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67-506: BAVC was founded in 1976 by a coalition of media-makers and activists who, initially, wanted to find alternative, civic-minded applications for a new technology – PortaPak video. In 1976, The Rockefeller Foundation provided seed funding to a coalition of media makers, journalists, educators, and non-profit activists to complete a study that ultimately called for the founding of a media arts nonprofit. One year later, BAVC initiated its membership and fiscal sponsorship programs. Gail Waldron

134-603: A clearer picture of the positive and negative impacts of coalition-building on the party and to identify lessons learned that can inform any future coalition-building efforts. Coalitions manifest in a variety of forms, types, and terms of duration. Campaign coalitions are high intensity and involve long-term cooperation. Federations are characterized by a relatively lower degree of involvement, intensity, and participation, also involving long-term cooperation but with members' primary commitment remaining with their own entities. Instrumental coalitions have low-intensity involvement without

201-475: A contemporary art context. As a consequence, his work often receives mixed reviews from critics, some of whom have noted a tendency toward grandiosity and obviousness in some of his work. Viola's interest in capturing the essence of emotion through recording of its extreme display began at least as early as his 1976 work, The Space Between the Teeth , a video of himself screaming, and continued with such works as

268-619: A contemporary interpretation of Pontormo 's The Visitation . In 1997, the Whitney Museum of American Art organized and toured internationally a major 25-year retrospective of Viola's work. Viola was the 1998, Getty Scholar-in-residence at the Getty Research Institute , Los Angeles. Later, in 2000, he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . In 2002, he completed Going Forth By Day ,

335-411: A country not have to have been a traditional ally to join a coalition, but nations can join, vary their contributions and caveats, withdraw, and be replaced by new members as the situation changes or national agendas change. The expansion of assets accessible to member nations to perform military operations is a crucial attribute of coalitions. In many ways, coalition warfare serves to make the crafting of

402-503: A different path. The last structure is called the schizo, or the spaghetti model . This form of data structure pertains to pure or mostly randomness . "Everything is irrelevant and significant at the same time. Viewers may become lost in this structure and never find their way out." Viola was awarded the XXIst Catalonia International Prize in 2009. The Premi Internacional Catalunya was created by

469-694: A digital "fresco" cycle in high-definition video , commissioned by the Deutsche Guggenheim Berlin and the Guggenheim Museum , New York. In 2003, The Passions was exhibited in Los Angeles, London, Madrid, and Canberra. This was a major collection of Viola's emotionally charged, slow-motion works inspired by traditions within Renaissance devotional painting. The first biography of Viola, entitled Viola on Vídeo ,

536-682: A foundation to mediate conflict. Finally, event-based coalitions are those that have a high level of involvement and the potential for future collaboration. In contrast to alliances , coalitions may be termed partnerships of unequals , since comparative political, economic, and military might, as well as the extent to which a nation is prepared to commit to the coalition, dictate influence. Coalitions can often occur as unplanned responses to situations of danger, uncertainty, or extraordinary events, directed at interim objectives. Coalitions can be classified as internal or external. Internal coalitions consist of people who are already in an organization, such as

603-426: A party strategy that will prepare for successful negotiation. The more effort parties place on this step, the more likely they are to identify strategic partners, negotiate a good deal and avoid some of the common mistakes associated with coalition building. The second step is negotiating a coalition . Based on the strategy that each party has prepared, the parties come together to negotiate and reach an agreement on

670-643: A peace more difficult than winning the war itself. An example of such a coalition happened after World War I during the 1919 Versailles Peace Conference , when the Allied powers attempted to reach a peace agreement. Examples of military coalitions include the Coalition of the Gulf War , when George H. W. Bush ended Saddam Hussein's aggression in the Middle East by enlisting and leading a military coalition in

737-574: A pioneering video studio led by Maria Gloria Conti Bicocchi, in Florence , Italy where he encountered video artists Nam June Paik , Bruce Nauman , and Vito Acconci . From 1976 to 1983, he was artist-in-residence at WNET Thirteen Television Laboratory in New York. In 1976 and 1977, he travelled to the Solomon Islands , Java , and Indonesia to record traditional performing arts. Viola

