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43-608: The BAC Jet Provost is a British jet trainer aircraft that was in use with the Royal Air Force (RAF) from 1955 to 1993. It was originally developed by Hunting Percival from the earlier piston engine -powered Percival Provost basic trainer, and later produced by the British Aircraft Corporation (BAC). In addition to the multiple RAF orders, the Jet Provost, sometimes with light armament,

86-429: A crash program to bring these to operational readiness in three days. These Provost carried out ground attack sorties on insurgent targets, vectored in by helicopters that used smoke bombs to mark targets for Provosts. One Provost crashed returning from a sortie and its pilot killed. Nigeria acquired two ex-Sudan Air Force Jet Provost T.51s in 1967, using them for training and ground attack purposes against Biafra during

129-618: A flame out. The Provost were meant for pilot conversions for jets and intended as a stepping stone to introduce jet fighters to the Royal Ceylon Air Force (RCyAF). However these plans were scrapped due to defense cuts following the attempted coup in 1962 and by the late 1960s the remaining Provosts were mothballed. With the outbreak of the 1971 JVP insurrection in April 1971, the RCyAF took out its mothballed Provosts and started

172-472: A jet-powered trainer aircraft would be on the horizon. The design team aimed to produce an aircraft capable of equalling the handling characteristics of operational jet fighters of the era while also possessing modest approach and stall speeds and remaining simple to handle, as opposed to aiming to obtain maximum performance. During the early design process, a series of increasingly frequent liaisons with RAF Flying Training Command took place, helping to gauge

215-442: A lock-down of all movable parts as protection from winter storms. An example of such a summer home that needs to be winterized each fall is the scene of the movie On Golden Pond , which was filmed on Squam Lake . In the 20th century, these summer mountain homes in turn were winterized to enable winter holidays, as the popularity of skiing in the mountains increased that of summer camping . In this sense, winterization refers to

258-438: A number of different roles besides basic training. With a top speed of 440 mph, excellent maneuverability, mechanical reliability and low operating costs, the Jet Provost was utilized as an aerobatic aircraft, air warfare and tactical weapons training as well as advanced training. The first T5 made its maiden flight on 28 February 1967 and deliveries from BAC ' s Warton factory commenced on 3 September 1969. Operators of

301-458: A production order was placed for the first 40 of the developed Jet Provost T3 , featuring a more powerful Armstrong Siddeley Viper jet engine, ejector seats, a redesign of the airframe, and a shortened and strengthened version of the retractable tricycle undercarriage . Percival built a single example, which was used purely for structural tests throughout the development stages, giving the designers valuable research into what could be achieved with

344-403: A result of the results and responses produced from the trials performed using the pre-production aircraft, Hunting Percival proceeded to develop and incorporate several different improvements upon the design. Amongst the changes made was an overall smoothing of the fuselage lines, hydraulic systems being substituted for pneumatic counterparts, and the addition of a dorsal fillet ; the new model

387-614: A smoother ride when deployed at semi-prepared airstrips. On 19 February 1955, the first of ten pre-production aircraft, designated as the Jet Provost T1 , performed its first flight. In May 1955, three of the pre-production aircraft were assigned for the first stage of service trials with the Central Flying School (CFS) of the RAF to determine the value of the Jet Provost in the ab initio training role and to develop

430-428: A syllabus for the training program. During the second stage of CFS trials using the same three aircraft, actual students were introduced to the type for practical evaluation purposes, which was performed at RAF Hullavington until the successful completion of trials on 2 July 1956. According to feedback from CFS examiners, the Jet Provost had noticeably improved the performance of students during its trial deployment. As

473-907: Is a list of some current and former jet trainers Winterization Winterization is the process of preparing something for the winter , and is a form of ruggedization . Equipment suitable for year-round use can be said to have "built-in" winterization. In emergency or disaster response situations, such as managed by the UNHCR , winterization activities include the distribution of items including blankets, quilts, kerosene, heating stoves, jerry cans, as well as thermal floor mats and insulation to make tents warmer and more resistant to harsh winter conditions. Some summer homes , also known as cabins or cottages , were built for summer use only and need to be winterized each Autumn. This entails locking them up, turning off water, electricity, and phone lines, and protecting various features from heavy snowfall. In

