76-754: Between 1946 and 2023, the BBC Far Eastern Relay Station broadcast BBC World Service radio programmes to large parts of Asia on shortwave . Transmitting from a number of different sites, notably Tebrau in Malaysia (1953-1979) and then Kranji in Singapore (1979-2023), the station was one of a number of BBC "relay" stations around the world - so named because they "relayed" programmes primarily generated in London - which also included Cyprus , Hong Kong and Oman . The station played
152-411: A Beverage antenna feeding AR-88 diversity and Mullard ISB type GRF552 receivers. This equipment was initially housed in an empty bungalow at the water filtering site at Woodleigh, now part of Toa Payoh . By the early 1950s, the station had moved to a major new site at Tebrau , near Johor Bahru on the southern tip of what what was then peninsular Malaya , with construction beginning in 1953. By
228-427: A "radio station" as a government-licensed AM or FM station; an HD Radio (primary or multicast) station; an internet stream of an existing government-licensed station; one of the satellite radio channels from XM Satellite Radio or Sirius Satellite Radio ; or, potentially, a station that is not government licensed. AM stations were the earliest broadcasting stations to be developed. AM refers to amplitude modulation ,
304-476: A Plessey PR2250 receiver modified for bandscanning were now used to capture the signal to be relayed, all under remote control from the transmitting site at Kranji. The link between receivers and transmitters was carried by two paths to offer redundancy: a cabled PCM system, and a radio link on the hill at Bukit Timah . With the arrival of a satellite feed of the programmes from London, the Punggol receiving station
380-751: A building called 'BVSH' House. GLRs production office, Newsroom and News Booth were located in Bush House North West Wing - this meant an up to 10 minute walk from the office to the studio. News bulletins were read from the newsbooth in North West Wing, a video feed between the Newsbooth and the main studios in centre block (Continuities 4 and 6) showed when the News reader was in their seat and ready to go. All area were linked by talkback/push-to-talk intercoms. The BBC's lease expired at
456-494: A business opportunity to sell advertising or subscriptions to a broader audience. This is more efficient than broadcasting to a single country, because domestic entertainment programs and information gathered by domestic news staff can be cheaply repackaged for non-domestic audiences. Governments typically have different motivations for funding international broadcasting. One clear reason is for ideological, or propaganda reasons. Many government-owned stations portray their nation in
532-565: A key role in bringing the BBC's impartial news to millions of Asian listeners in the post-war period, when the Cold War was at its height. Each site was built on a vast scale, comprising studios, a transmitter hall and giant feeder cables leading out to a large "aerial field" where masts carried a complex array of antennas for transmitting multiple radio programmes simultaneously to different destinations on different bands and wavelengths. At least in
608-463: A kind of vacuum tube , was invented in 1904 by the English physicist John Ambrose Fleming . He developed a device that he called an "oscillation valve," because it passes current in only one direction. The heated filament, or cathode , was capable of thermionic emission of electrons that would flow to the plate (or anode ) when it was at a higher voltage. Electrons, however, could not pass in
684-546: A mode of broadcasting radio waves by varying the amplitude of the carrier signal in response to the amplitude of the signal to be transmitted. The medium-wave band is used worldwide for AM broadcasting. Europe also uses the long wave band. In response to the growing popularity of FM stereo radio stations in the late 1980s and early 1990s, some North American stations began broadcasting in AM stereo , though this never gained popularity and very few receivers were ever sold. The signal
760-592: A national boundary. In other cases, a broadcast may be considered "pirate" due to the type of content, its transmission format, or the transmitting power (wattage) of the station, even if the transmission is not technically illegal (such as a webcast or an amateur radio transmission). Pirate radio stations are sometimes referred to as bootleg radio or clandestine stations. Digital radio broadcasting has emerged, first in Europe (the UK in 1995 and Germany in 1999), and later in
836-478: A part of King's College London's Strand Campus, ensuring all wings of the building are now occupied by the University. The building was commissioned, designed and originally owned by American individuals and companies. Irving T. Bush gained approval for his plans for the building in 1919, which was conceived as a major new trade centre and designed by American architect Harvey Wiley Corbett . The construction