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804-557: A point. This coalition of unions is often very effective as it can cause massive inconvenience to the country. The formation of coalitions such as the Community-Labor Coalition have proven to be an important strategy for social change in many contexts. In social groups, a coalition often forms from private citizens uniting behind a common goal or purpose, sometimes within a coalitional identity. Many of these private citizen groups form grassroots organizations, such as

871-556: A screening and reception with video artist Bill Viola . Beyond the Dream, a four-part documentary series for PBS, was onlined at BAVC. Youth Sounds merged with BAVC in 2006 to create BAVC Next Gen Programs, a comprehensive new model of youth media training and development. In partnership with Podshow, Adobe and SF Mayor Gavin Newsom ’s Digital Media Advisory Council, BAVC Next Gen presented True2Life: Everyday Activities and Youth Changing

938-591: A set point A to point B by taking an exact path, the same path any other reader would take. An example of this is Google because users go into this website with a certain mindset of what they want to search for, and they get a certain result as they branch off and end at another website. The second structure is the Matrix structure. This structure describes media when it follows nonlinear progression through information. The viewer could enter at any point, move in any direction, at any speed, pop in and out at any place. Like

1005-400: A single overpowering threat – perhaps to freedom or a way of life or a crucial national interest – or the presence of a single despotic figure or regime whose continued existence is considered not only abhorrent to the generality of nations but also destabilizing to the region or world order. In mathematics, the term coalition is linked to an equation which uses

1072-414: A small frame. Although cramped in this small space, they seem to not want to move out of it. One of the youngest individuals in the group comes forward to the front center of the crowd looking at something with an air of solace. In this action, the actions of the other individuals makes more sense. There is something foreboding and tragic in front of them. In 2004, Viola embarked on The Tristan Project . At

1139-508: A space for students, job seekers, and industry pros to network. As Executive Producer, BAVC produced The Stand In , directed by Robert N. Zagone and starring Danny Glover . One year later, BAVC produced The Life and Times of Rose Maddox , a documentary about the country western singer. The Grass Valley Switcher was installed in the Online suite, and Morrie Warshawski became the new Executive Director. The BAVC artist-in-residence program

1206-670: A study of tech workforce development. Two national meetings were held on Building a Digital Workforce. By 2001, captioning grew by 500% and was certified by the National Association of the Deaf and the U.S. Department of Education . Over 500 videos were preserved from archives and major museums across the country, including The Kitchen and the Smithsonian Institution. BAVC continued to develop its artist-in-residence program and Polish video artist Pawel Kruk

1273-463: A unique combination of the two. Gardner feels that Viola's visual work, such as "The Veiling", and his combination of both the conceptual and visual, such as "The Crossing," are impressive and memorable. Viola's work often exhibits a painterly quality, with his use of ultra- slow motion video encouraging the viewer to sink into the image and connect deeply to the meanings contained within it. This quality makes his work perhaps unusually accessible within

1340-740: A workplace. For example, a trade union is a type of coalition formed to represent employees' wages, benefits, and working conditions. Without this unity between employees, workers may be subjugated to harsh working environments and low pay due to no practical regulations. Often, organizations prefer to meet with members of their respective internal coalitions before implementing changes in the workplace to ensure support. In contrast, external coalitions consist of people that are members of different organizations who collaborate their efforts to achieve an overall objective. For example, in order to prevent gun violence and advocate gun control, several groups, unions, and nonprofit organizations banded together to form

1407-414: A written agreement, securing formal approval of the deal from the relevant structures of the coalition’s member parties and announcing the coalition details to the general public. The next step involves working in coalition . As the coalition partners begin working to implement their agreement, they will need to maintain good relations by continuing efforts to increase or sustain trust and communication among

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1474-412: Is a set of four separate videos that shows the unfolding expressions of five actors in slow motion so that details of their changing expressions can be detected. The work references European Renaissance Old Masters such as Hieronymous Bosch and Dieric Bouts In 2000, Viola collaborated with the industrial rock band Nine Inch Nails and its lead singer Trent Reznor to create a video suite for

1541-469: Is financial. In economics, when two opposing sectors, such as a buyer and seller or two sellers, come together, it can be thought of as a coalition in the denotative sense, as the two groups come together temporarily to achieve a goal. One example would be the 1997 deal between Microsoft and Apple . The deal consisted of Microsoft rescuing the then-struggling Apple with a cash infusion of $ 150 million. Unions can be viewed as coalitions of workers, usually of

