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92-577: BGI has transformed from a small research institute, notable for decoding the DNA of pandas and rice plants, into a diversified company active in animal cloning , health testing, and contract research. BGI's earlier research was continued by the Beijing Institute of Genomics , Chinese Academy of Sciences. BGI Research, the group's nonprofit division, works with the Institute of Genomics and operates

184-420: A Finn-Dorset ewe , was the first mammal to have been successfully cloned from an adult somatic cell. Dolly was formed by taking a cell from the udder of her 6-year-old biological mother. Dolly's embryo was created by taking the cell and inserting it into a sheep ovum. It took 435 attempts before an embryo was successful. The embryo was then placed inside a female sheep that went through a normal pregnancy. She

276-646: A University of Copenhagen professor, Guojie Zhang, who was also employed by BGI was developing drugs for the PLA to assist soldiers with managing altitude sickness . BGI stated that the study "was not carried out for military purposes." On December 1, 2021, the University of Copenhagen commented on the Reuters report. In October 2022, the United States Department of Defense added BGI Genomics Co,

368-558: A NIFTY (Non-invasive Fetal Trisomy Test) prenatal test. In October 2015, BGI launched BGISEQ-500, a larger desktop sequencing system. It reportedly received more than 500 orders for the system and run over 112,000 tests until late 2016. The China National GeneBank, opened by BGI and Chinese Government in September 2016, has 150 instruments of the system. The BGISEQ-500 was developed as a sequencing platform capable of competing with Illumina's platforms. In November 2016, BGI launched BGISEQ-50,

460-511: A US court ordered Illumina to pay US$ 333.8 million to BGI Group after finding that Illumina's DNA-sequencing systems infringed two of BGI's patents. The ruling also stated Illumina infringed the patents wilfully, and that three patents it had accused BGI's Complete Genomics subsidiary of infringing were invalid. In July 2022 Illumina and MGI Tech Co. and Complete Genomics, settled US suits on DNA-sequencing technology, with Illumina agreeing to pay $ 325 million to settle all US litigation. As part of

552-417: A blastocyst which has the potential to form/become any cell in the body. The reason why SCNT is used for cloning is because somatic cells can be easily acquired and cultured in the lab. This process can either add or delete specific genomes of farm animals. A key point to remember is that cloning is achieved when the oocyte maintains its normal functions and instead of using sperm and egg genomes to replicate,

644-486: A cell means to derive a population of cells from a single cell. In the case of unicellular organisms such as bacteria and yeast, this process is remarkably simple and essentially only requires the inoculation of the appropriate medium. However, in the case of cell cultures from multi-cellular organisms, cell cloning is an arduous task as these cells will not readily grow in standard media. A useful tissue culture technique used to clone distinct lineages of cell lines involves

736-405: A cow or sheep in the case of farm animals. SCNT is seen as a good method for producing agriculture animals for food consumption. It successfully cloned sheep, cattle, goats, and pigs. Another benefit is SCNT is seen as a solution to clone endangered species that are on the verge of going extinct. However, stresses placed on both the egg cell and the introduced nucleus can be enormous, which led to

828-424: A high loss in resulting cells in early research. For example, the cloned sheep Dolly was born after 277 eggs were used for SCNT, which created 29 viable embryos. Only three of these embryos survived until birth, and only one survived to adulthood. As the procedure could not be automated, and had to be performed manually under a microscope , SCNT was very resource intensive. The biochemistry involved in reprogramming

920-406: A host of other molecular biology tools. Cloning of any DNA fragment essentially involves four steps Although these steps are invariable among cloning procedures a number of alternative routes can be selected; these are summarized as a cloning strategy . Initially, the DNA of interest needs to be isolated to provide a DNA segment of suitable size. Subsequently, a ligation procedure is used where

1012-436: A listed subsidiary, to a list of "Chinese military companies" operating in the U.S. Cloning Cloning is the process of producing individual organisms with identical genomes , either by natural or artificial means. In nature, some organisms produce clones through asexual reproduction ; this reproduction of an organism by itself without a mate is known as parthenogenesis . In the field of biotechnology , cloning

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1104-493: A mammalian system. The first mammalian cloning (resulting in Dolly) had a success rate of 29 embryos per 277 fertilized eggs, which produced three lambs at birth, one of which lived. In a bovine experiment involving 70 cloned calves, one-third of the calves died quite young. The first successfully cloned horse, Prometea , took 814 attempts. Notably, although the first clones were frogs, no adult cloned frog has yet been produced from

