British motorcycle manufacturers until the mid-1970s was a four-stroke straight-twin engine with a 360 degree crankshaft. The manufacturers producing these motorcycles included BSA , Norton , Triumph , Ariel , Matchless and AJS . Straight-twin engines were also produced by Italian and German manufacturers, along with
3660-668: Was refreshed for the 2013 model year, and the F700GS replaced the F650GS. Changes for 2013 included: power increase of 3.0 kW (4 hp) and 2 N⋅m (1.5 lbf⋅ft) on the F700 compared to the F650; standard ABS on all models and twin disc brakes on the F700; introduction of optional Electronic Suspension Adjustment (ESA) and Automatic Stability Control (F800 only); new generation handlebar switches and controls; updated instrument dials and standard fuel/temperature gauges; smoke grey turn indicators and rear LED light; new front fairings and paint finishes; and lowered suspension available for
3721-427: Was the 1898 Decauville Voiturelle , which used a pair of cylinders taken from a de Dion model mounted fore and aft and positioned below the seat. Straight-twin engines have been used in various small cars, such as the 1957 Fiat 500 , 1958 Subaru 360 , 1958 NSU Prinz , 1962 Mitsubishi Minica , 1967 Honda N360 , 1970 Honda Z600 , 1972 Fiat 126 , 1988 VAZ Oka , 1988 Dacia Lăstun , 1980 Daihatsu Cuore , and
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