1608-599: Is formed when two or more people or groups temporarily work together to achieve a common goal. The term is most frequently used to denote a formation of power in political, military, or economical spaces. According to A Guide for Political Parties published by the National Democratic Institute and the Oslo Center for Peace and Human Rights, there are five steps to coalition building. The first step in coalition building involves developing

1675-505: Is his reference to medieval and classical depictions of emotion. His subdued Catherine's Room 2001, has many scene by scene parallels with Andrea di Bartolo's 1393 St. Catherine of Siena Praying . Viola's work has received critical accolades. Critic Marjorie Perloff singles him out for praise. Writing at length about the necessity of poetic works responding to and taking advantage of contemporary computer technologies, Perloff sees Viola as an example of how new technology—in his case,

1742-404: Is his use of extreme slow motion . His early works include The Reflecting Pool (1977–79), inspired by a lake drowning he experienced underwater before being saved by his uncle while on a family vacation that left a mark on his life and work. Reverse Television (1983) is a 15-minute montage of people watching video cameras as though they were televisions. The Quintet Series (2000-2001)

1809-567: The Christian Coalition , which is the largest grassroots political group in the US. Activist groups in civil society are also viewed as coalitions for their respective cause. These activists are joined together by their belief in what they want to achieve or accomplish. Military coalitions can be built and united under a singular power by multiple states and governments. They are fluid in terms of membership – not only does

1876-634: The Coalition to Stop Gun Violence . External coalitions base their confidence in gaining credibility on inviting unlikely partners who wish to attain the same end goal, even if the reasons to achieve the goal differ. Coalition government is an alternative model to a majority government , the latter being prevalent in winner-take-all first-past-the-post electoral systems that favor clear distinctions between winners and losers. Not only can coalitions of legislative groups form governments in parliamentary systems , they can also form in divisions of power. Most typical analyses of coalitions in politics deal with

1943-879: The Haunch of Venison Gallery and St. Olave's School, London. The Tristan project returned, both in music and video, to the Disney Hall in Los Angeles in April 2007, with further performances at New York City's Lincoln Center in May 2007 and at the Gergiev Festival in Rotterdam , The Netherlands, in September 2007. In 2005, he began working with Tracy Fullerton and the Game Innovation Lab at USC on

2010-547: The NEC Foundation of America and Toyota USA Foundation. Education expanded to 250 workshops a year; Avid authorized BAVC to be their Northern California Training Center. The Getty Research Institute and the Andy Warhol Foundation supported "Playback '96," an international symposium on video preservation at SFMOMA. In 1997, BAVC moved to its current home at 2727 Mariposa, tripling in size. JobLink

2077-801: The Opéra National de Paris in 2005 and Viola's video work was subsequently shown as LOVE/DEATH The Tristan Project at the Haunch of Venison Gallery and St Olave's School, London, in 2006 and at the Walt Disney Concert Hall , Los Angeles in 2007. During 2007, the Centro Andaluz de Arte Contemporáneo in Sevilla, organized an exhibition at the Palace of Charles V in la Alhambra - Granada - in which Viola's work dialogues with

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2144-472: The art game , The Night Journey , a project based on the universal story of an individual's mystic journey toward enlightenment. The game has presented at a number of exhibits worldwide as a work in progress. It was awarded Sublime Experience at IndieCade 2008. In October 2009, Viola's solo exhibition entitled "Bodies of Light" appeared at the James Cohan Gallery in New York. Featured in

2211-493: The transcendental quality of some of his works. Equally, the subject matter and manner of western medieval and renaissance devotional art informed his aesthetic. He often explored dualism , or the idea that comprehension of a subject is impossible unless its opposite is known. For example, a lot of his work has themes such as life and death, light and dark, fire and water, stressed and calm, or loud and quiet. His work can be divided into three types, conceptual, visual, and

2278-623: The 1991 Gulf War's Operation Desert Storm as well as his son George W. Bush's efforts in the Coalition of the Willing , a phrase employed during the 2003 campaign for the war in Iraq led by the US and its allies. A contemporary example is the United Nations coalition that intervened in the 2011 Libyan Civil War against Muammar Gaddafi . For coalitions to be effective in principle or in action, participating nations have tended to require

