The G450X is an Enduro -class motorcycle that was produced by BMW Motorrad between 2008 and 2011.
74-626: The G450X project originated with BMW Motorrad's desire to capture a portion of the 450 four-stroke enduro class from established manufacturers, including the Japanese big four and KTM . Following the relatively poor sales achieved by BMW's F650GS -derived G650X Challenge, BMW deduced that the Challenge's lack of market acceptance had been due at least in part to its excessive weight and unconventional suspension. The relatively underpowered Challenge had weighed substantially more than competitors like
148-526: A balance shaft to reduce vibration. The engine was manufactured by Kymco in Taiwan , on behalf of BMW. Like all modern BMW motorcycle engines, the G450X's engine features automotive-style closed-loop fuel injection, with exhaust oxygen-content sensor. The engine also features integrated coil-over-plug ignition, catalytic converter, and overrun cut-off functionality. Unusually, the fuel injection/ignition system
222-603: A category of off-road racing that is known as rally racing or rally raid . In addition to rallying and rally raids , there are other off-road races that are very similar to enduros but that vary in that they are not necessarily timekeeping events and in that they are often sanctioned by other bodies than the primary enduro sanctioning bodies. One example in the USA is the Grand National Cross Country , which more closely resembles hare scrambles , such as
296-416: A consequence, the clutch basket drives the gearbox, instead of the other way around. The drive plate/driven plate/clutch basket assembly is physically smaller than is typical, and the clutch assembly's crankshaft mounting partially negates the need for a separate flywheel . Following existing convention, the clutch is cable-operated and shares the same oil as the engine. The five-speed claw-shift transmission
370-534: A general comparison to passenger cars is therefore not possible, as the kWh/km factor depends, among others, on the specific vehicle. The official category name is heavy-duty diesel engines, which generally includes lorries and buses. The following table contains a summary of the emission standards and their implementation dates. Dates in the tables refer to new type approvals; the dates for all new registrations are in most cases one year later. ECE R49 ESC & ELR The term non-road mobile machinery (NRMM)
444-412: A prescribed mile per hour average over varying terrain. Competitors are moderated by a series of secret time keeping checkpoints along the race course, and are penalized based on their arrival time to the checkpoints. Rallies , on the other hand, are run on point to point courses where the competitor with the fastest time between the two points being declared the winner. Such courses may be shorter than
518-427: A result, it did not meet with widespread acceptance. Its production run ended after only three years. Following the end of the G450X's production run in 2010, its engine and frame formed the basis of three Husqvarna motorcycles from 2011 to 2014: the enduro-oriented TX449 , the motocross -oriented TC449 and the rally raid -oriented TE449 . From 2010 to 2012, Husqvarna also offered an enlarged 501 cm3 version of
592-501: A specific cycle in the laboratory duly representing a real driving environment and gives a global notation independent from the type of engine used (petrol, diesel, natural gas, LPG, hybrid, etc.). To get the maximum 50/50 note on this cycle, the car shall emit less than the minimum limit applicable to either petrol or diesel car, that is to say 100 mg HC, 500 mg CO, 60 mg NO x , 3 mg PM and 6 × 10 PN. Unlike ambient discourse dirty diesel versus clean petrol cars,
666-569: A variety of dedicated medium-weight dual-sport motorcycles such as the G650GS and twin-cylinder F650GS , the G450X was immediately recognizable as an enduro-only machine. The design brief for what would become the G450X specified that it should have at least as much power and torque as its established Japanese and Austrian competition, that it should be physically lighter and more compact (thereby also making it easier to ride), and that it should adhere more closely to established design conventions within
740-542: Is a reference to engine series (in this case, single-cylinder). The expected F prefix was reassigned from single-cylinder to parallel-twin motorcycles with the advent of the F800GS and twin-cylinder F650GS at approximately the same time the single-cylinder F650GS was re-designated the G650GS . 450 is a reference to the engine's quoted swept volume of 450 cm3. X signifies Cross , referring to BMW Motorrad's intent to position