1196-473: A mammoth carcass that had been preserved in a Russian laboratory and insert it into the egg cells of an Asian elephant in hopes of producing a mammoth embryo. The researchers said they hoped to produce a baby mammoth within six years. The challenges are formidable. Extensively degraded DNA that may be suitable for sequencing may not be suitable for cloning; it would have to be synthetically reconstituted. In any case, with currently available technology, DNA alone

1288-467: A mate). This is an asexual form of reproduction that is only found in females of some insects, crustaceans, nematodes, fish (for example the hammerhead shark ), Cape honeybees , and lizards including the Komodo dragon and several whiptails . The growth and development occurs without fertilization by a male. In plants, parthenogenesis means the development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg cell, and

1380-510: A means of reviving extinct species . In popular culture, the concept of cloning—particularly human cloning—is often depicted in science fiction ; depictions commonly involve themes related to identity, the recreation of historical figures or extinct species, or cloning for exploitation (e.g. cloning soldiers for warfare). Coined by Herbert J. Webber , the term clone derives from the Ancient Greek word κλών ( klōn ), twig , which

1472-567: A miniature version of desktop sequencer. In 2017, BGI began offering WGS for $ 600. In September 2022, MGI launched DNBSeq-G99, a new ultra-high-speed, mid-to-low throughput sequencer. In 2021, BGI developed Stereo-seq, its genome wide Spatial transcriptomics technology and released the first research findings from a consortium of scientific users of the technology in 2022. In 2022, BGI-Research and University of Chinese Academy of Sciences together with scientists globally, used sequencing technologies to undertake single cell sequencing to expand

1564-650: A novel Mendelian disease with neuromuscular and cardiac involvement, eating disorders , Prader-Willi syndrome and autism, ophthalmology , and oncology . In 2014, a collaboration among Radboud University (The Netherlands), Maastricht University Medical Centre (The Netherlands), Central South University (China) and Complete Genomics identified major causes of intellectual disability using whole genome sequencing. In 2016, Complete Genomics contributed over 184 phased human genomes to George Church's Personal Genome Project . In 2019, they published their new single-tube long fragment read (stLFR) technology, enabling

1656-765: A prenatal test, with the assistance of the People's Liberation Army, which is also used for genetic data collection. In an interview with the South China Morning Post , a BGI representative denied the Reuters report. The South China Morning Post stated that BGI published papers with the People's Liberation Army General Hospital and the Army Medical University , explaining in the article that in China "many top-notch hospitals are affiliated with

1748-575: A proposal for "a lunar backup record of humanity" that includes genetic information by Avi Loeb . Scientists at the University of Newcastle and University of New South Wales announced in March 2013 that the very recently extinct gastric-brooding frog would be the subject of a cloning attempt to resurrect the species. Many such de-extinction projects are being championed by the non-profit Revive & Restore and Colossal Biosciences . One of

1840-440: A small amount of trypsin is added. Cloned cells are collected from inside the ring and transferred to a new vessel for further growth. Somatic-cell nuclear transfer , popularly known as SCNT, can also be used to create embryos for research or therapeutic purposes. The most likely purpose for this is to produce embryos for use in stem cell research . This process is also called "research cloning" or "therapeutic cloning". The goal

1932-442: A somatic adult nucleus donor cell. There were early claims that Dolly had pathologies resembling accelerated aging. Scientists speculated that Dolly's death in 2003 was related to the shortening of telomeres , DNA-protein complexes that protect the end of linear chromosomes . However, other researchers, including Ian Wilmut who led the team that successfully cloned Dolly, argue that Dolly's early death due to respiratory infection

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2024-495: A somatic cell. Another example of artificial cloning is molecular cloning , a technique in molecular biology in which a single living cell is used to clone a large population of cells that contain identical DNA molecules. In bioethics , there are a variety of ethical positions regarding the practice and possibilities of cloning . The use of embryonic stem cells , which can be produced through SCNT, in some stem cell research has attracted controversy . Cloning has been proposed as

2116-586: A spinoff of Complete Genomics' consumer division. In February 2009, Complete Genomics announced that it had sequenced its first human genome and submitted the resulting variant data to the National Center for Biotechnology Information database. In November 2009, Complete Genomics published sequence data for three human genomes in the journal Science . The resulting data has supported research in diverse areas such as screening of embryos , detection of genetic relationships, neurology , aging ,