2345-405: The 45-second Silent Mountain (2001), which shows two actors in states of anguish, which Viola described as “probably the loudest scream I’ve recorded.” If Viola's depictions of emotional states with no objective correlative — emotional states for which the viewer has no external object or event to understand them by—are one feature of many of his works, another, which has come to the forefront,

2412-674: The Community Technology Foundation of California launched the Zero Divide Digital Storytelling Institute. BAVC began to preserve audiotapes in addition to videotapes, with a grant from Richard and Pamela Kramlich's New Art Trust. In 2005, the organization produced PREPUT, a training seminar for public media professionals. BAVC, Film Arts Foundation, and KQED teamed up to produce Truly CA. Jennifer Reeder became BAVC's first HD artist-in-residence. BAVC and Rearden Studios hosted

2479-522: The Fine Arts Collection of the museum. Viola felt as if there are three different structures to describe patterns of data structures. There is the branching structure, matrix structure, and schizo structure. "The most common structure is called branching. In this structure, the viewer proceeds from the top to bottom in time." The branching structure of presenting data is the typical narrative and linear structure. The viewer proceeds from

2546-665: The MacArthur Foundation, BAVC launched the Producers Institute for New Media Technologies, creating space for independent producers, entrepreneurial public broadcasting entities, and the Bay Area's digital media industry to generate cross-platform companion pieces for independent media. In August 2021, the organization changed its name to BAVC Media, to emphasize its support for other media technologies in addition to video. Coalition A coalition

2613-494: The Media Maker Awards, and co-published Illuminating Video: An Essential Guide to Video Art. BAVC acquired a ProTools system in 1993 and completed “Brothers,” the first interactive video program aimed at slowing the spread of HIV among African Americans. One year later, the organization was awarded an NEA Challenge Grant to develop a video preservation center. The captioning program was established with funds from

2680-724: The World, showing youth as innovative cultural producers and the Bay Area as a model in linking youth to community and industry change. BAVC worked with the Tisch School of the Arts , NYU as well as The Getty Research Institute and the Merce Cunningham Dance Company to help develop video preservation curriculum and training resources for their students and staff. In 2006 Access San Francisco collaborated with PATV (North Shore TV) . In 2007, with core funding from

2747-595: The band's tour. The triptych mainly is focused on water imagery and was supposed to be integral with the songs that were played. In 2007, Viola was invited back to the 52nd Venice Biennale to present an installation called An Ocean Without a Shore , which was named after a quote from Ibn ʿArabī . The work consists of people standing in the foreground with nothing but black behind them. Each of them seem to produce gallons of water from themselves as if they were waterfalls. The water comes gushing out of their bodies as if they are being reborn. This main piece seems to creates

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2814-610: The branching structure, this also has its set perimeters. However, the exact path that is followed is up to the user. The user has the option of participating in decision-making that affect the viewing experience of the media. An example of this is Public Secrets, a website that reveals secrets of the justice and the incarceration system within the U.S. for women. There is a set boundary of what users can and cannot do while presenting them with different themes and subjects users are able to view. Different users will find themselves taking different paths, using flash cues to guide themselves through

2881-547: The coalition model for exponential population growth. This analytical equation was first published by mathematician Pierre François Verhulst in 1838 to allow for the approximation of the world's population at a given time by applying differential and integral techniques. [REDACTED] The dictionary definition of coalition at Wiktionary Bill Viola William John Viola Jr. ( US : / ˈ v aɪ oʊ l ə / VY -oh-lə , UK : / ˈ v iː oʊ l ə / VEE -oh-lə ; January 25, 1951 – July 12, 2024)

2948-416: The coalition terms. Depending on the context and objectives of the coalition, these negotiations may be completely secret or partially public. While some issues may be agreed on with relative ease, others may be more contentious and require different approaches to reach compromise. As negotiation concludes, the agreement between political parties needs to be formally sealed. This third step includes finalizing

