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75-535: In philately , the office was notable as the postage stamp agency and printer of the late French colonies. It sold these issues to collectors through an agency in Paris . Its impact on telecommunications was limited by the competition from French private companies in Francophone Africa. From 1956, French Overseas posts and telecommunications were reorganized and decentralized following the independence of

150-661: A hostile takeover bid for Mannesmann. Shortly thereafter, in February 2000, Vodafone acquired Mannesmann for US$ 183 billion, and decided to divest Orange because EU regulations would not allow it to hold two mobile licences. In August 2000, France Télécom bought Orange plc from Vodafone for a total estimated cost of €39.7 billion. At the time, France Télécom also bought stakes in several other international firms (GlobalOne, Equant , Internet Telecom, Freeserve , EresMas, NTL and Mobilcom), of which some have since been sold back. Through this process, France Télécom became

225-614: A perforation gauge (odontometer) to measure the perforation gauge of the stamp. The identification of watermarks is equally important and may be done with the naked eye by turning the stamp over or holding it up to the light. If this fails then watermark fluid may be used, which "wets" the stamp to reveal the mark. Other common tools include stamp catalogs , stamp stock books and stamp hinges . Philatelic organizations sprang up soon after people started collecting and studying stamps. They include local, national and international clubs and societies where collectors come together to share

300-534: A capital increase from the French State since it was still the majority shareholder, and an additional 15bn in cash from internal savings. On 25 February 2005, Thierry Breton was appointed Minister of Finance and Industry and Didier Lombard , who had been head of the firm's new technologies division, replaced him as CEO. The NeXT scheme was the recovery plan for France Télécom which aimed at, among other things, reducing costs, especially wage costs, carrying on

375-684: A controlling stake in Microtel Communications Ltd , which by then had acquired a licence to develop a mobile network in the United Kingdom . Hutchison renamed Microtel to Orange Personal Communications Services Ltd, and on 28 April 1994 the Orange brand was launched in the UK mobile phone market. A holding company structure was adopted in 1995 with the establishment of Orange plc. In April 1996, Orange went public and floated on

450-409: A converging policy for its products and services, and grouping together all the brands under a single brand, except for the activities dealing with fixed-line telephone which would stay under the designation 'France Télécom'. Consequently, this led to the disappearance of a number of brands. From 1 June 2006, France Télécom tried to commercialise all its products under a single worldwide brand, becoming

525-595: A deal to acquire Spanish firm Jazztel for a fee of around €3.4 billion. As of October 2018, Orange has teamed up with Google in order to install a transatlantic undersea cable, Dunant , to share data between the United States and France at faster speeds. Planned to begin operation in 2020, the fibre-based cable has a design capacity of 250 terabits per second (Tbit/s) and will span approximately 6600 kilometres in length. in July 2020, Orange launched

600-638: A digital audio two-channel compression system known as Musicam or MPEG Audio Layer II ( Emmy Award in Engineering 2000). In 2010, Orange devoted 1.9% of its revenue, or €845 million, to research and development. Since January 2007 Orange has unified its research laboratories and technocentres in the Orange Labs network. As of 31 December 2010 Orange held a portfolio of 7,892 patents, 327 which were filed in 2010. Orange employs 3,700 people in research and development per year throughout

675-477: A joint venture branded as EE . In December 2014, Orange were in talks with BT Group regarding the acquisition of EE for an estimated £12.5 billion. On 5 February 2015, it was announced that BT would be acquiring EE in a £12.5 billion deal, in which Orange S.A would take a 4% stake in the BT Group. The acquisition of EE was completed on 29 January 2016. Globecast is a provider of managed services for

750-496: A price of E£441,658 per Mobinil share. On 28 October 2009, Orange changed the name of its Luxembourgish telecommunication company VOXMobile to Orange. On 5 November 2009, Orange Armenia launched telecommunication services in Armenia . On 11 December 2009, Egypt's regulator approved an offer from a unit of France Telecom (Orange) to buy Mobinil. In 2010, Orange's CEO, Didier Lombard, was replaced by Stéphane Richard. The company