814-541: Is a term used in the European emission standards to control emissions of engines that are not used primarily on public roadways. This definition includes off-road vehicles as well as railway vehicles . European standards for non-road diesel engines harmonise with the US EPA standards , and comprise gradually stringent tiers known as Stage I–V standards. The Stage I/II was part of the 1997 directive (Directive 97/68/EC). It
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#1732780906316888-555: Is also supported by the Hex Innovate GS-911 diagnostic module . The diagnostic connector is located on the left-hand main frame tube, behind and below the radiator . Unlike the G650GS-derived G650X Challenge, the G450X does not have anti-lock braking (ABS) . The G450X uses conventional disc brakes by Brembo , with a front twin-piston and rear single-piston calipers. The G450X was sold in
962-425: Is believed to be more accessible for new riders by reducing the complexity of the race format in addition to making scoring easier for organizers. Rallies and enduros share two pronounced qualities; they are usually lengthy compared to most forms of motorsport racing and they cover varying off-road terrain, usually without repeating any section of the terrain in the course of an event. Examples of such rallies include
1036-541: Is complemented by a conventional rectangular-profile aluminium sub-frame. The size of the engine's airbox meant that the fuel tank could not be located behind the steering headstock in typical fashion. Instead, the fuel tank is located under the seat, within the confines of the rear sub-frame. The fuel filling arrangement is also unusual, with the fuel filler cap located at the rear of the seat. BMW designed an all-new 449 cm3 four-stroke single-cylinder engine utilizing double overhead camshafts with four valves per cylinder, and
1110-555: Is determined by running the engine at a standardised test cycle . Non-compliant vehicles cannot be sold in the EU, but new standards do not apply to vehicles already on the roads. No use of specific technologies is mandated to meet the standards, though available technology is considered when setting the standards. New models introduced must meet current or planned standards, but minor lifecycle model revisions may continue to be offered with pre-compliant engines. Along with Emissions standards,
1184-506: Is expected that technologies such as direct injection, combined with petrol particulate filters, could be needed for these motorcycle engine types to meet the Euro V demands. The emission standards for trucks (lorries) and buses are defined by engine energy output in g/ kWh ; this is unlike the emission standards for passenger cars and light commercial vehicles, which are defined by vehicle driving distance in g/km —
1258-414: Is integrated with the engine, and has an overall arrangement of gears, shafts and shift forks that was more compact than was typical. The engine and gearbox share a common oil supply. On enduro bikes made by established competition, the front drive sprocket is located forward of the swingarm pivot, meaning that drive chain tension changes dynamically according to rear suspension movement. In turn, this means
1332-496: Is needed to promote safety measures in enduro and to reduce risk factors of injury which in turn can help to make enduro a safe alternative to the other dangerous motorcycling sports.” European emission standards#Euro3 The European emission standards are vehicle emission standards for pollution from the use of new land surface vehicles sold in the European Union and European Economic Area member states and
1406-547: Is to ensure that information relating to the fuel economy and CO 2 emissions of new passenger cars offered for sale or lease in the Community is made available to consumers in order to enable consumers to make an informed choice. In the United Kingdom, the initial approach was deemed ineffective. The way the information was presented was too complicated for consumers to understand. As a result, car manufacturers in
1480-547: Is typical. The engine is also angled forward at 30 degrees from the vertical to create space for the larger airbox. The G450X was sold with a EURO 3 noise and emissions-compliant exhaust system that limits it to approximately 40 BHP. If an electronic coding plug supplied with the motorcycle is installed, a second competition-oriented engine management map is enabled. If the coding plug is installed in combination with BMW's G450X-specific Akrapovič competition exhaust muffler, engine power increases to approximately 51 BHP. Connecting
1554-524: Is used for diesel engines only, while transient testing applies to both diesel and petrol engines. For the emission standards to deliver actual emission reductions, it is crucial to use a test cycle that reflects real-world driving conditions. It was discovered that vehicle manufacturers would optimise emissions performance only for the test cycle, whilst emissions from typical driving conditions proved to be much higher than when tested. Some manufacturers were also found to use so-called defeat devices where