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516-566: Is achieved via an electric starter system, the engine controls have been described as being of a conventional nature. The Jet Provost proved to be a capable trainer, being used in the ab initio Basic Trainer role from the outset (pilots progressed to the de Havilland Vampire and later the Folland Gnat for Advanced Jet Training). After successful acceptance trials of the T1 during late 1955 at No. 2 Flying Training School at RAF Hullavington ,

559-660: Is also important to properly shrink wrap a boat to protect from moisture, snow, ice, and debris. Watercraft can be winterized and stored outdoors or in an indoor storage facility. Some fountains, such as the Ontario Science Centre FUNtain Hydraulophone and the flame fountain in Nathan Phillips Square, are designed to run year-round by virtue of heated water, whereas others require that the water be drained and that all apertures be covered to keep rainwater from entering

602-740: The Cessna T-37 Tweet appeared for the early stages of pilot training. Pilots who were picked to fly fighter or strike aircraft then went on to fly more advanced training aircraft like the Hawker Siddeley Gnat . As the early jet-trainers became obsolete then further generations have appeared, the British using the single-engine BAE Systems Hawk while the French ordered the Dassault/Dornier Alpha Jet . In

645-536: The New England area, many wealthy families living in cities during the 19th century had summer homes in the mountains. This was to flee the onset of yellow fever and other epidemics which often struck in the summer months, when city plumbing problems and stagnant horse manure in the streets caused a health hazard. Winterization would take place each Fall when the families returned to the cities (often when school started). In those days, winterization just referred to

688-479: The Nigerian Civil War . Flown both by Nigeran and mercenary pilots, they proved effective as in both roles, but efforts to obtain more Jet Provosts directly from Britain failed. The Jet Provost was withdrawn from RAF service during the early 1990s, having been replaced by the newer turboprop -powered Short Tucano . Ab initio training had reverted to piston-engined aircraft in the early 1970s, using

731-861: The Scottish Aviation Bulldog . The Jet Provost remains popular among private operators and enthusiasts; being an inexpensive jet, many have been acquired and maintained in a flightworthy condition by collectors and private individuals. Some are flown at airshows, whilst roughly equal numbers are maintained in ground-runnable condition at various locations, many of these being in the United Kingdom. Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1971–72, Flight International, BAE Systems General characteristics Performance Armament Related development Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Related lists Jet trainer The first generation of trainers in

774-435: The polar regions ) also undergoes a "winterization" process. Many complex devices (automobiles, electronics and radios) as well as common materials (metals, rubbers, petroleum lubricants) are not designed to operate at extremely low temperatures and must be winterized to operate without severe damage from the elements in such conditions. This might involve a chemical treatment process, additional waterproofing/insulation, or even

817-619: The 1940s were modified from existing designs like the Gloster Meteor and Lockheed T-33 but with these were followed by custom training aircraft like the Aero L-29 Delfín and the BAC Jet Provost . As training developed different air forces used jet trainers for different phases of training. Although most air forces continued to use piston or later turboprop aircraft for basic training, a number of jet trainers like

860-511: The Jet Provost necessitated the addition of an oxygen system in the cockpit, which was unpressurised on early production aircraft. The Jet Provost has an uncomplicated structure, the airframe being based on the Percival Provost, albeit being strengthened in key areas such as the main wing spar and featuring a substantially different undercarriage arrangement. It possesses an all-metal stressed-skin fuselage built in two sections,

903-770: The RAAF ultimately decided to retain the de Havilland Vampire to fulfill its requirements for a jet-powered trainer, and later replaced its Vampires with the Italian-built Aermacchi MB-326 during the late 1960s instead. The sole aircraft itself was retained, being presented to the Sydney Technical College for use as an instructional airframe, and was later preserved. Ceylon ordered 12 Jet Provost T51, these went into operational service in early 1960, one crashed in February 1960 following