825-484: A satellite-based home broadband service utilising the Eutelsat Konnect satellite . The major shareholders of Orange as of 31 December 2015 are the state of France through Agence des participations de l'État and Banque publique d'investissement (replacing Fonds stratégique d'investissement ) for 23.04%. As of mid-2013, Orange employees owned 4.81%, and the company itself owned 0.58%. Orange

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900-408: A television access service for mobile phones. In 2007, Orange created Studio 37  [ fr ] and, in 2008, entered into a partnership with France Televisions to broadcast pre-recorded programming from the public national television and to roll out themed channels for sports, cinema and television series. Orange dubbed the strategy Content Everywhere in 2008, announcing it simultaneously with

975-412: A warring and unsafe country. That was the optical telegraphy network of Claude Chappe . In 1878, after the invention of the electrical telegraph and then the invention of the telephone , the French State created a Ministry of Posts and Telegraphs . Telephone services were nationalised and added to the ministry in 1889. However, it was not until 1923 that the second 'T' (for 'telephones') appeared and

1050-428: Is a free, live, on-demand IP radio streaming service. Users gain access through this service to more than 10,000 FM and web radio stations and 11,000 podcasts from 100 countries. Orange is a communications access provider offering customers access through multiple platforms. The four key platforms Orange operates are: France Télécom merged the different internal divisions managing each platform and now all operate under

1125-442: Is a network of websites with local content (restaurants, cultural happenings, etc.) created in 1999. Orange purchased the network site in 2008. In late August 2010 Orange acquired an 11% share in the streaming site Deezer . With this acquisition, the operator offered its subscribers a new "Deezer Premium" option: paid streaming music service with no advertising and 7 million titles. In 2016 Orange sold Deezer to Access Industries ,

1200-445: Is considered to be a postmaster going by the name Mansen, who lived in Paris , and in 1855 had sold his collection, which contained almost all the postage stamps issued by that time. The stamp merchant and second-hand book dealer Edard de Laplante bought it, recognizing the definitive collector's worth of the postage stamp. Due to the boom in popularity and news of this transaction, stamp merchants like Laplante began to emerge. Towards

1275-541: Is launched as a platform for players of massively multiplayer online games. In 2002, Goa acquires the operating license for Dark Age of Camelot . In 2007 Goa ceases to be a subsidiary and is merged into Orange. In 2009 Orange refocuses Goa.com on online entertainment and gradually ceases to operate massively multiplayer online games. In August 2010, goa.com disappears to become the Orange Jeux portal. Liveradio  [ fr ] : Created by Orange in 2008, Liveradio

1350-657: Is now operates in many countries in Europe , Africa and in the French West Indies . Since February 2012, as a result of the company's decision to transfer its fixed-line telephony activities being to its Orange brand, all offers marketed by France Télécom are Orange -branded; and on July 1, 2013, France Télécom itself was rebranded Orange S.A. . In 2019, Orange S.A. employed nearly 148,000 people worldwide, including 88,000 in France. The corporation has throughout

1425-608: Is the research and development division of Orange. This division was derived from different previous entities, such as CNET ( Centre national d'études des télécommunications ) created in 1944, the CCETT created in 1972, as well as other entities. In 2007, France Télécom R&D became known as Orange Labs, a global network of R&D entities. CCETT/France Télécom R&D contributed to various international standards, such as ISO / IEC MPEG and JPEG standards or DAB and DVB standards. CCETT, IRT and Philips developed

1500-530: Is the sole brand used in the marketing of the company's mobile offers; the Itineris, Ola and Mobicarte brands have been combined since 2001, and Mobicarte became a special prepaid calling offer. As of 31 December 2010, Orange has 150 million mobile customers worldwide, 17.9% of whom are in France. Orange France is the leading mobile telecommunications operator in France, with a market share of 45.38% as of 2 November 2009. The Orange brand name

1575-479: Is the study of postage stamps and postal history . It also refers to the collection and appreciation of stamps and other philatelic products. While closely associated with stamp collecting and the study of postage, it is possible to be a philatelist without owning any stamps. For instance, the stamps being studied may be very rare or reside only in museums. The word "philately" is the English transliteration of