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#1732791071921912-426: A positive, non-threatening way. This could be to encourage business investment in or tourism to the nation. Another reason is to combat a negative image produced by other nations or internal dissidents, or insurgents. Radio RSA , the broadcasting arm of the apartheid South African government, is an example of this. A third reason is to promote the ideology of the broadcaster. For example, a program on Radio Moscow from
988-479: A possible new site. [2] After this breakthrough, further negotiations led to the offer of a 30-acre site on Turut Track near Kranji , on the northern edge of Singapore, only 30km away across the Straits of Johor . The Malaysian Government agreed to annual extensions of the license until the new site could be constructed and the station transferred. The final broadcast from BBC Tebrau took place on 18 March 1979, and
1064-533: A public audience . In terrestrial radio broadcasting the radio waves are broadcast by a land-based radio station , while in satellite radio the radio waves are broadcast by a satellite in Earth orbit. To receive the content the listener must have a broadcast radio receiver ( radio ). Stations are often affiliated with a radio network that provides content in a common radio format , either in broadcast syndication or simulcast , or both. The encoding of
1140-634: A radio broadcast depends on whether it uses an analog or digital signal . Analog radio broadcasts use one of two types of radio wave modulation : amplitude modulation for AM radio , or frequency modulation for FM radio . Newer, digital radio stations transmit in several different digital audio standards, such as DAB ( Digital Audio Broadcasting ), HD radio , or DRM ( Digital Radio Mondiale ). The earliest radio stations were radiotelegraphy systems and did not carry audio. For audio broadcasts to be possible, electronic detection and amplification devices had to be incorporated. The thermionic valve ,
1216-460: A significant threat to the AM broadcasting industry. It required purchase of a special receiver. The frequencies used, 42 to 50 MHz, were not those used today. The change to the current frequencies, 88 to 108 MHz, began after the end of World War II and was to some extent imposed by AM broadcasters as an attempt to cripple what was by now realized to be a potentially serious threat. FM radio on
1292-413: A total of six at 100 kW and four at 250 kW. At its height, BBC Tebrau was on air with a total power output of 1.6 megawatts, broadcasting from 10 transmitters and a huge array of more than 20 curtain antennas. The feeder lines - which fed the signal from the transmitter hall to the antennas - ran for more than a quarter of a mile across green fields and down into a valley, the longest known feeder lines in
1368-426: Is all that is necessary for a narrowband FM signal. The 200 kHz bandwidth allowed room for ±75 kHz signal deviation from the assigned frequency, plus guard bands to reduce or eliminate adjacent channel interference. The larger bandwidth allows for broadcasting a 15 kHz bandwidth audio signal plus a 38 kHz stereo "subcarrier" —a piggyback signal that rides on the main signal. Additional unused capacity
1444-421: Is little affected by daily changes in the ionosphere, so broadcasters need not reduce power at night to avoid interference with other transmitters. FM refers to frequency modulation , and occurs on VHF airwaves in the frequency range of 88 to 108 MHz everywhere except Japan and Russia . Russia, like the former Soviet Union , uses 65.9 to 74 MHz frequencies in addition to the world standard. Japan uses
1520-472: Is sometimes mandatory, such as in New Zealand, which uses 700 kHz spacing (previously 800 kHz). The improved fidelity made available was far in advance of the audio equipment of the 1940s, but wide interchannel spacing was chosen to take advantage of the noise-suppressing feature of wideband FM. Bandwidth of 200 kHz is not needed to accommodate an audio signal — 20 kHz to 30 kHz
1596-453: Is subject to interference from electrical storms ( lightning ) and other electromagnetic interference (EMI). One advantage of AM radio signal is that it can be detected (turned into sound) with simple equipment. If a signal is strong enough, not even a power source is needed; building an unpowered crystal radio receiver was a common childhood project in the early decades of AM broadcasting. AM broadcasts occur on North American airwaves in
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#17327910719211672-608: Is the automation of radio stations. Some stations now operate without direct human intervention by using entirely pre-recorded material sequenced by computer control. Bush House Bush House is a Grade II listed building at the southern end of Kingsway between Aldwych and the Strand in London , England. It was conceived as a major new trade centre by American industrialist Irving T. Bush , and commissioned, designed, funded, and constructed under his direction. The design
