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59-591: BLG may refer to: Former ISO 639-3 code for Balau, a dialect of the Iban language . Barlow Lyde & Gilbert , a British law firm Belaga Airport , Sarawak, Malaysia Beluga Airport , Alaska β-Lactoglobulin Bilibili Gaming , a Chinese esports franchise BLG Logistics Group , a German seaport and logistics company in Bremen . Borden Ladner Gervais ,

118-504: A Canadian law firm Burke's Landed Gentry , a genealogical publication Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title BLG . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=BLG&oldid=1254451880 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

177-498: A few interrogative words: sapa , nama , ni , lapa , kemaya and berapa . Sapa Who empu own jam watch tu? this Sapa empu jam tu? Who own watch this Rajang River (Period of data: 2003-2016)4,715 m /s (166,500 cu ft/s) The Rajang River ( Malay : Sungai Batang Rajang ) is a river in Sarawak , northwestern Borneo , Malaysia . The river originates in

236-532: A halt. Jimbun Tawai, the former vice chairman of Sarawak Dayak Iban Association, called this period under Crown Colony as "golden era" of the Iban language. After the closure of BLB, other smaller publishers continue in this niche such as the Kuching-based publishing company named Klasik . Examples of works include ensera (Iban epic story) and cherita kelulu (morality novellas). Christian churches such as

295-686: A total revenue of RM 30.1 million although its total cargo throughput went down from 5.0 million to 3.2 million tonnes from the previous year. The five river ports along the Rajang river (arranged by their distances from the river mouth) are: River cruises for tourists were run on the Rajang between Sibu and the Pelagus Rapids Resort in Kapit from 2009 until 2012, but were terminated because of logistical and operational difficulties. During 2017's "Visit Sibu Year", longhouse visits along

354-422: Is adopted by Sarawak Royal Ranger Regiment as their motto. The battle cry is also used in speeches and car stickers to evoke the warrior spirit of the Iban people. The word "Oo-ha", an Iban call for celebration, was popularised by the former chief minister of Sarawak Adenan Satem as a form of "hello" before giving speeches in order to motivate a crowd. The Chinese-predominant Sarawak United Peoples' Party used

413-687: Is also related to other dialects such as Sebuyau, Kendayan , Balau and Selaku. According to the oral history of the Iban people, Benedict Sandin , in 1968, plotted the ancestry of the Iban people as descendants from the Kapuas Hulu Range, the border of Sarawak-Kalimantan. The Iban people arrived in Sarawak in the 16th century, and settled in the regions of Batang Lupar drainage basin and Undop river in southern Sarawak. From there, they migrated north, east, and west, and expanded into Saribas, Batang Sadong, Batang Layar, and Batang Lupar rivers. In

472-409: Is being referred in relation to the location of the addressee to the speaker. There are three demonstrative pronouns in Iban depending on location to the speaker. They can only be used to refer to an addressee (human) and cannot be used to refer to inanimate objects. Examples: Demonstrative adverbs in Iban are closely related to the demonstrative pronouns in Iban grammar. For example, corresponding to

531-401: Is considered unclean. Floods in the Rajang delta near the coast are usually caused by the rising tide while floods 120 km inland near Sibu is caused by heavy downpour with inadequate drainage caused by sediment accumulation in the river bed; as a result of heavy development of the river upstream. In September 2020, heavy rain in the upper tributaries of the Rajang caused flash floods in

590-414: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Iban language Iban has reached a stage of becoming a koiné language in Sarawak due to contact with groups speaking other related Ibanic languages within the state. It is ranked as Level 5 (i.e. "safe") in term of endangerment on Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale (EGIDS). In 2024,

649-567: Is known as Batang Rajang in Malay. Upriver areas, such as the areas surrounding the headwaters, are called "Ulu" (which means "upriver") or "Hulu" in Malay. " Hulu Rajang " is the upriver section of the Rajang river. Places along the river that are too small to be called towns are named "Nanga" in the Iban language , which is the language used in the areas where the tributaries join the main river. Examples of Nangas are: Nanga Ngemah, Nanga Dap, and Nanga Poi. In Iban, "Nanga" means "longhouse" and

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708-554: Is often followed by the name of the river that runs by it. There are certain communities that use "Rumah" (meaning "house" in Malay), often followed by the name of the headman (thus it can change in time). "Long", meaning "confluence", is used by the Orang Ulu (upriver people) to name places located at the confluence between the smaller tributaries and the major river, just as Malay uses the name "Kuala" (meaning "river delta"). Amongst

767-535: Is the longest river system in Malaysia, with its source in the Nieuwenhuis mountains, where it forms the political boundary between Malaysia and Indonesia. There is more than 160 inches (410 cm) of rainfall each year in these mountains, which forms the headwaters of Rajang. The river flows from northeast to southwest. The Punan Bah people reside at the headwaters of the Rajang. One of the Rajang tributaries,