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1650-850: The American Civil War . Some authors believe that the first philatelist appeared on the day of the release of the world's first postage stamp, dated to 6 May 1840, when the Liverson, Denby and Lavie London law office sent a letter to Scotland franked with ten uncut Penny Blacks , stamped with the postmark "LS.6MY6. 1840." In 1992 at an auction in Zürich , this envelope was sold for 690,000 francs . Already in 1846, cases of collecting stamps in large numbers were known in England . However, without reason for collection, stamps at this time were used for pasting wallpaper. The first philatelist

1725-575: The CAC 40 , the benchmark stock market index of the top 40 French companies in terms of market capitalisation . In June 2001, the France Telecom Mobile brands Itinéris , OLA , and Mobicarte were replaced by the Orange brand. On 21 November 2003, France Telecom withdrew the 13.7% of Orange's shares traded on the Paris stock exchange . On 2 October 2002, the CEO, Thierry Breton was given

1800-478: The Canal+ Group 's StudioCanal . The producer Frédérique Dumas starts the studio, which has an initial budget of 30 million Euros. For its growth, Orange negotiates exclusivity agreements with Warner , HBO , Fidélité Films and Gaumont , ensuring a stream of films for its TV Orange Cinema Series package. In 2011, Studio 37 co-produced The Artist which went on to win best picture and four further awards at

1875-837: The French Football Federation . Free accused Orange of tied-selling as the Orange channels were only available to its subscribers. In June 2008, the firm abandoned a €27 billion bid for Swedish operator TeliaSonera after the two companies failed to agree terms. In 2008, Orange was given permission from Apple to sell the iPhone in Austria, Belgium, the Dominican Republic, Egypt, Jordan, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Switzerland and Orange's African markets. On 8 September 2009, Orange and T-Mobile parent Deutsche Telekom announced they were in advanced talks to merge their UK operations to create

1950-788: The Livebox . As of 31 December 2010, Orange has 13.7 million broadband ADSL customers worldwide, 67% of whom are in France40. The Livebox is the ADSL modem supplied to Orange's ADSL and FTTH customers in France , the United Kingdom , the Netherlands , Switzerland , Spain and Tunisia , and to WiMAX customers in Cameroon. It serves as a bridge between the Internet access and

2025-591: The London Stock Exchange and NASDAQ , majority-owned by Hutchison (48.22%), followed by BAe (21.1%). In June 1996, it became the youngest company to enter the FTSE 100 , valued at £2.4 billion. In October 1999, the German conglomerate Mannesmann AG acquired Orange for a price equivalent to €7,900 per customer, i.e. US$ 33 billion. Mannesmann's acquisition of Orange triggered Vodafone to make

2100-648: The Louvre Palace , and after at different addresses: 10 rue du Mont-Thabor, rue Vaneau and 80 rue du Faubourg-Saint-Denis. African post offices used this sales outlet to make their stamps available at low cost. At the beginning of the 1990s, the oversea territories and African countries' post offices were inform of the project to close the BEPTOM. La Poste postage stamp agency, the Postage Stamp and Philately National Service , proposed its printing service to

2175-623: The Overseas collectivities , its subsidiaries in Mayotte and Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon and the independent public postal operators in New Caledonia , French Polynesia and Wallis-et-Futuna . In Africa, BEPTOM helped post offices took two ways on the market of postage stamp creation: either they hired printers to print their philatelic program, or they gave an agency the contract of creating, printing and selling this program. Depending on

2250-634: The WADP Numbering System ( WNS ) and the discovery of illegal stamps , never ordered by the countries they bore the name, former BEPTOM helped countries in Francophone Africa had retook charge of their philatelic programs. By its actions financed partly with public subventions and unbilled to the helped countries, the BEPTOM competeted with the Société française d'études de télécommunications and France Câbles et Radio , even if

2325-549: The Warner Bros. and HBO catalogues. Orange installs additional VOD services on its channels, allowing viewers to watch programmes broadcast in the previous 30 days whenever they like, as well as supplementary programmes from the previous month. Orange Sport is launched 13 November 2008. Orange secures the broadcast rights for the Saturday evening line-up of Ligue 1 matches from season 2008/2009 to season 2011/2012, and

Bureau d'études des postes et télécommunications d'outre-mer - Misplaced Pages Continue