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946-887: The RAF formally accepted the type in 1957. The first production version was the T3, powered by the Viper 102, and this entered service with No. 2 FTS, located at RAF Syerston , during June 1959, when deliveries commenced from the Hunting Aircraft factory at Luton airport . The T3 was also operated by Central Flying School at RAF Little Rissington ; the Royal Air Force College at RAF Cranwell , Lincolnshire; by No. 1 Flying Training School at RAF Linton-on-Ouse , Yorkshire; 3FTS at RAF Leeming , Yorkshire; 6FTS at RAF Acklington , Northumberland; and 7FTS at RAF Church Fenton , Yorkshire. The twin-seated side by side variant

989-623: The T5 included the RAFs Central Flying School and No. 1, No. 3 and No. 6 Flying Training Schools. Besides service with the RAF, the Jet Provost found success in export markets. A single Jet Provost T2 was exported to Australia and was operated by the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) to evaluate the type for the purpose of providing 'all-through' jet-based training. Following a six-month evaluation period,

1032-611: The Warsaw Pact the Aero L-39 Albatros became the standard jet trainer. As the jet trainer developed it was also used for weapon training, which led to some trainers being modified as light strike aircraft; for example, the Cessna T-37 Tweet was developed into the Cessna A-37 Dragonfly . Modern jet trainers are structurally strengthened in order to allow high stress maneuvers and aerobatics. Below

1075-411: The addition of modern amenities such as heating and insulation , often entailing a complete rebuild of the cottage. In real estate, winterization refers to securing or preparing vacant properties to withstand or survive the harsh impacts of winter weather: this is similar to winterizing a home before the cold season arrives. Equipment designed for use in particularly extreme cold conditions (such as

1118-459: The aircraft's exterior provides access for maintenance and servicing. The Jet Provost is equipped with a single Armstrong Siddeley Viper 101 turbojet engine, which is mounted behind the cockpit in a roomy stainless steel -lined engine bay upon a secondary steel-tube structure. Air is fed to the engine by a pair of ram-air intakes set on either side of the aircraft's forward fuselage connected via sharply-curving ducts to converge just forward of

1161-402: The airframe via two inset hinges each. The nose contains a hinged metal assembly, housing the radio , batteries, and other electronic equipment, and is easily serviceable by ground crew. All fuel tankage is housed within the wings. Where possible, all components used were designed to maximized interchangeability and to conform with international standardisation; a total of 49 service panels across

1204-416: The basic design. On 22 June 1958, the first Jet Provost T.3 conducted its first flight. In total, 201 T3s were delivered between 1958 and 1962. The T4 followed in 1960, fitted with a more powerful variant of the Viper engine and first flown on 15 July, and this was followed by the pressurised T5 in 1967. The T51 was an armed export version, sold to Ceylon (present day Sri Lanka ), Kuwait and Sudan. It

1247-441: The considerations required to succeed in aspects of the proposed aircraft's design, such as instructional processes and maintenance requirements. During development, Hunting Percival had intentionally reused as many existing components and subsystems of the Percival Provost as possible, including the tail surfaces , main planes and main undercarriage legs, to speed development through to the prototype stage. The initial design work

1290-481: The distinction of being the first ab initio jet trainer to be standardised by any air force. As designed, it was intended for the Jet Provost to replace, rather than accompany, the use of piston-engine trainer aircraft. The Jet Provost incorporates numerous features to support students during training. The aerodynamic design deliberately avoids speed, instead focusing on favourable handling characteristics and ease of recovery from stall and spin conditions. An emphasis

1333-423: The engine itself. As supplied, each engine is delivered as a compact engine-change unit, comprising the engine itself, accessories, and oil tank. Both the hydraulic and electrical systems were driven via a fuselage-mounted accessories gearbox connected to the Viper engine by a telescopic drive. One particularly favourable aspect of the Viper engine is the low maintenance demands imposed for the era. Engine ignition

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1376-409: The following three days. By early November 1954, a total of 123 flying hours had been accumulated by the prototype during Hunting Percival's own flight test program, after which the prototype was submitted for official trials at RAF Boscombe Down . While testing proved the overall performance of the Jet Provost to be satisfactory, refinements were made, such as shortening the legs of the landing gear for