1748-447: Is used by some broadcasters to transmit utility functions such as background music for public areas, GPS auxiliary signals, or financial market data. The AM radio problem of interference at night was addressed in a different way. At the time FM was set up, the available frequencies were far higher in the spectrum than those used for AM radio - by a factor of approximately 100. Using these frequencies meant that even at far higher power,
1824-764: The King's Business School has been located inside Bush House. It came forth from the School of Management and Business to form the 9th faculty of the university. To ‘support world class education and research with environments which foster creativity and engagement.’ the central block hosts The Department of Informatics which brings together innovators from the business and technology worlds. King's College London Students' Union (KCLSU) also occupies Bush House. Its Union Shop opened in The Arcade in September 2017, followed by
1900-570: The Marconi Research Centre 2MT at Writtle near Chelmsford, England . A famous broadcast from Marconi's New Street Works factory in Chelmsford was made by the famous soprano Dame Nellie Melba on June 15, 1920, where she sang two arias and her famous trill. She was the first artist of international renown to participate in direct radio broadcasts. The 2MT station began to broadcast regular entertainment in 1922. The BBC
1976-516: The medium wave frequency range of 525 to 1,705 kHz (known as the "standard broadcast band"). The band was expanded in the 1990s by adding nine channels from 1,605 to 1,705 kHz. Channels are spaced every 10 kHz in the Americas , and generally every 9 kHz everywhere else. AM transmissions cannot be ionospheric propagated during the day due to strong absorption in the D-layer of
2052-647: The 1960s to the 1980s was What is Communism? A second reason is to advance a nation's foreign policy interests and agenda by disseminating its views on international affairs or on the events in particular parts of the world. During the Cold War the American Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty and Indian Radio AIR were founded to broadcast news from "behind the Iron Curtain " that was otherwise being censored and promote dissent and occasionally, to disseminate disinformation . Currently,
2128-593: The 76 to 90 MHz frequency band. Edwin Howard Armstrong invented wide-band FM radio in the early 1930s to overcome the problem of radio-frequency interference (RFI), which plagued AM radio reception. At the same time, greater fidelity was made possible by spacing stations further apart in the radio frequency spectrum. Instead of 10 kHz apart, as on the AM band in the US, FM channels are 200 kHz (0.2 MHz) apart. In other countries, greater spacing
2204-584: The BBC - including Brunei and the Australian territory of Christmas Island in the Indian Ocean - but no decision had been made when Singaporean Premier Lee Kuan Yew , who happened to be visiting London, was told about the problem during a casual meeting with a BBC executive while attending an interview at Bush House , the headquarters of the World Service. He immediately offered Singapore as
2280-506: The U.S. Federal Communications Commission designates the 88–92 megahertz band in the U.S. for non-profit or educational programming, with advertising prohibited. In addition, formats change in popularity as time passes and technology improves. Early radio equipment only allowed program material to be broadcast in real time, known as live broadcasting. As technology for sound recording improved, an increasing proportion of broadcast programming used pre-recorded material. A current trend
2356-759: The US and Canada , just two services, XM Satellite Radio and Sirius Satellite Radio exist. Both XM and Sirius are owned by Sirius XM Satellite Radio , which was formed by the merger of XM and Sirius on July 29, 2008, whereas in Canada , XM Radio Canada and Sirius Canada remained separate companies until 2010. Worldspace in Africa and Asia, and MobaHO! in Japan and the ROK were two unsuccessful satellite radio operators which have gone out of business. Radio program formats differ by country, regulation, and markets. For instance,
BBC Far Eastern Relay Station - Misplaced Pages Continue
2432-580: The US operates similar services aimed at Cuba ( Radio y Televisión Martí ) and the People's Republic of China , Vietnam , Laos and North Korea ( Radio Free Asia ). Besides ideological reasons, many stations are run by religious broadcasters and are used to provide religious education, religious music, or worship service programs. For example, Vatican Radio , established in 1931, broadcasts such programs. Another station, such as HCJB or Trans World Radio will carry brokered programming from evangelists. In