2400-522: The protectorates of Morocco and Tunisia , and in anticipation of the independence of other overseas territories. During this process, the Bureau d'études des postes et télécommunications d'outre-mer was created. It had to power to respond to requests for assistance from overseas territories and independent states by providing four internal services. In 1991, the Auditor General reported to

2475-636: The 1860s. Herpin took the Greek root word φιλ(ο)- phil(o)- , meaning "an attraction or affinity for something", and ἀτέλεια ateleia , meaning "exempt from duties and taxes", to form the neologism "philatélie". As a collection field, philately appeared after the introduction of the postage stamps in 1840, but did not gain large attraction until the mid-1850s. In the U.S., early collectors of stamps were known as "stamp gatherers". The United States Post Office Department re-issued stamps in 1875 due to public demand for 'old stamps', including those from before

2550-472: The FIP brought together national societies from 57 countries, which held over 100 exhibitions, and in 1987, over 60 countries entered the FIP. Since the middle of the 20th century, philately has become the most widespread field of amateur collecting, which was facilitated by: Philately magazines, at this time, were published as far east as Poland, and as far west as North America. In Canada, Canadian Stamp News

2625-458: The French " philatélie ", coined by Georges Herpin in 1864. Herpin stated that stamps had been collected and studied for the previous six or seven years and a better name was required for the new hobby than timbromanie (roughly "stamp mania"), which was disliked. The alternative terms "timbromania", "timbrophily", and "timbrology" gradually fell out of use as philately gained acceptance during

2700-581: The Minister of Industry on the future of the post and telecommunication cooperation. Then, following discussions with public and private stakeholders in both France and Africa, the Bureau was abolished on 1 January 1995 following a decree signed by Prime Minister Édouard Balladur on 22 December 1995. BEPTOM helped to install, maintain and regulate postal networks including the creation of postage stamps if territories and countries asked for it. BEPTOM provided

2775-612: The Orange brand was phased out on 19 August 2013, when its operations were merged into 3. In March 2012, France Télécom bought 93.9% of Mobinil , an Egyptian mobile operator, from Naguib Sawiris 's Orascom Telecom Media and Technology (OTMT) in an effort to double its revenue in MENA by 2015. On 28 May 2013 at the Annual Shareholders' Meeting, shareholders approved changing the name of the group to Orange S.A. This became effective on 1 July 2013. In September 2014, Orange agreed

2850-642: The Orange brand. Orange is present in the U.S. through its Orange Business division and its venture capital historical partner Innovacom as well as two R&D labs: one in Boston , Massachusetts and the other in South San Francisco, California . OpenTransit is Orange's backbone network. It covers Europe, the United States, Japan, Hong Kong, and loops back to Paris. Orange and Deutsche Telekom merged their UK businesses in 2010 to form

2925-544: The United States using NetGem set top boxes. The MyGlobeTV service was discontinued In December 2013. Viaccess Orca is a provider of IPTV and OTT TV service platforms and security services. It is headquartered in Paris La Defense. Viaccess-orca acquired Squadeo company in 2017 and is able to supply video secured player. Viaccess Orca is also involved in content tracking over internet, providing anti-piracy services. Orange Labs (formerly France Télécom R&D)

3000-540: The World Stamp Championship was held for the first time in the history of world philately in Singapore. Traditional philately is the study of the technical aspects of stamp production and stamp identification, including: Expanding range of activity: Philately uses several tools, including stamp tongs (a specialized form of tweezers) to safely handle the stamps, a strong magnifying glass and

3075-409: The broadband internet sector. With 7.3 million Liveboxes rented out, Orange experienced a notable 12.3% increase in just one year. Beginning in 2003, Orange's strategy has centred on the acquisition, creation and diffusion of content. This starts with the creation of MaLigne.tv in 2003, later renamed Orange TV , an ADSL television access service and a video-on-demand service. In 2004, Orange organised

Bureau d'études des postes et télécommunications d'outre-mer - Misplaced Pages Continue

3150-467: The company has had a separate body corporate from the State and acquired financial autonomy. It was privatised by Lionel Jospin 's Plural Left government starting on 1 January 1998. The French government , both directly and through its holding company ERAP , continues to hold a stake of almost 27% in the company. In addition, The French government's role in naming the CEO. In September 1995, Michel Bon