3015-523: The effect of appearing as a nearly transparent wall of glass. Viola described the piece in an interview as being "about the fragility of life, like the borderline between life and death is actually not a hard wall; it’s not to be opened with a lock and key, it's actually very fragile, very tenuous." Observance (2002), is a work which may be taken partly as a response to the September 11 attacks . The installation involves about four or five individuals in

3082-550: The exhibition was Pneuma (1994), a projection of alternating images evoking the concept of fleeting memories. Also on view were several pieces from the Viola's ongoing "Transfiguration" series, which he evolved from his 2007 installation Ocean Without a Shore. In 2004, Viola began work on a new production of Richard Wagner 's opera Tristan und Isolde , a collaboration with director Peter Sellars , conductor Esa-Pekka Salonen , and executive producer Kira Perov. The opera premiered at

3149-494: The formation of multiparty cabinets in parliamentary regimes. In Germany, every administration has been a multiparty coalition since the conclusion of the Second World War ;– an example of coalition government creation in a parliamentary system. When different winning coalitions can be formed in a parliament, the party composition of the government may depend on the bargaining power of each party and

3216-554: The invitation of opera director Peter Sellars , he created video sequences to be shown as a backdrop to the action on stage during the performance of Wagner 's opera Tristan und Isolde . Using his extreme slow motion, Viola's pieces used actors to portray the metaphorical story behind Wagner's story, seeing for example the first act as an extended ritual of purification in which the characters disrobe and wash themselves before finally plunging headlong into water together (in Wagner's story,

3283-431: The member parties. Each party will also need to find a balance between respecting its obligations to the coalition and maintaining its individual identity. The final step is to identify lessons learned . Regardless of whether it plans to move forward alone or in another coalition, it is important for each party to review and document lessons learned from each coalition-building experience. This will make it possible to get

3350-423: The most common purpose is to combat a common threat or to take advantage of a certain opportunity, resulting in the often temporary nature of coalitions. The common threat or existence of opportunity is what gives rise to the coalition and allows it to exist as all parties involved see the benefit in working together. Such collaborative processes allow the actors of the coalition to approach a common goal or accomplish

3417-684: The presence or lack of a dominant party . Coalitions are similar to parliamentary groups . Fluid coalitions, which change with each vote, exist in the European Parliament and Swiss parliament to pass legislation. The temporary collaboration of two or more separate parties with a set goal and common purpose can be viewed as a coalition in international relations . Coalition competitions are represented in international political dynamics. A coalition can be an ad hoc grouping of nations united for specific purposes. Although persons and groups form coalitions for many and varied reasons,

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3484-697: The same job sector. When the agents considered are countries, the formation of an international treaty (e.g. trade agreements or international environmental agreements ) can also be seen as a coalition. In economics, a coalition's formation and its stability is mostly studied using game theory . In civil society , a coalition denotes a group effort or a population of people coming together who believe strongly in their cause. The term also describes alliances between civil society organizations, such as labor unions, community organizations, and religious institutions. In France for example, workers from different sectors and unions band together to aid each other in communicating

3551-410: The same task. The behavior and dynamics of coalitions in international relations are created by commonalities and differences within the groups joining together. Rationality , group dynamics , and gender are all contributing factors of coalitional behaviors in an international security framework. Economic agents can form coalitions. When a coalition is formed around economic goals, the reasoning

3618-805: The two characters maintain the facade of being indifferent to each other (necessary because Isolde is betrothed to Tristan's uncle) before, mistakenly believing they are going to die anyway, and reveal their true feelings). The piece was first performed in Los Angeles at Disney Hall on 3 separate evenings in 2004, one act at a time, then given complete performances at the Bastille Opera in Paris in April and in November 2005. The video pieces were later shown in London without Wagner's music in June to September 2006, at

3685-428: The video camera—can create entirely new aesthetic criteria and possibilities that did not exist in previous incarnations of the genre — in this case, theater. While many video artists have been quick to adopt new technologies to their medium, Viola relied little on digital editing . Perhaps the most technically challenging part of his work, and that which has benefited most from the advances since his earliest pieces,

3752-404: The website. This vast selection of paths presents many users with a unique viewing experience (in relation to that of the previous persons). As well, they have the choice to read the excerpts from these women or hear it out loud. This connects to Borges' "The Garden of Forking Paths" where the participant has a variety of choices on how they see a story unfold before them. Each time, they can create