2508-973: The United Kingdom to the Far East . As World War II began, a Marconi 100 kW HF sender (as the BBC termed transmitting equipment) was sent by sea to Singapore, but was lost when the vessel carrying it sank due to enemy action. A second attempt was thwarted by the advance of Japanese forces through Malaya . So it was not until after the end of hostilities, in 1946, that the BBC began broadcasting from four 10 kW Marconi type SWB11 transmitters at Jurong in Singapore. This equipment, which had previously been used in Sri Lanka , now transmitted live programmes in English , Burmese , Indonesian and Thai from
2584-691: The United States and Canada have chosen to use HD radio , an in-band on-channel system that puts digital broadcasts at frequencies adjacent to the analog broadcast. HD Radio is owned by a consortium of private companies that is called iBiquity . An international non-profit consortium Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM), has introduced the public domain DRM system, which is used by a relatively small number of broadcasters worldwide. Broadcasters in one country have several reasons to reach out to an audience in other countries. Commercial broadcasters may simply see
2660-589: The United States came from KDKA itself: the results of the Harding/Cox Presidential Election . The Montreal station that became CFCF began broadcast programming on May 20, 1920, and the Detroit station that became WWJ began program broadcasts beginning on August 20, 1920, although neither held a license at the time. In 1920, wireless broadcasts for entertainment began in the UK from
2736-643: The United States, France, the Netherlands, South Africa, and many other countries worldwide. The simplest system is named DAB Digital Radio, for Digital Audio Broadcasting , and uses the public domain EUREKA 147 (Band III) system. DAB is used mainly in the UK and South Africa. Germany and the Netherlands use the DAB and DAB+ systems, and France uses the L-Band system of DAB Digital Radio. The broadcasting regulators of
2812-525: The buildings given an individual identity. The courtyard was to remain as a car park/delivery point. Completion of this work transpired in June 2014 as part of the much-marketed Aldwych Quarter. On 10 March 2015, King's College London announced it had acquired a 50-year lease for the Aldwych Quarter. as a substantial part of its expansion of its Strand Campus John Robertson Architects undertook
2888-728: The case of the Broadcasting Services of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia , both governmental and religious programming is provided. Extensions of traditional radio-wave broadcasting for audio broadcasting in general include cable radio , local wire television networks , DTV radio , satellite radio , and Internet radio via streaming media on the Internet . The enormous entry costs of space-based satellite transmitters and restrictions on available radio spectrum licenses has restricted growth of Satellite radio broadcasts. In
2964-624: The case of the Tebrau site, there was also extensive on-site housing for around a hundred multi-ethnic staff and their families, as well as sporting and social facilities. The BBC Far Eastern Relay Station closed in July 2023, after 75 years of broadcasting, as the site was reportedly needed for development by the Singapore Government. In 1937 the BBC began planning a shortwave transmitting station to relay BBC World Service signals from
3040-464: The city of Johor Bahru , covered 180 hectares of what was at the time virgin jungle, with construction beginning in 1953. There were originally six transmitters - two 100kW Marconis and four 7.5 kW Marconis transferred from Jurong in Singapore - and some 20 antenna masts, with power being generated by three enormous diesel electricity generators. [4] In the early 1960s, the low-powered 7.5kw units were removed and replaced with six more transmitters, making
3116-722: The college teamed up with WLOE in Boston to have students broadcast programs. By 1931, a majority of U.S. households owned at least one radio receiver . In line to ITU Radio Regulations (article1.61) each broadcasting station shall be classified by the service in which it operates permanently or temporarily. Broadcasting by radio takes several forms. These include AM and FM stations. There are several subtypes, namely commercial broadcasting , non-commercial educational (NCE) public broadcasting and non-profit varieties as well as community radio , student-run campus radio stations, and hospital radio stations can be found throughout
BBC Far Eastern Relay Station - Misplaced Pages Continue
3192-714: The company and the Carver Corporation later cut the number of models produced before discontinuing production completely. As well as on the medium wave bands, amplitude modulation (AM) is also used on the shortwave and long wave bands. Shortwave is used largely for national broadcasters, international propaganda, or religious broadcasting organizations. Shortwave transmissions can have international or inter-continental range depending on atmospheric conditions. Long-wave AM broadcasting occurs in Europe, Asia, and Africa. The ground wave propagation at these frequencies