2208-495: A technique that creates monozygotic twins from a single embryo, is not considered in the same fashion as other methods of cloning. During that procedure, a donor embryo is split in two distinct embryos, that can then be transferred via embryo transfer . It is optimally performed at the 6- to 8-cell stage, where it can be used as an expansion of IVF to increase the number of available embryos. If both embryos are successful, it gives rise to monozygotic (identical) twins . Dolly ,

2300-584: A variety of ethical positions regarding the possibilities of cloning, especially human cloning . While many of these views are religious in origin, the questions raised by cloning are faced by secular perspectives as well. Perspectives on human cloning are theoretical, as human therapeutic and reproductive cloning are not commercially used; animals are currently cloned in laboratories and in livestock production. Advocates support development of therapeutic cloning to generate tissues and whole organs to treat patients who otherwise cannot obtain transplants, to avoid

2392-682: A wider discussion about the laws and regulations the world needs to regulate cloning. Two commonly discussed types of theoretical human cloning are therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning . Therapeutic cloning would involve cloning cells from a human for use in medicine and transplants, and is an active area of research, but is not in medical practice anywhere in the world, as of 2024 . Two common methods of therapeutic cloning that are being researched are somatic-cell nuclear transfer and, more recently, pluripotent stem cell induction . Reproductive cloning would involve making an entire cloned human, instead of just specific cells or tissues. There are

2484-723: Is a US-based subsidiary of MGI , MGI was a subsidiary of BGI before it was spun out and listed on the Shanghai Stock Exchange in 2022. In 2015, BGI signed a collaboration with the Zhongshan Hospital ' Center for Clinical Precision Medicine in Shanghai, opened in May 2015 with a budget of ¥100 million. They are reportedly being involved as a sequencing institution in China's US$ 9.2-billion research project for medical care which will last for 15 years. In May 2017,

2576-457: Is a component process of apomixis. In species that use the XY sex-determination system , the offspring will always be female. An example is the little fire ant ( Wasmannia auropunctata ), which is native to Central and South America but has spread throughout many tropical environments. Artificial cloning of organisms may also be called reproductive cloning . Hans Spemann , a German embryologist

2668-468: Is a life sciences company that has developed and commercialized a DNA sequencing platform for human genome sequencing and analysis. The company is a wholly-owned subsidiary of MGI . Complete Genomics was founded in June 2005 by Clifford Reid, Radoje (Rade) Drmanac, and John Curson. Clifford Reid was the chairman, president and chief executive officer of Complete Genomics before leaving in 2015 to set up Genos,

2760-418: Is a naturally occurring phenomenon in many species, including most plants and some insects. Scientists have made some major achievements with cloning, including the asexual reproduction of sheep and cows. There is a lot of ethical debate over whether or not cloning should be used. However, cloning, or asexual propagation, has been common practice in the horticultural world for hundreds of years. The term clone

2852-443: Is also the way that clonal colonies reproduce themselves. Some of the mechanisms are explored and used in plants and animals are binary fission, budding, fragmentation, and parthenogenesis. It can also occur during some forms of asexual reproduction, when a single parent organism produces genetically identical offspring by itself. Many plants are well known for natural cloning ability, including blueberry plants , Hazel trees,

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2944-432: Is in the vegetative reproduction of moss and liverwort gametophyte clones by means of gemmae . Some vascular plants e.g. dandelion and certain viviparous grasses also form seeds asexually, termed apomixis , resulting in clonal populations of genetically identical individuals. Clonal derivation exists in nature in some animal species and is referred to as parthenogenesis (reproduction of an organism by itself without

3036-448: Is not suitable for mammalian cloning; intact viable cell nuclei are required. Patching pieces of reconstituted mammoth DNA into an Asian elephant cell nucleus would result in an elephant-mammoth hybrid rather than a true mammoth. Moreover, true de-extinction of the woolly mammoth species would require a breeding population, which would require cloning of multiple genetically distinct but reproductively compatible individuals, multiplying both

3128-458: Is not to create cloned human beings (called "reproductive cloning"), but rather to harvest stem cells that can be used to study human development and to potentially treat disease. While a clonal human blastocyst has been created, stem cell lines are yet to be isolated from a clonal source. Therapeutic cloning is achieved by creating embryonic stem cells in the hopes of treating diseases such as diabetes and Alzheimer's. The process begins by removing

3220-552: Is the creation of a genetically identical copy of a human. The term is generally used to refer to artificial human cloning, which is the reproduction of human cells and tissues. It does not refer to the natural conception and delivery of identical twins . The possibility of human cloning has raised controversies . These ethical concerns have prompted several nations to pass legislation regarding human cloning and its legality. As of right now, scientists have no intention of trying to clone people and they believe their results should spark