3225-513: The company. His departure was shadowed by controversy over his stock options: he was suspected of having stayed with the company longer to wait for the France Telecom share to recover and then exercise his stock option. The share was trading at around €16, whereas his stock options were at €23. On 3 February 2012, Hutchison Whampoa announced that it would buy Orange Austria for US$ 1.7 billion. The deal closed on 3 January 2013, and

3300-610: The corporation's main brand for mobile , landline , internet and Internet Protocol television (IPTV) services since 2006. It traces its origins back to Hutchison Whampoa acquiring a controlling stake in Microtel Communications in 1994 in the United Kingdom . Microtel Communications became a subsidiary of Mannesmann in 1999 and then was acquired by France Télécom in 2000. The former French public monopoly thus became internationalized following this takeover and has pursued an expansionist policy since. The group

3375-460: The countries' financial possibilities and need in postage stamps for their interior market, some kept a controlled policy of stamp issues like Mali that hired reputed printers like Courvoisier and the Tunisian post. Others lost control of their issuing policy like Burkina Faso : agencies proposed on the philatelic market many stamps without any thematic links to the country. From the creation of

3450-496: The department of P&T (Posts and Telegraphs) became PTT. In 1941, a General Direction of Telecommunications was created within this ministry. Then, in 1944, the National Centre of Telecommunications Studies (CNET) was created to develop the telecommunications industry in France. In the 1970s, France attempted to make up for its delay in developing communications infrastructure, compared to other countries, by launching

3525-532: The development of philately. In 1968, Cuba dedicated a postage stamp for Stamp Day with an image of G. Sciltian's "El filatelista". In 1926, the Fédération Internationale de Philatélie (FIP) was founded, where international philatelic exhibitions have been regularly organized since 1929. The first World Philatelic Exhibition in Prague was held between August and September 1962; in 1976,

3600-469: The dot-com bubble. Moreover, its alliance with Deutsche Telekom based on a reciprocal capital contribution of 2% broke off when Deutsche Telekom announced that they were planning to do business with Telecom Italia without letting the French know; even if this project ended up failing. In July 1991, Hutchison Telecom , a UK subsidiary of the Hong Kong -based conglomerate Hutchison Whampoa , acquired

3675-594: The early 1880s, "collector experts" appeared, specializing their collection to only one part of the world, a group of nations, or even only one. Philately as one of the most popular types of collecting continued to develop in the 20th century. Along with the " Scott ", " Stanley Gibbons ", and " Yvert et Tellier " catalogs, the " Zumstein " (first published in Switzerland, 1909), and the "Michel" (first published in Germany, 1910) catalogs began publication. In 1934,

3750-414: The end of the 19th century, stamp collecting reached hundreds of thousands of people of all classes. Some countries had collections of postage stamps – for example, England, Germany , France , Bavaria , and Bulgaria . In countries which held national collections, museums dedicated to the nation's history with philately were founded, and the first such appeared in Germany, France, and Bulgaria. Allegedly,

3825-503: The famous private collections are those of the Royal Philatelic Collection , F. Ferrari (Austria), M. Burrus (Switzerland), A. Lichtenstein , A. Hind , J. Boker (U.S.), and H. Kanai ( Japan ). In the mid-1970s, national philately organizations and associations existed in most countries, and 150–200 million people were involved in philately during meetings established. From 28 August to 1 September 2004,

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3900-599: The first of these museums housed the collection of the British Museum , curated by MP Thomas Tapling and bequeathed to the Museum in 1891. The Museum für Kommunikation Berlin also had an extensive collection of stamps. The largest private collection of the time belonged to Philipp von Ferrary in Paris. As the number of postage stamp issues increased every year, collection became progressively difficult. Therefore, from

3975-518: The fourth-biggest global operator. The mobile telephone operations of Orange plc were merged with the majority of the mobile operations of France Télécom, forming the new group Orange S.A. On 13 February 2001, Orange S.A. was listed on the Euronext Paris stock exchange with an initial public offering of €95 per share, with a secondary listing in London. In May 2001, Orange S.A. was listed on