3268-467: The country at night. During the night, absorption largely disappears and permits signals to travel to much more distant locations via ionospheric reflections. However, fading of the signal can be severe at night. AM radio transmitters can transmit audio frequencies up to 15 kHz (now limited to 10 kHz in the US due to FCC rules designed to reduce interference), but most receivers are only capable of reproducing frequencies up to 5 kHz or less. At
3344-585: The design of Woofferton transmitting station was completed and 4 x 250 kW Marconi B6122 and 4 x 100 kW Marconi B6123 senders were relocated from Tebrau. This equipment began service on 1 February 1978 and installation was completed in March 1979. By this time, the receiving station feeding the senders at Kranji had moved twice, first to Yew Tee Army Camp , where Plessey PRD200, Plessey PRD200, Racal RA133A Diversity and bandscanner receivers operated using an existing military antenna. That temporary arrangement
3420-486: The dominant medium, especially in cities. Because of its greater range, AM remained more common in rural environments. Pirate radio is illegal or non-regulated radio transmission. It is most commonly used to describe illegal broadcasting for entertainment or political purposes. Sometimes it is used for illegal two-way radio operation. Its history can be traced back to the unlicensed nature of the transmission, but historically there has been occasional use of sea vessels—fitting
3496-413: The end of 2012. A full refurbishment of Bush House and its adjoining wings was undertaken by John Robertson Architects following the BBC's vacation. Bush House, along with North-East Wing, North-West Wing, South-East Wing and Melbourne House were stripped back to CAT A and fully modernised whilst retaining original period features. The intended use was open plan offices with reception spaces for each of
3572-583: The highest and lowest sidebands is quite apparent to the listener. Such distortion occurs up to frequencies of approximately 50 MHz. Higher frequencies do not reflect from the ionosphere, nor from storm clouds. Moon reflections have been used in some experiments, but require impractical power levels. The original FM radio service in the U.S. was the Yankee Network , located in New England . Regular FM broadcasting began in 1939 but did not pose
3648-413: The history of shortwave broadcasting. [5] Kranji Construction began on an antenna field initially comprising 17 towers supporting 14 Marconi 4-Band Kraus , 4 BBC dual-band and one 4 MHz array. While the swampy ground required substantial earthworks, its proximity to salt water offered high electrical conductivity advantageous to effective radiation from the antennas. A transmitter hall similar to
3724-515: The interior fit-out to convert Aldwych Quarter into a fully operational, modern university campus, including installation of a 400 seat auditorium, lecture theatres, seminar rooms, academic offices and a health centre. The courtyard has been converted from car parking to semi-public realm and features a new glass pavilion offering access to the Students' Union and undercroft joining the building's wings together. Since its foundation on 1 August 2017,
3800-474: The ionosphere. In a crowded channel environment, this means that the power of regional channels which share a frequency must be reduced at night or directionally beamed in order to avoid interference, which reduces the potential nighttime audience. Some stations have frequencies unshared with other stations in North America; these are called clear-channel stations . Many of them can be heard across much of
3876-649: The mid-1970s the Malaysian Government, sensitive to the suggestion that it was still enabling the broadcast from its territory of "propaganda" by the former colonial power, made clear it would decline to renew the BBC's license to broadcast. British diplomats at the time also reported that the Malaysian Ministry of Communications in Kuala Lumpur was interested in the site for its own purposes. [1] A number of other sites were considered by
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#17327910719213952-402: The most common perception of a pirate—as broadcasting bases. Rules and regulations vary largely from country to country, but often the term pirate radio describes the unlicensed broadcast of FM radio, AM radio, or shortwave signals over a wide range. In some places, radio stations are legal where the signal is transmitted, but illegal where the signals are received—especially when the signals cross
4028-489: The new band had to begin from the ground floor. As a commercial venture, it remained a little-used audio enthusiasts' medium until the 1960s. The more prosperous AM stations, or their owners, acquired FM licenses and often broadcast the same programming on the FM station as on the AM station (" simulcasting "). The FCC limited this practice in the 1960s. By the 1980s, since almost all new radios included both AM and FM tuners, FM became