3312-403: Is the process of creating cloned organisms of cells and of DNA fragments. The artificial cloning of organisms, sometimes known as reproductive cloning, is often accomplished via somatic-cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), a cloning method in which a viable embryo is created from a somatic cell and an egg cell . In 1996, Dolly the sheep achieved notoriety for being the first mammal cloned from

3404-408: Is the process whereby a new plant is created from a twig. In botany, the term lusus was used. In horticulture , the spelling clon was used until the early twentieth century; the final e came into use to indicate the vowel is a "long o" instead of a "short o". Since the term entered the popular lexicon in a more general context, the spelling clone has been used exclusively. Natural cloning

3496-418: Is the production of clones without the involvement of genetic engineering techniques or human intervention (i.e. artificial cloning). Natural cloning occurs through a variety of natural mechanisms, from single-celled organisms to complex multicellular organisms, and has allowed life forms to spread for hundreds of millions of years. Versions of this reproduction method are used by plants, fungi, and bacteria, and

3588-483: Is used in a wide array of biological experiments and practical applications ranging from genetic fingerprinting to large scale protein production. Occasionally, the term cloning is misleadingly used to refer to the identification of the chromosomal location of a gene associated with a particular phenotype of interest, such as in positional cloning . In practice, localization of the gene to a chromosome or genomic region does not necessarily enable one to isolate or amplify

3680-490: Is used in horticulture to refer to descendants of a single plant which were produced by vegetative reproduction or apomixis . Many horticultural plant cultivars are clones, having been derived from a single individual, multiplied by some process other than sexual reproduction. As an example, some European cultivars of grapes represent clones that have been propagated for over two millennia. Other examples are potato and banana. Grafting can be regarded as cloning, since all

3772-678: The China National GeneBank under a contract with the Chinese government. BGI Genomics, a subsidiary, was listed on the Shenzhen Stock Exchange in 2017. The company is supported by several China Government Guidance Funds and Chinese state-owned enterprises . Starting in 2021, details came to light about multiple controversies involving the BGI Group. These controversies include alleged collaboration with

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3864-736: The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024 that would prohibit government funding of BGI and its subsidiaries. As of 2024, BGI is identified in a list by the United States Department of Defense as a Chinese military company operating in the U.S. In April 2024, the United States House Select Committee on Strategic Competition between the United States and the Chinese Communist Party asked

3956-559: The People's Liberation Army (PLA) and use of genetic data from prenatal tests . BGI denied that it shares prenatal genetics data with the PLA. Wang Jian , Yu Jun, Yang Huanming and Liu Siqi created BGI, originally named Beijing Genomics Institute, in September 1999, in Beijing, China as a non-governmental independent research institute in order to participate in the Human Genome Project as China's representative. After

4048-619: The United States Department of Commerce 's Bureau of Industry and Security placed two BGI subsidiaries on its Entity List for assisting in alleged human rights abuses due to its genetic analysis work in Xinjiang . In March 2023, the United States Department of Commerce added BGI Research and BGI Tech Solutions (Hongkong) to the Entity List over allegations of surveillance and repression of ethnic minorities. BGI subsequently hired lobbyists at Steptoe & Johnson to soften language in

4140-691: The Zhejiang University also founded a new research institute, the James D. Watson Institute of Genome Sciences, Zhejiang University. In 2007, BGI broke away from the Chinese Academy of Sciences, became a private company, and relocated to Shenzhen. Yu Jun left BGI at this time purportedly selling his stake to the other 3 founders for a nominal sum. In 2008, BGI published the first human genome of an Asian individual. In 2010, BGI bought 128 Illumina HiSeq 2000 gene-sequencing machines, which

4232-577: The differentiated somatic cell nucleus and activating the recipient egg was also far from being well understood. However, by 2014 researchers were reporting cloning success rates of seven to eight out of ten and in 2016, a Korean Company Sooam Biotech was reported to be producing 500 cloned embryos per day. In SCNT, not all of the donor cell's genetic information is transferred, as the donor cell's mitochondria that contain their own mitochondrial DNA are left behind. The resulting hybrid cells retain those mitochondrial structures which originally belonged to