3819-566: The worst painters in the class." He studied in Syracuse University's College of Visual and Performing Arts, including the Synapse experimental program, which evolved into CitrusTV . From 1973 to 1980, Viola studied and performed with composer David Tudor in the new music group "Rainforest" (later named "Composers Inside Electronics" ). From 1974 to 1976, Viola worked as technical director at Art/tapes/22  [ it ] ,

3886-571: Was Kira Perov. He had two sons. Viola died from complications of Alzheimer's disease at home in Long Beach, California , on July 12, 2024, at the age of 73. Viola's art deals largely with the central themes of human consciousness and experience – birth, death, love, emotion, and a kind of humanist spirituality. Throughout his career he drew meaning and inspiration from his deep interest in mystical traditions, especially Zen Buddhism , Christian mysticism , and Islamic Sufism , often evident in

3953-709: Was also an artist-in-residence at Sony Corporation 's Atsugi Laboratories. In 1983, he became an instructor in Advanced Video at the California Institute of the Arts , in Valencia, California. Viola received a Guggenheim Fellowship for fine arts in 1985. He represented the United States at the 46th Venice Biennale in 1995 for which he produced a series of works called Buried Secrets , including one of his best known works The Greeting ,

4020-582: Was an American video artist whose artistic expression depended upon electronic, sound, and image technology in new media . His works focus on the ideas behind fundamental human experiences such as birth, death, and aspects of consciousness. William John Viola Jr. was born on January 25, 1951, in Flushing, Queens , New York, and grew up in Queens and Westbury . He attended P.S. 20, in Flushing, where he

4087-629: Was born with the Capp Street Project , sponsoring Mary Lucier , Daniel Reeves , and Francesc Torres. BAVC was the only video facility in San Francisco not damaged by the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake , and was able to provide postproduction services for all American Red Cross relief reports. In 1991, the organization set up its Technical HelpDesk, initiated the Artist Equipment Access (AEA) program, now known as

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4154-528: Was captain of the TV Squad. On vacation in the mountains with his family, he nearly drowned in a lake, an experience he described as "… the most beautiful world I've ever seen in my life" and "without fear," and "peaceful." In 1973, Viola graduated from Syracuse University with a Bachelor in Fine Arts in experimental studies. Viola described the school as traditional and considered himself to be "one of

4221-456: Was hired as the first Executive Director. The nation's first nonprofit broadcast-level suite that meets PBS standards was created at BAVC in 1978. The National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) funded BAVC to begin production of Western Exposure , a series of six diverse programs by Bay Area independents. The first workshop – Color Production – was taught with a Hitachi FP-1020 camera and JVC portable recorder. In 1980, BAVC opened its Job Center,

4288-466: Was invited to show work at La Trobe University (Melbourne, Australia) in 1977, by cultural arts director Kira Perov . Viola and Perov later married, beginning an important lifelong collaboration in working and traveling together. In 1980, they lived in Japan for a year and a half on a Japan/U.S. cultural exchange fellowship where they studied Buddhism with Zen Master Daien Tanaka. During this time, Viola

4355-454: Was launched and the first annual MediaMaker Handbook was published. In 1999, YouthLink was launched, and Compaq donated the NT Lab. Their education program offered 500 workshops a year. They produced TechArcheology: A Symposium on Installation Art Preservation, Where Media Collide, a speakers series on the convergence of digital media , and From Promising Practices, Promising Futures,

4422-458: Was selected. Electronic Cafeco-founder Kit Gallaway partnered with BAVC in 2003 to preserve the historic video piece, Hole-In-Space. SPARK, a [KQED]/BAVC co-production about the Bay Area arts scene, premiered. Also in 2003, Lost Boys of Sudan was completed in BAVC's online suite. The Weather Underground, onlined and closed-captioned at BAVC, was nominated for an Academy Award in 2004. BAVC and

4489-482: Was written by Federico Utrera (King Juan Carlos University) and published in Spain in 2011. Bill Viola studio is run by his wife, Kira Perov, who is the executive director. She worked with Viola from 1978 managing and assisting him with his videotapes and installations. She documents their work in progress on location. All publications from the studio are edited by Perov. Viola's wife and longtime creative collaborator

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