4104-470: The number of senders to 9, followed by another similar unit from Skelton transmitting station two years later. At its peak of operation in the 1980s, the station employed 55 staff and broadcast over 100 hours of programming daily, running up a monthly power bill exceeding SGD 400,000. Radio broadcasting Radio broadcasting is the broadcasting of audio (sound), sometimes with related metadata , by radio waves to radio receivers belonging to
4180-452: The purpose-built studios at Singapore's Cathay Building as The British Far Eastern Broadcasting Service . These studios moved to Caldecott Hill in 1949, a site which remained a centre for broadcasting in Singapore until 2015. However, local generation of live BBC programmes ceased in 1951, with the exception of some English language announcements. Programmes were now relayed from London using signals picked up by two Rhombic antennas and
4256-455: The range of a given FM signal was much shorter; thus its market was more local than for AM radio. The reception range at night is the same as in the daytime. All FM broadcast transmissions are line-of-sight, and ionospheric bounce is not viable. The much larger bandwidths, compared to AM and SSB, are more susceptible to phase dispersion. Propagation speeds are fastest in the ionosphere at the lowest sideband frequency. The celerity difference between
4332-475: The reverse direction because the plate was not heated, and thus not capable of thermionic emission of electrons. Later known as the Fleming valve , it could be used as a rectifier of alternating current, and as a radio wave detector . This greatly improved the crystal set , which rectified the radio signal using an early solid-state diode based on a crystal and a so-called cat's whisker . However, an amplifier
4408-410: The same service area. This prevents the sideband power generated by two stations from interfering with each other. Bob Carver created an AM stereo tuner employing notch filtering that demonstrated that an AM broadcast can meet or exceed the 15 kHz baseband bandwidth allotted to FM stations without objectionable interference. After several years, the tuner was discontinued. Bob Carver had left
4484-464: The site was subsequently sold by private treaty - partly in order to avoid drawing more negative attention to the BBC's long-standing presence on Malaysian soil, according to British diplomats. [3] Around the turn of the new millennium, the transmitting station at Kranji began relaying programming from other broadcasters, in addition to the BBC, including NHK World-Japan , Radio Canada International , Radio Australia , and Deutsche Welle . Operation of
4560-505: The station passed from the BBC to a succession of private companies including Merlin, VT Communications, Babcock and Encompass. Following a decision by the Singapore Government to reassign and redevelop the area around the site, closure of the BBC Far Eastern Relay Station and demolition of all its structures was announced in July 2023. Tebrau The site, on the southern tip of peninsular Malaysia just outside
4636-534: The station was moved to the top of the Westinghouse factory building in East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania . Westinghouse relaunched the station as KDKA on November 2, 1920, as the first commercially licensed radio station in the United States. The commercial broadcasting designation came from the type of broadcast license ; advertisements did not air until years later. The first licensed broadcast in
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#17327910719214712-408: The time that AM broadcasting began in the 1920s, this provided adequate fidelity for existing microphones, 78 rpm recordings, and loudspeakers. The fidelity of sound equipment subsequently improved considerably, but the receivers did not. Reducing the bandwidth of the receivers reduces the cost of manufacturing and makes them less prone to interference. AM stations are never assigned adjacent channels in
4788-555: The unveiling of two statues at the entrance made by American artist Malvina Hoffman . The statues symbolise Anglo-American friendship and the building bears the inscription "To the friendship of English speaking peoples". Built from Portland stone , Bush House was in 1929 declared the "most expensive building in the world". The BBC European Service moved into the South-East Wing of Bush House after bombs damaged Broadcasting House on 8 December 1940 during The Blitz . The move
4864-519: The world. Many stations broadcast on shortwave bands using AM technology that can be received over thousands of miles (especially at night). For example, the BBC , VOA , VOR , and Deutsche Welle have transmitted via shortwave to Africa and Asia. These broadcasts are very sensitive to atmospheric conditions and solar activity. Nielsen Audio , formerly known as Arbitron, the United States –based company that reports on radio audiences, defines
4940-530: Was amalgamated in 1922 and received a Royal Charter in 1926, making it the first national broadcaster in the world, followed by Czechoslovak Radio and other European broadcasters in 1923. Radio Argentina began regularly scheduled transmissions from the Teatro Coliseo in Buenos Aires on August 27, 1920, making its own priority claim. The station got its license on November 19, 1923. The delay