4324-442: The mitochondria in the cytoplasm also contains DNA and during SCNT this mitochondrial DNA is wholly from the cytoplasmic donor's egg, thus the mitochondrial genome is not the same as that of the nucleus donor cell from which it was produced. This may have important implications for cross-species nuclear transfer in which nuclear-mitochondrial incompatibilities may lead to death. Artificial embryo splitting or embryo twinning ,

4416-598: The next-generation sequencing technologies. In May 2018, reached an agreement with Mount Sinai Hospital (Toronto) , Canada, for first installation of BGISEQ platforms in North America. BGI Genomics, a subsidiary of the group made an initial public offering in July 2017 at Shenzhen Stock Exchange . In 2018, the BGI was reportedly 85.3% owned by Wang Jian, and the group owns 42.4% of its main unit BGI Genomics. In 2019, it

4508-601: The " Frozen zoo " at the San Diego Zoo , to store frozen tissue from the world's rarest and most endangered species. This is also referred to as 'conservation cloning'. Engineers have proposed a 'lunar ark' in 2021 – storing millions of seed, spore, sperm and egg samples from Earth's contemporary species in a network of lava tubes on the Moon as a genetic backup. Similar proposals have been made since at least 2008. These also include sending human customer DNA, and

4600-415: The 5th test to be given WHO Emergency Use Listing, and getting top marks in sensitivity tests in a Dutch study independently validating commercially available tests. BGI Genomics defended the product, blaming differences in thresholds used between labs looking at very low levels of the virus. The annual budget for the computer center was US$ 9 million. In the same year, BGI's computational biologists developed

4692-537: The Department of Defense for an explanation for why BGI subsidiaries Innomics and STOmics were not included in the same list. In 2011, BGI sequenced the genome of E. coli bacteria causing an epidemic in Europe to identify genes that lead to resistance to antibiotics. In January 2020, BGI Genomics announced its real-time fluorescent RT-PCR kit that helps in identification of SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID-19. This

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4784-516: The Illumina sequencers' short reads, SOAPdenovo has been used to assemble multiple human genomes (identifying an eight kilobase insertion not detected by mapping to the human reference genome) and animals, like the giant panda. Up until 2015, BGI had released BGISEQ-100, based on Thermo Fisher Scientific 's Ion Torrent device, and BGISEQ-1000, for both of which received an approval from the CFDA for

4876-689: The Pando trees , the Kentucky coffeetree , Myrica , and the American sweetgum. It also occurs accidentally in the case of identical twins, which are formed when a fertilized egg splits, creating two or more embryos that carry identical DNA. Molecular cloning refers to the process of making multiple molecules. Cloning is commonly used to amplify DNA fragments containing whole genes , but it can also be used to amplify any DNA sequence such as promoters , non-coding sequences and randomly fragmented DNA. It

4968-616: The Reuters report, a German privacy regulator launched a probe of a German company's use of BGI's prenatal genetic tests. In August 2021, the UK announced a registration requirement with the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency for BGI's prenatal tests. Regulators in Australia, Estonia, Canada, and Poland also raised concerns as did the U.S. National Counterintelligence and Security Center . In November 2021, Reuters reported that

5060-853: The UK, as well were founded BGI Asia Pacific with offices in Hong Kong , Kobe (Japan), Bangkok (Thailand), Laos , Singapore , Brisbane (Australia) and many others. In 2011, BGI reported it employed 4,000 scientists and technicians, and had a $ 192 million in revenue. BGI did the genome sequencing for the deadly 2011 Germany E. coli O104:H4 outbreak in three days and released it under an open license. Since 2012, it has started to commercialize its services, having investments from China Life Insurance Company , CITIC Group 's Goldstone Investment, Jack Ma 's Yunfeng Capital , and SoftBank China Capital. That year they also launched their own scientific journal, GigaScience , partnering with BioMed Central to publish data-heavy life science papers. A new partnership

5152-554: The amount of work and the uncertainties involved in the project. There are potentially other post-cloning problems associated with the survival of a reconstructed mammoth, such as the requirement of ruminants for specific symbiotic microbiota in their stomachs for digestion. However, scientists at Colossal Biosciences successfully revived 28,000 year old mammoth cells by using a mouse cell in 2020 and have successfully created induced pluripotent stem cells (iPRSCs) of Asian elephants in 2024. Complete Genomics Complete Genomics

5244-503: The amplified fragment is inserted into a vector (piece of DNA). The vector (which is frequently circular) is linearised using restriction enzymes , and incubated with the fragment of interest under appropriate conditions with an enzyme called DNA ligase . Following ligation, the vector with the insert of interest is transfected into cells. A number of alternative techniques are available, such as chemical sensitisation of cells, electroporation , optical injection and biolistics . Finally,