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#17327809063161628-490: The Baja 500 and Baja 1000 , which are promoted and administered by SCORE International and are amongst the most well known long-distance off-road races. Off-road races that span multiple days and that have different types of stages, some that are timed and others that are not, are generally referred to as rallies (or rallyes) or rally raids (a term widely used in the United Kingdom that is synonymous with off-road rally) such as
1702-491: The Dakar Rally . An enduro motorcycle is specialized for the nature of the sport, with the deep suspension of a motocross bike combined with the features required to make it legal for the public road portions of the course. Engines are generally single-cylinder two-stroke between 125 and 300 cm (cc), or four-stroke between 250 and 650 cm (cc). In 1973 Yamaha introduced a motorcycle for trail use which had
1776-496: The KTM 640 Adventure , and its pneumatic rear suspension strut was both unadjustable for compression and rebound damping, and expensive to rebuild. In marketing terms, BMW Motorrad intended to position the G450X as both an enduro-class motorcycle and a viable dual-sport motorcycle . However, its narrow seat, low fuel capacity, small headlight and lack of wind protection meant this notion was questionable. Also, with BMW already producing
1850-881: The World Enduro Championship (WEC), the International Six Days Enduro (ISDE) and several national championships. The world governing body for enduro is the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM). In the United States, the national governing body is the American Motorcycle Association (AMA). In the United Kingdom, the national governing body is the Auto-Cycle Union . The World Enduro Championship (WEC)
1924-520: The 450 four-stroke enduro class. In the process of development, BMW engineers made a number of theoretical improvements on the design baseline established by Kawasaki, Yamaha, Honda, Suzuki and KTM. The G450X was first presented on 6 November 2007, at the EICMA 2007 trade fair in Milan . The G450X's internal BMW model code is K16 . The motorcycle's name follows the naming convention for BMW motorcycles. G
1998-558: The Austrian Erzberg Rodeo than Enduros, but is on a shorter course of perhaps a few miles/kilometers in length that is repeated for several laps. GNCC is famous for the high level of ATV (four-wheeled off-road vehicles) competition in addition to motorcycle competition. Endurocross or indoor enduro is a variation of enduro held indoors. Riders must complete as quick as possible a course with obstacles similar to those in enduro. Khanna et al. (2015) reviewed
2072-598: The Baltic, the North Sea and the English Channel are using fuels with a sulphur content of no more than 0.10%. Higher sulphur contents are still possible, but only if the appropriate exhaust cleaning systems are in place. Just as important as the regulations are the tests needed to ensure adherence to regulations. These are laid out in standardised emission test cycles used to measure emissions performance against
2146-544: The EU's road and stay there for decades to come." Within the European Union , transport is the biggest emitter of CO 2 , with road transport contributing about 20%. The purpose of Directive 1999/94/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 13 December 1999 relating to the availability of consumer information on fuel economy and CO 2 emissions in respect of the marketing of new passenger cars
2220-425: The Euro 4 stage, but vehicles with direct injection engines are subject to a limit of 0.0045 g/km for Euro 5 and Euro 6. A particulate number standard (P) or (PN) has been introduced in 2011 with Euro 5b for diesel engines and, in 2014, with Euro 6 for petrol engines. From a technical perspective, European emissions standards do not reflect everyday usage of the vehicle as manufacturers are allowed to lighten
2294-699: The Euro 6 limit for NO x , although they conform to official standards. After the postponement in publishing the Euro 7 proposal details by the European Commission, some civil society groups (such as the European Respiratory Society and the European Public Health Alliance ) said in mid-2022: "Every month that the implementation of Euro 7 is delayed due to the late publication of the proposal, 1 million more polluting cars will be placed on