1419-419: The forward section stretching from the rear of the engine bay to the nose comprises a double-frame to absorb the wing and engine loads, while the rear fuselage section uses an orthodox semi-monocoque structure. Major loads across the fuselage are supported by a combination of four longerons and a single longitudinal beam across the upper-center line. The ailerons , elevators , and rudder are all attached to

1462-427: The fountain and freezing inside. Fountains and other water features are often drained and sealed up so that water inside does not freeze or cause breakage of the pipes in the fountain. Fish ponds require several additional steps to ensure that the fish are well taken care of. A properly maintained water feature containing fish can operate even in freezing temperatures. Steps should be taken to ensure adequate cleaning of

1505-527: The pupil-instructor pairing. The dual flight controls employs conventional manually-controlled flight control surfaces via a cable-and- tie rod arrangement. A key feature for the era amongst the fittings in the cockpit is the Centralized Warning Panel , which alerts the pilots in the event of a number of unfavourable or hazardous conditions being detected, such as icing conditions , fire, and oxygen failure. The high-flying capabilities of

1548-406: The total substitution of new parts. An example would be the internal combustion engine of an automobile; the installation of heaters on the engine block and battery as well as the substitution of winter-grade coolants and lubricants allows the vehicle to start and run in sub-freezing conditions where a non-winterized engine would quickly break down. Winterization of equipment can be thought of as

1591-415: The winter-weather extension of ruggedization . Boats, boat lifts, personal watercraft, and other watercraft need to be properly winterized. This includes draining water from the hull, and the cooling system, inspect stern drive to remove plant life, add fuel, add oil to the engine, and clean the bilges. Thoroughly cleaning the interiors, draining any refrigerators, lock all drawers, and remove valuables. It

1634-531: Was also used at RAF Brawdy in Wales to train Forward Air Controllers . The later T4 was fitted with the more powerful Viper A.S.V. 11 of 2,500 lbs static thrust and first flew on 15 July 1960. It quickly entered service with the units listed above. The T5 variant was fitted with the Viper 201 and cockpit pressurisation. These developments encouraged the RAF to utilise the Jet Provost in

1677-581: Was armed with two 7.7-mm (0.303-inch) machine guns . The T52 was another export version sold to Iraq, South Yemen , Sudan and Venezuela, with the same armament as the T51. The T55 was the final armed export version which was sold to Sudan. A more heavily armed variant of the airframe was developed as the BAC Strikemaster . The BAC Jet Provost is a dedicated jet-powered trainer aircraft; according to aviation publication Flight International , it has

1720-654: Was designated as the Jet Provost T2 . On 1 September 1955, the first Jet Provost T2 made its first flight. This variant was used only for development work; in addition to seeing use at Hullavington, three Jet Provost T2s were dispatched overseas for winterization trials in Scandinavia and a series of sales tours across Europe , Canada , the United States of America , and Latin America . In June 1957,

1763-459: Was exported to many air forces worldwide. The design was also further developed into a more heavily armed ground attack variant under the name BAC Strikemaster . In early 1951, Hunting Percival began work on the design studies that would ultimately lead to the Jet Provost. At the time, the company was in the process of establishing mass production for the earlier piston-engined Percival Provost basic trainer, but had anticipated that demand for

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1806-682: Was performed as a private venture, independent of any service requirement; in March 1953, sponsorship from the British Government to support the development was made available as a result of interest from the Ministry of Supply . That same month, an order for service-test quantity of Jet Provosts was received. On 26 June 1954, the prototype XD674 conducted its maiden flight from the factory at Luton Airport , flown by Dick Wheldon. A series of seven flights were flown in quick succession over

1849-399: Was placed on flexibility, enabling use of the type throughout a range of training operations. The cockpit of the Jet Provost, and much of the operational equipment fittings, is essentially identical to that of the preceding Percival Provost . It features a side-by-side seating arrangement, both positions being fitted with duplicated flight controls and instrumentation, which is well suited to

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