4050-599: The home network through several communication interfaces ( Bluetooth , Ethernet , Wi-Fi ). The Livebox has evolved over time. The Livebox 1.0 was replaced by version 1.1, the Mini Livebox, followed by the Livebox 2.0. The newest version was scheduled to be rolled out in 2012. The Livebox is offered on a monthly contract for €3 per month or for purchase for €59. The Number of Liveboxes rented in 2008,this statistic reflects Orange's significant market penetration and growth in

4125-442: The idea to celebrate an annual Postage Stamp Day was suggested by Hans von Rudolphi, a German philatelist. The idea was adopted rapidly in Germany, and gained later adoption in other countries. Stamp Day is a memorial day established by the postal administration of a country and annually celebrated, which is designed to attract public attention to, popularize the use of, and expand the reach of postal correspondence, and contribute to

4200-467: The largest mobile operator with 37% of the market. Both T-Mobile and Orange brands were kept due to differences in their targeted markets. T-Mobile remained the budget-conscious offering and Orange the premium one, although there was some overlap as of February 2011. On 5 April 2009, Orange won an Arbitration Court case against Orascom Telecom, forcing Orascom to transfer its stake in Mobinil to Orange at

4275-565: The latter controlled the international communication market of around fifteen countries without financing and maintaining the interior network. Progressively, to respect competitors, the BEPTOM limited itself to urgency interventions and to help privatized France Télécom take step in these markets. After the BEPTOM disappeared, French associations, such as CSDPTT, continued the cooperative actions in Africa. Philately Philately ( / f ɪ ˈ l æ t əl i / ; fih- LAT -ə-lee )

4350-403: The launch of the Orange cinema series television channels and aimed to offer customers access to all content available through Orange's services, anywhere and from any device. Orange Cinema Series is launched 13 November 2008, along with Orange Sport; it comprises five channels devoted to movies (Orange Ciné Max, Ciné Happy, Ciné Choc, Ciné Novo, Ciné Géant). The channels primarily show films from

4425-428: The media and broadcast industry, such as TV channel distribution via satellite and Internet, live event production, contribution and distribution services, channel content preparation and playout. GlobeCast World TV was a brand by Globecast for its north-american direct-to-home satellite broadcast of international channels. In 2012, Globecast also began launching a direct-to-consumer OTT IPTV service called MyGlobeTV in

4500-648: The necessary expertise in the form of French stamp designers and engravers and the French Post's printing plant, the Imprimerie des timbres-poste et des valeurs fiduciaires . In 1894 the Minister of Colonies began selling stamps to collectors through the Agence des timbres-poste d'outre-mer (ATPOM, Overseas Postage Stamp Agency), located first on the avenue de la Bourdonnais , then at the Pavillon de Flore in

4575-561: The organisation, including more than 200 doctoral candidates and post-doctorates. Orange's research and development is based on partnerships with industry, suppliers and operators, universities and schools, academic institutes and research programs such as the following: Two types of infrastructure coexist in Orange's research and development: the research laboratories and the technocentres. The latter are responsible for Orange innovations and consist of multidisciplinary teams of researchers, engineers, and marketing and sales personnel. Cityvox

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4650-534: The parent of Warner Music Group . On 25 January 2011 Orange announced the acquisition of 49% of Dailymotion , a French online video platform, at a cost of €58.8 million. The group also secured an option to acquire all of the shares in the platform in 2013. This is indicative of a new strategy by Orange, which seeks to offer a full range of multi-screen video to its subscribers. In 2015 Vivendi acquired 90% of Dailymotion. Created in 2007 Studio 37  [ fr ] co-produces and acquires films, unlike

4725-487: The programme "Delta LP" (increasing the main lines). It was at that time that the majority of the local loop was built (that is all the cables linking the users to the operator). Moreover, with the help of French manufacturers, digital switching -- Minitel and the GSM standard—were invented by engineers and CNET researchers. In 1982, Telecom introduced Minitel online ordering for its customers. Until 1988, France Télécom

4800-645: The rights to home matches of eight Serie A clubs ( Sampdoria , Atalanta , Chievo , Reggina , Siena , Palermo , Udinese and Napoli ). The acquisition of these rights marks the start of competition for sports programs with the Canal+ group. Orange offers services for video on demand access using the Orange decoder, a computer or a mobile phone. Orange offers free programming from the catalogues of available works of France Television, M6 and TF1 for one week after their initial broadcast. In 1997, France Telecom created Goa, an online entertainment subsidiary. The site