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2368-719: The Euro 6 limit. However, some of the vehicles did show reduced emissions, suggesting that real world NO x emission control is possible. In one particular instance, research in diesel car emissions by two German technology institutes found that zero "real" NO x reductions in public health risk had been achieved despite 13 years of stricter standards (2006 report). In 2015, the Volkswagen emissions scandal involved revelations that Volkswagen AG had deliberately falsified emission reports by programming engine management unit firmware to detect test conditions, and change emissions controls when under test. The cars thus passed
2442-539: The European Union has also mandated a number of computer on-board diagnostics for the purposes of increasing safety for drivers. These standards are used in relation to the emissions standards. During the early 2000s, Australia began harmonising Australian Design Rule certification for new motor vehicle emissions with Euro categories. Euro III was introduced on 1 January 2006 and is progressively being introduced to align with European introduction dates. Euro 7
2516-418: The European Union, emissions of nitrogen oxides ( NO x ), total hydrocarbon (THC), non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC), carbon monoxide (CO) and particulate matter (PM) are regulated for most vehicle types , including cars, trucks (lorries), locomotives, tractors and similar machinery, barges , but excluding seagoing ships and aeroplanes. For each vehicle type, different standards apply. Compliance
2590-456: The G450X as both a dedicated enduro motorcycle and a dual-sport motorcycle. Departing from the enduro-class convention of a cradle-style frame in either chrome-molybdenum steel or cast aluminium, the G450X used a bridge-type main frame manufactured from welded stainless steel tubing. The main frame's lower frame tubes bridge the headstock tube and swingarm pivot in a straight line, yielding maximum rigidity for minimum weight. The steel main frame
2664-800: The G450X engine. This was used in the Enduro-oriented TE511 and supermoto -oriented SMR511 . Following KTM 's acquisition of Husqvarna from the BMW Group in February 2013, all G450X-derived engines were dropped from the Husqvarna range. The CCM GP450 , manufactured from November 2014 until 2017, used a detuned version of the G450X engine. Enduro Enduro is a form of motorcycle sport run on extended cross-country, off-road courses. Enduro consists of many different obstacles and challenges. The main type of enduro event, and
2738-458: The US. The ECEA has multiple classes divided by bike type and rider demographic that allow a qualified rider to choose a class to compete in. Each skill class (A, B, C) is divided into sub-classes depending on machine type, rider age, and gender. Some examples include "C 4-stroke," "C-Veteran (30+)," "B 2-Stroke Light," "B 2-Stroke Heavy," "Women's", etc... Generally speaking, there are rewards at both
2812-465: The United Kingdom voluntarily agreed to put a more "consumer-friendly", colour-coded label displaying CO 2 emissions on all new cars beginning in September 2005, with a letter from A (<100 CO 2 g/km) to F (186+ CO 2 g/km). The goal of the new "green label" is to give consumers clear information about the environmental performance of different vehicles. Other EU member countries are also in
2886-435: The United Kingdom, and ships in EU waters. The standards are defined in a series of European Union directives staging the progressive introduction of increasingly stringent standards. Euro 7, agreed in 2024 and due to come into force in 2026, includes non-exhaust emissions such as particulates from tyres and brakes. Until 2030 fossil fuelled vehicles are allowed to have dirtier brakes than electric vehicles. In
2960-462: The United States with BMW's standard motorcycle warranty coverage of three years/36,000 miles, meaning its warranty far exceeded that of any other enduro motorcycle on the market at that time. The G450X was produced between September 2008, and 2010. The G450X utilized technological approaches that were considered radical by then-current enduro standards, and it failed to overcome the prejudices of buyers who expected more conventional technology . As
3034-543: The World Enduro Champion. The best enduro riders from around the world come to compete in hare scrambles, hard enduros, and enduro cross, classic enduros, etc. Red Bull covers the series on youtube and a WESS website is updated with the events schedule each year. The International Six Days Enduro (ISDE) has been held since 1913, and it is the oldest off-road event in the FIM calendar. The event brings together
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3108-554: The amount of g/km of exceeded. The 2009 regulation set a 2015 target of 130 g/km for the fleet average for new passenger cars. A similar set of regulations for light commercial vehicles was set in 2011, with an emissions target of 175 g/km for 2017. Both targets were met several years in advance. A second set of regulations, passed in 2014, set a 2021 target of average CO 2 emissions of new cars to fall to 95 g/km by 2021, and for light-commercial vehicles to 147 g/km by 2020. In April 2019, Regulation (EU) 2019/631