5336-474: The cloning vectors may contain colour selection markers, which provide blue/white screening (alpha-factor complementation) on X-gal medium. Nevertheless, these selection steps do not absolutely guarantee that the DNA insert is present in the cells obtained. Further investigation of the resulting colonies must be required to confirm that cloning was successful. This may be accomplished by means of PCR , restriction fragment analysis and/or DNA sequencing . Cloning

5428-538: The construction of long DNA molecules from short reads using a combinatorial process of DNA barcoding. It enables phasing, SV detection, scaffolding, and cost-effective diploid de novo genome assembly from second-generation sequencing technology . In March 2013, Complete Genomics was acquired by BGI Group , a genomics services company in Shenzhen , Guangdong , China. After the acquisition, Complete Genomics moved to San Jose and in June 2018 became part of MGI. MGI

5520-405: The donor's somatic cell nucleus is inserted into the oocyte. The oocyte will react to the somatic cell nucleus, the same way it would to a sperm cell's nucleus. The process of cloning a particular farm animal using SCNT is relatively the same for all animals. The first step is to collect the somatic cells from the animal that will be cloned. The somatic cells could be used immediately or stored in

5612-409: The effort showed that genetic material from a specific adult cell, designed to express only a distinct subset of its genes, can be redesigned to grow an entirely new organism. Before this demonstration, it had been shown by John Gurdon that nuclei from differentiated cells could give rise to an entire organism after transplantation into an enucleated egg. However, this concept was not yet demonstrated in

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5704-435: The egg. As a consequence, clones such as Dolly that are born from SCNT are not perfect copies of the donor of the nucleus. Organism cloning (also called reproductive cloning) refers to the procedure of creating a new multicellular organism, genetically identical to another. In essence this form of cloning is an asexual method of reproduction, where fertilization or inter-gamete contact does not take place. Asexual reproduction

5796-476: The first successful algorithm, based on graph theory , for aligning billions of 25 to 75-base pair strings produced by next-generation sequencers, specifically Illumina's Genome Analyzer, during de novo sequencing. SOAPdenovo is part of " Short Oligonucleotide Analysis Package " (SOAP) , a suite of tools developed by BGI for de novo assembly of human-sized genomes, alignment, SNP detection, resequencing, indel finding, and structural variation analysis. Built for

5888-467: The future), and largely also not replication – also described as mind cloning – of potential whole brain emulations. Cloning of animals is opposed by animal-groups due to the number of cloned animals that suffer from malformations before they die, and while food from cloned animals has been approved as safe by the US FDA, its use is opposed by groups concerned about food safety. In practical terms,

5980-409: The genome of the indica variety of rice. In 2014, BGI also collaborated on a project to re-sequence 3,000 rice genomes from 89 countries. BGI is a member of the international Earth BioGenome Project which aims to sequence the DNA of all known eukaryotic species on Earth. BGI has contributed to the 10KP Genome Sequencing Project, an affiliated project to sequence over 10,000 plant genomes. In 2004, BGI

6072-417: The inclusion of "licensing requirements for embryo research projects and fertility clinics, restrictions on the commodification of eggs and sperm, and measures to prevent proprietary interests from monopolizing access to stem cell lines" in international cloning regulations has been proposed, albeit e.g. effective oversight mechanisms or cloning requirements have not been described. Cloning, or more precisely,

6164-476: The laboratory for later use. The hardest part of SCNT is removing maternal DNA from an oocyte at metaphase II. Once this has been done, the somatic nucleus can be inserted into an egg cytoplasm. This creates a one-cell embryo. The grouped somatic cell and egg cytoplasm are then introduced to an electrical current. This energy will hopefully allow the cloned embryo to begin development. The successfully developed embryos are then placed in surrogate recipients, such as

6256-469: The military." BGI further stated "All NIPT data collected overseas are stored in BGI's laboratory in Hong Kong and are destroyed after five years, as stipulated by General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)". BGI also stated "BGI has never been asked to provide, nor has it provided data from its NIFTY tests to Chinese authorities for national security or national defense security purposes." In response to

6348-416: The most anticipated targets for cloning is the woolly mammoth , but attempts to extract DNA from frozen mammoths have been unsuccessful, though a joint Russo-Japanese team is currently working toward this goal. In January 2011, it was reported by Yomiuri Shimbun that a team of scientists headed by Akira Iritani of Kyoto University had built upon research by Dr. Wakayama, saying that they will extract DNA from