5016-564: Was approved in 1919, work began in 1925, and was completed in 1935. Erected in stages, by 1929 Bush House was already declared the "most expensive building in the world". Now part of the Strand Campus of King's College London , Bush House previously served as the headquarters of the BBC World Service . Broadcasting from Bush House lasted for 70 years, from winter 1941 to summer 2012. The final BBC broadcast from Bush House
5092-513: Was carrying audio by the next year. (Herrold's station eventually became KCBS ). In The Hague, the Netherlands, PCGG started broadcasting on November 6, 1919, making it arguably the first commercial broadcasting station. In 1916, Frank Conrad , an electrical engineer employed at the Westinghouse Electric Corporation , began broadcasting from his Wilkinsburg, Pennsylvania garage with the call letters 8XK. Later,
5168-612: Was completed in 1941 and the BBC Overseas Service followed in 1958. The BBC World Service occupied four wings of the building. In 1944 Bush House suffered external damage from a V-1 flying bomb . The North-West Wing was formerly occupied by BBC Online until it relocated to the BBC Media Village in 2005, with some studio and office space being retained until 2008. The BBC also moved its World Service to Broadcasting House . The final broadcast from Bush
5244-451: Was demoted to backup status until its closure in 1990. During this period an extra tower and an array covering 15-21 MHz were added at Kranji, with automatic equipment to turn the senders on and off, to assign and slew the beam radiated from the antennas, to select programmes, and to control tape machines. In 1987, the installation of an additional Marconi BD272 250 kW transmitter brought from Daventry transmitting station increased
5320-460: Was due to the lack of official Argentine licensing procedures before that date. This station continued regular broadcasting of entertainment, and cultural fare for several decades. Radio in education soon followed, and colleges across the U.S. began adding radio broadcasting courses to their curricula. Curry College in Milton, Massachusetts introduced one of the first broadcasting majors in 1932 when
5396-556: Was on 12 July 2012. Bulletins now come from Broadcasting House. BBC GLR 94.9fm - the Local BBC Radio station for London, moved to Bush House for 24 months in 1999, whilst its Marylebone High Street base was modernised. GLR used two continuity suites for their programmes: the 'new' Cons 4 and 6. These were 'spare' continuities, but a reduction in the number of networks meant they were rarely used until GLR moved in. Broadcaster Bob Mills humorously complained about having to work in
5472-537: Was quickly becoming viable. However, an early audio transmission that could be termed a broadcast may have occurred on Christmas Eve in 1906 by Reginald Fessenden , although this is disputed. While many early experimenters attempted to create systems similar to radiotelephone devices by which only two parties were meant to communicate, there were others who intended to transmit to larger audiences. Charles Herrold started broadcasting in California in 1909 and
5548-433: Was replaced on 1 December 1977 by a new receiving station at Sungei Punggol on the banks of the river. The receiving station building, a Marconi omni-directional antenna and one antenna tower were on dry land with the remaining 7 towers supporting 4 Rhombic and 2 sloping V aerials erected over the river estuary and only accessible by boat. 6 Plessey PRD200, 10 Channel diversity receivers, a Plessey PR2250 search receiver and
5624-494: Was still required. The triode (mercury-vapor filled with a control grid) was created on March 4, 1906, by the Austrian Robert von Lieben ; independently, on October 25, 1906, Lee De Forest patented his three-element Audion . It was not put to practical use until 1912 when its amplifying ability became recognized by researchers. By about 1920, valve technology had matured to the point where radio broadcasting
5700-699: Was the 12 noon BST news bulletin on 12 July 2012. The BBC World Service is now housed in Broadcasting House in Portland Place . King's College London has taken over the premises since acquiring the lease in 2015. The longtime occupation of part of Bush House by HM Revenue and Customs (and its predecessor department the Inland Revenue ) ended in March 2021 when it vacated the South-West Wing. This wing will also become
5776-490: Was undertaken by John Mowlem & Co . Sections of Bush House were completed and opened over a period of 10 years: Centre Block was opened in 1925, North-West Wing in 1928, North-East Wing in 1929, South-East Wing in 1930, and South-West Wing in 1935. The full building complex was completed in 1935. The building's opening ceremony was performed by Lord Balfour , Lord President of the Council , on 4 July 1925. It included
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