3182-419: The best riders to represent their national team, and it is often referred to as the "World Cup of Enduro" or the "Olympics of Motorcycling". The American Motorcycle Association is the primary sanctioning body for motorcycle races of all types in the United States of America. AMA series are often analogous to FIM series. The East Coast Enduro Association is one of the most prominent organizers of enduro races in
3256-490: The cars were first regulated. In further difference to passenger cars (where three-way catalytic converters were de facto required from Euro I), it was first with the introduction of the Euro III emissions standard in 2006 that motorcycles were de facto required to use three-way catalytic converters. With the introduction of Euro V, standard two-stroke engine motorcycles are challenged by the strict HC and PM emissions limits. It
3330-417: The coding plug and/or installing the competition muffler renders the motorcycle not compliant with noise and emissions regulations; therefore, the motorcycle is not road-legal in this configuration. With the design brief specifying both low weight and the improved handling brought by a longer swingarm, the required space was liberated by moving the multi-plate clutch to the right-hand side of the crankshaft. As
3404-556: The compact engine/gearbox assembly and concentric rear suspension arrangement allows for a longer-than-normal rear swingarm. The swingarm manipulates a high-quality Öhlins coil-over-shock strut directly, with no rising-rate linkage. The front suspension uses upside-down 45mm Marzocchi forks. The front and rear suspension are both adjustable for compression and rebound damping, although the rear shock absorber does not feature separate high-speed and low-speed compression damping adjustment. Unlike many other BMW motorcycles manufactured during
3478-571: The definition of the standard. These limits supersede the original directive on emission limits 70/220/EEC. The classifications for vehicle category are defined by: Emission standards for passenger cars and light commercial vehicles are summarized in the following tables. Since the Euro 2 stage, EU regulations introduce different emission limits for diesel and petrol vehicles. Diesels have more stringent CO standards but are allowed higher NO x emissions. Petrol-powered vehicles are exempted from particulate matter (PM) standards through to
3552-500: The direct responsibility of the companies involved, the authors blamed the violations on a number of factors, including "unrealistic test conditions, a lack of transparency and a number of loopholes in testing protocols". In 2017, the European Union introduced testing in real-world conditions called Real Driving Emissions (RDE), using portable emissions measurement systems in addition to laboratory tests. The actual limits will use 110% (CF=2.1) "conformity factor" (the difference between
3626-412: The drive chain must always incorporate a certain amount of slack. BMW solved this problem using its Coaxial Traction system, with the front drive sprocket located on the same rotational axis as the swingarm pivot. This is facilitated by the swingarm's locating shaft running through a hollow gearbox output shaft. This arrangement allows the drive chain to be run with minimal slack (around 5mm, as opposed to
3700-463: The dynomometer tests. RDE not to exceed limits have then been updated to take into account different test conditions such as PEMS weight (305–533 kg in various ICCT testing ), driving in the middle of the traffic, road gradient, etc. ADAC also performed NO x emission tests with a cycle representative of the real driving environment in the laboratory. Among the 69 cars tested: Since 2012, ADAC performs regular pollutant emission tests on
3774-469: The enduro test. In the 2008 season , Honda 's Mika Ahola won the Enduro 1 class, Yamaha 's Johnny Aubert took the Enduro 2 class and KTM 's Samuli Aro won his fifth title in the Enduro 3 class. The World Enduro Super Series (WESS) is a championship started in 2018. All of the races in the series had been previously run as separate events, and this series brings in 11 races from around Europe to crown
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#17327809063163848-499: The engine control system would recognise that the vehicle was being tested, and would automatically switch to a mode optimised for emissions performance. The use of a defeat device is expressly forbidden in EU law. An independent study in 2014 used portable emissions measurement systems to measure NO x emissions during real world driving from fifteen Euro 6 compliant diesel passenger cars. The results showed that NO x emissions were on average about seven times higher than