6440-651: The need for immunosuppressive drugs , and to stave off the effects of aging. Advocates for reproductive cloning believe that parents who cannot otherwise procreate should have access to the technology. Opponents of cloning have concerns that technology is not yet developed enough to be safe and that it could be prone to abuse (leading to the generation of humans from whom organs and tissues would be harvested), as well as concerns about how cloned individuals could integrate with families and with society at large. Cloning humans could lead to serious violations of human rights . Religious groups are divided, with some opposing

6532-476: The nucleus (containing the DNA) from an egg cell and inserting a nucleus from the adult cell to be cloned. In the case of someone with Alzheimer's disease, the nucleus from a skin cell of that patient is placed into an empty egg. The reprogrammed cell begins to develop into an embryo because the egg reacts with the transferred nucleus. The embryo will become genetically identical to the patient. The embryo will then form

6624-696: The project was completed, funding dried up, after which BGI moved to Hangzhou in exchange for funding from the Hangzhou Municipal Government. In 2002, BGI sequenced the rice genome, which was a cover story in the journal Science . In 2003, BGI decoded the SARS virus genome and created a kit for detection of the virus. In 2003, the Chinese Academy of Sciences founded the Beijing Institute of Genomics in cooperation with BGI, with Yang Huanming as its first director. BGI Hangzhou and

6716-499: The reconstruction of functional DNA from extinct species has, for decades, been a dream. Possible implications of this were dramatized in the 1984 novel Carnosaur and the 1990 novel Jurassic Park . The best current cloning techniques have an average success rate of 9.4 percent (and as high as 25 percent ) when working with familiar species such as mice, while cloning wild animals is usually less than 1 percent successful. Several tissue banks have come into existence, including

6808-508: The relevant genomic sequence. To amplify any DNA sequence in a living organism, that sequence must be linked to an origin of replication , which is a sequence of DNA capable of directing the propagation of itself and any linked sequence. However, a number of other features are needed, and a variety of specialised cloning vectors (small piece of DNA into which a foreign DNA fragment can be inserted) exist that allow protein production , affinity tagging , single-stranded RNA or DNA production and

6900-562: The settlement Illumina will receive a license to the BGI affiliates' patents, and both companies agreed to not sue each other for patent or antitrust violations in the United States for three years. In January 2021, Reuters reported that BGI has worked with the People's Liberation Army (PLA) and affiliated institutions such as the National University of Defense Technology on efforts to enhance soldiers' strength and other projects. In July 2021, Reuters reported that BGI developed

6992-481: The shoots and branches coming from the graft are genetically a clone of a single individual, but this particular kind of cloning has not come under ethical scrutiny and is generally treated as an entirely different kind of operation. Many trees, shrubs , vines , ferns and other herbaceous perennials form clonal colonies naturally. Parts of an individual plant may become detached by fragmentation and grow on to become separate clonal individuals. A common example

7084-467: The state of California set up COVID-19 testing labs at cost. The government of California rejected the offer due to geopolitical concerns, but Santa Clara County did buy COVID-19 test kits and equipment from BGI. On August 25, 2020, Reuters reported that about 3,700 people in Sweden were told in error that they had the coronavirus due to a fault in a COVID-19 testing kit from BGI Genomics. Despite being

7176-442: The technology as usurping "God's place" and, to the extent embryos are used, destroying a human life; others support therapeutic cloning's potential life-saving benefits. There is at least one religion, Raëlism , in which cloning plays a major role. Contemporary work on this topic is concerned with the ethics, adequate regulation and issues of any cloning carried out by humans, not potentially by extraterrestrials (including in

7268-442: The transfected cells are cultured. As the aforementioned procedures are of particularly low efficiency, there is a need to identify the cells that have been successfully transfected with the vector construct containing the desired insertion sequence in the required orientation. Modern cloning vectors include selectable antibiotic resistance markers, which allow only cells in which the vector has been transfected, to grow. Additionally,

7360-407: The transfer of a nucleus from a donor adult cell (somatic cell) to an egg from which the nucleus has been removed, or to a cell from a blastocyst from which the nucleus has been removed. If the egg begins to divide normally it is transferred into the uterus of the surrogate mother. Such clones are not strictly identical since the somatic cells may contain mutations in their nuclear DNA. Additionally,