4875-459: The sole brand of the France Telecom group for Internet, television and mobile services in the majority of countries in which Orange operated. Orange Business Services became the brand for all its business services offerings worldwide, replacing the Equant brand. In June 2007, Orange and Mid Europa Partners acquired Austrian mobile network company One, re-branding it as Orange Austria . In 2012, it

4950-451: The task of turning the company around after the company became crippled by debt following the drop of the company's stock price. On 30 September 2002, the company's stock price was €6.94, down from €219 on 2 March 2000. France Télécom was the second most indebted company worldwide in terms of short-term liabilities. The company obtained €15 billion of debt adjustment that needed to be borne by banks and investors, another €15 billion as

5025-842: The various aspects of their hobby. The world's oldest philatelic society is the Royal Philatelic Society London , which was founded on 10 April 1869, as the Philatelic Society. In North America, the major national societies include the American Philatelic Society ; the Royal Philatelic Society of Canada ; and the Mexico-Elmhurst Philatelic Society, International . Local clubs and societies have been established in many cities of

5100-495: The world. The International Philatelic Federation was formed in 1926 which is originally based in Zürich, Switzerland but is now known to be the world federation for philately. France T%C3%A9l%C3%A9com Orange S.A. ( French pronunciation: [ɔʁɑ̃ʒ] ) (formerly France Télécom S.A. , stylised as france telecom ) is a French multinational telecommunications corporation founded in 1988 and headquartered in Issy-les-Moulineaux , near Paris . Orange has been

5175-400: The years expanded its activities to include content sales (music, cinema, downloads, etc.), e-commerce, online advertising, M2M, home automation and remote assistance solutions. In 2023, it generated over €43 billion in revenue across all its businesses. In 1792, under the French Revolution , the first communication network was developed to enable the rapid transmission of information in

5250-517: Was also reorganised internally, most notably with the arrival of former Culture Minister Christine Albanel as head of communications for the group. In mid-April 2010, Orange UK announced that it would outsource the management of its broadband network to BT. This announcement was greeted positively by broadband commentators, who felt that the move was likely to improve Orange's broadband quality and customer services. On 2 March 2012, Didier Lombard , who remained special advisor to Stéphane Richard , left

5325-425: Was appointed to run France Télécom Group. In 1997, the capital of the new public company was successfully floated whereas the dot-com bubble phenomenon made the stock exchanges bullish. A second share offering occurred in 1998. France Télécom got behind in the internationalisation launched by its international competitors such as Vodafone , thus, it started looking for targets at the highest speculation rate of

5400-578: Was established in 1976 as an off-shoot to Canadian Coin News , which was launched about a decade earlier. Philately was largely advanced by the USSR and nations within its sphere of influence, and the United States, France, the UK, and Austria. The British Library Philatelic Collections and the postal museums in Stockholm , Paris , and Bern had unique national philately collections at that time, and among

5475-462: Was known as the direction générale des Télécommunications , a division of the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications . It became autonomous in 1990. This was in response to a European directive, aimed at making competition mandatory in public services from 1 January 1998. The 2 July 1990 Bill changed France Télécom into an operator of public law, with Marcel Roulet as the first Chairman. Since then,

5550-532: Was licensed to a number of operators which Orange S.A. did not own, these include: Orange took over the landline and Internet businesses of France Telecom and Wanadoo in 2006. Since then, Orange is the sole brand of France Telecom for landline and Internet services worldwide, with a few exceptions, such as Mobistar in Belgium and TPSA in Poland. Orange's triple-play broadband Internet offers are supplied through

5625-579: Was sold to Hutchison 3G and the Orange Austria brand was terminated. In November 2008, Orange launched five Orange Cinema Series channels. To do so, Orange bought the exclusive rights from Warner Bros. for first runs of all new films, previously held by TPS Star (a subsidiary of the Canal+ Group ), as well as all films in its catalogue and rights to the film catalogues of Gaumont , HBO and MGM . Orange also secured exclusive rights to broadcast Saturday evening Ligue 1 football matches from

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