3922-425: The event and season level for each sub-class (i.e., "I was the B 2-Stroke Light winner at this event..."). Classes include age brackets as high as 80+ (Legends class). The following is a list of bike classes: Because of the variety of awards that are possible, riders are sometimes accused of sandbagging . In addition to races and series sanctioned by national associations, a large number of events are also held at
3996-409: The format to which the World Enduro Championship is run, is a time-card enduro, whereby a number of stages are raced in a time trial against the clock. In a traditional time-keeping enduro, riders leave together in groups or rows, and each row starts at a certain minute. The object of the event is to arrive at pre-defined checkpoints according to a strict schedule. Early or late arrivals result in
4070-425: The front drive sprocket and swingarm pivot means that the routine task of front drive sprocket replacement requires removal of the rear swingarm. All G450Xs were supplied to customers with a 15-tooth front drive sprocket installed as standard. Models manufactured from 2010 onwards were supplied with additional 13-tooth and 14-tooth drive sprockets. Although the G450X uses a fairly conventional suspension arrangement,
4144-536: The laboratory test and real-world conditions) in 2017, and 50% (CF=1.5) in 2021 for NO x , conformity factor for particles number P being left for further study. Environment organisations criticized the decision as insufficient, while ACEA mentions it will be extremely difficult for automobile manufacturers to reach such a limit in such short period of time. In 2015, an ADAC study (ordered by ICCT ) of 32 Euro 6 cars showed that few complied with on-road emission limits, and LNT/ NOx adsorber cars (with about half
4218-399: The literature on sports injuries in enduro riders, finding: "The extremities are the most injured parts in enduro. However, 98% of these injuries are mild to moderate". With only four studies on off-road motorcycle injuries, they concluded: “there is paucity of published data on enduro injuries. In depth understanding of the physiological aspect of enduro riders with close monitoring of injuries
4292-406: The local and regional level by smaller governing bodies. In the US these events closely resemble AMA sanctioned events, utilizing the same A, B, C skill classes. Many riders begin their racing careers at events such as these. The popularity of enduro varies widely by continent, country, region, and even by event type. Some popular events are loosely categorized as enduros even though they fall into
4366-469: The market) had the highest emissions. At the end of this study, ICCT was expecting a 100% conformity factor. NEDC Euro 6b not to exceed limit of 80 mg/km NO x will then continue to apply for the WLTC Euro 6c tests performed on a dynomometer while WLTC-RDE will be performed in the middle of the traffic with a PEMS attached at the rear of the car. RDE testing is then far more difficult than
4440-518: The process of introducing consumer-friendly labels. European Union Directive No 443/2009 set a mandatory average fleet CO 2 emissions target for new cars, after a voluntary commitment made in 1998 and 1999 by the auto industry had failed to reduce emissions by 2007. The regulation applies to new passenger cars registered in the European Union and EEA member states for the first time. A carmaker who fails to comply has to pay an "excess emissions premium" for each vehicle registered according with
4514-626: The regulatory thresholds applicable to the tested vehicle. Since the Euro 3 regulations in 2000, performance has been measured using the New European Driving Cycle test (NEDC; also known as MVEG-B), with a " cold start " procedure that eliminates the use of a 40-second engine warm-up period found in the ECE+EUDC test cycle (also known as MVEG-A). The two groups of emissions standards for heavy duty vehicles each have different appropriate test requirements. Steady-state testing
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#17327809063164588-411: The results are much more nuanced and subtle. Some Euro 6 diesel cars perform as well as the best hybrid petrol cars; some other recent Euro 6 petrol indirect injection cars perform as the worst Euro 5 diesel cars; finally some petrol hybrid cars are at the same level as the best Euro 5 diesel cars. Tests commissioned by Which? from the beginning of 2017 found that 47 out of 61 diesel car models exceed
4662-463: The riders' scores being penalized. Throughout a day there will also be allocated periods for refuelling and servicing the machine. Penalties apply for not meeting defined times or for outside-assistance when not permitted. There are two different types of events – enduros and rallies . Within the international off-road motorcycle community, the term enduro traditionally refers specifically to time keeping events which require competitors to maintain