7452-423: The understanding of early human embryonic development, to complete the first whole-body cell atlas of a non-human primate, to complete the world's first body-wide single cell transcriptome atlas of pigs, and to study the brains of ants to explain for the first time how the social division of labor within ant colonies is determined by functional specialization of their brains at cellular levels. In 2002, BGI published

7544-479: The use of cloning rings (cylinders). In this technique a single-cell suspension of cells that have been exposed to a mutagenic agent or drug used to drive selection is plated at high dilution to create isolated colonies, each arising from a single and potentially clonal distinct cell. At an early growth stage when colonies consist of only a few cells, sterile polystyrene rings (cloning rings), which have been dipped in grease, are placed over an individual colony and

7636-793: The world's first spatiotemporal map of axolotl brain regeneration. During the same year, a study carried out by BGI, Northeast Forestry University, and other institutions revealed the genomics consequences of inbreeding in the South China tiger by examining its chromosome-scale genomes and comparing it with the Amur tiger. In 2023, BGI and a scientific consortium jointly published a primate brain cell atlas. In 2019, competitor Illumina, Inc. filed multiple patent infringement lawsuits against BGI. In response, BGI has filed patent infringement lawsuits against Illumina alleging violations of federal antitrust and California unfair competition laws . In May 2022

7728-592: Was a Member of the International Chicken Genome Consortium that published the genome of the chicken. In 2009, BGI published the genome of the Giant Panda. In 2014, BGI and scientists from 20 countries worked together to complete the genome-wide sequencing of 48 bird species. In 2020, BGI contributed to the completion of whole genome sequencing of 363 genomes from 92.4% of bird families. In 2022, BGI led research that published

7820-635: Was announced formation of West Coast Innovation Center, co-located in Seattle and San Jose, on the first location planned to work on precision medicine and feature collaborations with University of Washington , the Allen Institute for Brain Science , the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation , and Washington State University , while on the second's already existing laboratory with 100 employees to develop

7912-634: Was awarded a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1935 for his discovery of the effect now known as embryonic induction, exercised by various parts of the embryo, that directs the development of groups of cells into particular tissues and organs. In 1924 he and his student, Hilde Mangold , were the first to perform somatic-cell nuclear transfer using amphibian embryos – one of the first steps towards cloning. Reproductive cloning generally uses " somatic cell nuclear transfer " (SCNT) to create animals that are genetically identical. This process entails

8004-656: Was backed by US$ 1.5 billion in "collaborative funds" over the next 10 years from the state lender China Development Bank . By the end of the year, they reportedly had a budget of $ 30 million. In 2010, BGI Americas was established with its main office in Cambridge, Massachusetts , US, and BGI Europe was established in Copenhagen , Denmark. By 2018, BGI opened offices and laboratories in Seattle and San Jose in US, and London in

8096-612: Was cloned at the Roslin Institute in Scotland by British scientists Sir Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell and lived there from her birth in 1996 until her death in 2003 when she was six. She was born on 5 July 1996 but not announced to the world until 22 February 1997. Her stuffed remains were placed at Edinburgh's Royal Museum , part of the National Museums of Scotland . Dolly was publicly significant because

8188-498: Was reported that a BGI subsidiary, Forensic Genomics International, had created a WeChat -enabled database of genetic profiles of people across the country. In July 2020, it was reported that BGI returned a Paycheck Protection Program loan following media scrutiny. In 2021, state-owned enterprises of State Development and Investment Corporation and China Merchants Group took ownership stakes in BGI Genomics. In July 2020,

8280-682: Was subsequently formed between the GigaScience Press department of BGI and Oxford University Press and since 2017 GigaScience has been co-published with the Oxford University Press. In 2013, BGI bought Complete Genomics of Mountain View, California , a major supplier of DNA sequencing technology, for US$ 118 million, after gaining approval from the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States . Complete Genomics

8372-567: Was subsequently verified and authorized for use in 14 countries and regions, including emergency use listing by the World Health Organization . BGI Genomics reported that by April 2021 the RT-PCR kits had been distributed to more than 180 countries and regions. BGI also developed biosafety level 2 high-throughput nucleic acid detection laboratories, named Huo-Yan laboratories. In the first half of 2020, BGI Group offered to help

8464-468: Was unrelated to problems with the cloning process. This idea that the nuclei have not irreversibly aged was shown in 2013 to be true for mice. Dolly was named after performer Dolly Parton because the cells cloned to make her were from a mammary gland cell, and Parton is known for her ample cleavage. The modern cloning techniques involving nuclear transfer have been successfully performed on several species. Notable experiments include: Human cloning

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