4736-407: The same period, the G450X does not use CAN bus chassis management. Instead, it uses conventional wiring, switches, fuses and relays. The G450X uses BMW Motorrad's proprietary 10-pin round diagnostic connector. The KMS-K16 engine management system is fully OBD-II enabled, with all conventional fault-diagnostic functions. The motorcycle is compatible with BMW's own workshop diagnostic equipment, and
4810-411: The test, but in real world conditions, emitted up to forty times more NO x emissions than allowed by law. An independent report in September 2015 warned that this extended to "every major car manufacturer", with BMW , and Opel named alongside Volkswagen and its sister company Audi as "the worst culprits", and that approximately 90% of diesel cars "breach emissions regulations". Overlooking
4884-465: The total length of the race, in which case the course is repeated several times, with each repetition being referred to as a lap. Such courses may also be very long such that competitors never cover the same ground twice. In the US the rally format has greatly grown in popularity and is referred to as an "enduro" in many cases. The AMA National Enduro Series has used a similar format since 2007, referred to as "start-control / restart enduros". This format
4958-424: The typical 25 to 35mm). This reduces chain lash without danger of overstressing the gearbox output shaft bearings, and reduces overall stress on the gearbox assembly. Although lighter in overall weight, the engine/gearbox arrangement has some inherent disadvantages. Mounting the clutch assembly on the crankshaft means the clutch rotates approximately three times faster than is typical , and the concentric location of
5032-409: The vehicle by removing the back seats, improve aerodynamics by taping over grilles and door handles, or reduce the load on the generator by switching off the headlights, the passenger compartment fan, or simply disconnecting the alternator which charges the battery. The Euro emissions regulations for two and three wheelers (motorcycles) were first introduced in 1999 — some seven years after
5106-401: The word enduro as a badge on its side panels. The World Enduro Championship and several other championships currently categorize enduro motorcycles into three classes; Enduro 1 (100–125 cc two-stroke or 175–250 cc four-stroke), Enduro 2 (175–250 cc two-stroke or 290–450 cc four-stroke) and Enduro 3 (290–500 cc two-stroke or 475–650 cc four-stroke). Major events in the enduro calendar include
5180-483: Was adopted, which introduced CO 2 emission performance standards for new passenger cars and new light commercial vehicles for 2025 and 2030. The new Regulation went into force on 1 January 2020, and has replaced and repealed Regulation (EC) 443/2009 and (EU) No 510/2011. The 2019 Regulation set new emission targets relative to a 2021 baseline, with a reduction of the average CO 2 emissions from new cars by 15% in 2025, and by 37.5% in 2030. For light-commercial vehicles
5254-469: Was formally approval by EU countries in April 2024. The stages are typically referred to as Euro 1, Euro 2, Euro 3, Euro 4, Euro 5 and Euro 6 for Light Duty Vehicle standards. The legal framework consists in a series of directives, each amendments to the 1970 Directive 70/220/EEC. The following is a summary list of the standards, when they come into force, what they apply to, and which EU directives provide
5328-479: Was implemented in two stages, with Stage I implemented in 1999 and Stage II implemented between 2001 and 2004. In 2004, the European Parliament adopted Stage III/IV standards. The Stage III standards were further divided into Stage III A and III B, and were phased in between 2006 and 2013. Stage IV standards are enforced from 2014. Stage V standards are phased in from 2018 with full enforcement from 2021. As of 1 January 2015, EU Member States have to ensure that ships in
5402-557: Was not supplied by Bosch , but instead by the Japanese Keihin Corporation . This system is unique to the G450X, and carries BMW designation KMS-K16 (Keihin Management System, applicable to BMW model code K16). Some technical compromises had to be made to accommodate the G450X's unusual clutch arrangement. One consequence is that the engine's crankshaft rotates backwards instead of forwards, as
5476-512: Was started in 1990, replacing the European Enduro Championship , which had been contested since 1968. The championship is run under the FIM and generally consists of around eight or nine Grands Prix spread around the globe. These events are split into two days (and two different races), from which points towards the world championship are awarded. Each round includes a motocross test and an "extreme test", in addition to
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