826-413: Is used for a noun which is generally near to the speaker, nya 'that, those' is used for a noun which is generally far from the speaker, and nyin , which is the furthest from the speaker. These words can also act as demonstrative pronouns where they can stands on theirs own, replacing rather than modifying a noun. Example: In Iban, demonstrative pronouns are words that show which person or thing

885-688: The Austronesian language family . The Malayic languages originate from western Borneo, thus Iban is closely related to Malay , especially the Sarawakian dialect . Other isolects in the Ibanic group of languages are Sebuyau, Mualang, Kantu, and Seberuang. These groups of languages can be identified by the word-final position in certain lexical forms of /-ai/. These lexical forms are similar to other Malayic languages with lexical forms of /-an/, /-ang/, or, less frequently, /-ar/. The Iban language

944-819: The Balui River , north of the Hose Mountains , flows into the lands of the Kayan people and Kenyah people . At the western end of a great bend in the river is the Belaga District , and further downstream are the Pelagus Rapids where the Iban people dominate. The rapids are located 180 miles (290 km) from the Rajang river mouth. As the Balleh River joins the Balui river from south of

1003-657: The Iran Mountains , flows through Kapit , and then towards the South China Sea . At approximately 565 km long (351 mi), the river is the seventh-longest in Borneo and the longest in Malaysia. Malaysia's largest and tallest (160m) hydro electric project, the Bakun Hydro Electric Dam , is located on the Balui River , a tributary of the Rajang. Other important tributaries include

1062-655: The Katibas River , Ngemah River, Iran River, Pila River, Balleh River , Bangkit River and the Kanowit River. In Sarawakian Malay, a major river is named Batang (meaning "trunk" or "tree" in Malay) as it is the main larger stream which took its "root" from its tributary rivers which is known as Sungai ("river" in Sarawakian Malay) and branches out again at the delta, thus the Rajang River

1121-631: The Pacific swallow , Little spiderhunter , and Asian glossy starling . Twenty species of birds (mainly eagles, egret , kingfishers, woodpeckers) are protected, while seven species of birds (mainly hornbill and pheasant ) are totally protected under the Sarawak Wildlife Protection Ordinance 1998. A total of 164 fish species was recorded at the Rajang basin in 2005. Empurau ( Tor tambroides ) and Semah ( Tor douronensis ) fish are considered popular fishes among

1180-532: The 1800s, they moved into the Rajang basin (middle region of Sarawak) from Batang Lupar river, Katibas river, and Saribas river (Saribas is a tributary of the Rajang River ). By 1870s, they had reached Mukah and Oya rivers. In the early 1900s, they reached Balingian, Tatau, and Kemena rivers (near Bintulu). They also reached the Baram area and Limbang rivers around the same time in northern Sarawak and would become

1239-572: The British in 1958 to collect and document oral Iban literature. BLB published more than 60 Iban language books during its lifetime until 1973 when it was replaced by a Malaysian federal government agency Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka (DBP) in 1977. After that, the publication of books in Bornean languages came to a halt. The publication of the Nendak magazine, which was started by BLB in 1967 also came to

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1298-524: The Catholic church publish prayer books that adopt certain aspects of Iban adat (culture). Thus, Christian texts bear greater significance as cultural repositories of the Iban language when to compared to other genres after the demise of BLB. State-sponsored media such as Berita Rakyat was founded in 1974 and ended in the 1990s. The magazine was started by Rajang Security Command (RASCOM) in Sibu to defeat

1357-842: The Chinese in Sibu , the Rajang River is also nicknamed the "Swan River" (鹅江), probably because of the legendary appearance of a flock of swans flying over the area, resulting in the end of a famine. Alternatively, it may originate with the Sibu Chinese immigrants regarding the Melanau people as "Go" people because their staple food was "Sago". "Go" is pronounced in a similar way to the Hokkien word for "Swan". Chinese immigrants may have been reminded of another "Swan River" back in China. The Rajang

1416-425: The Chinese, Iban, and Kayan people. Kapit is the biggest town in the upper Rajang river. Further downriver are smaller towns such as Song , which is located at the mouth of the Katibas River . At about 120 miles (190 km) from the sea, there are owned by both Chinese and Iban people. The lands are divided into parcels measuring several acres, where smallholders clear the land for agricultural activities. In

1475-414: The Chinese. Tanjung Manis District (16 miles (26 km) from the river's mouth) is located near the Rajang delta where the Malay and Melanau people dominate. Bruit Island is situated inside the Rajang delta, with a lighthouse at Sirik Point. The Rajang delta is bounded by the towns of Igan in the north and Rajang (4 miles (6.4 km) from the river's mouth) in the south. The population of

1534-468: The Hose Mountains, the Rajang becomes broader and deeper. It is estimated that about 25% of the people of Sarawak live in the region where the Rajang is at its broadest. At this intersection point, about 160 miles (260 km) from the river mouth, the river begins to flow from east to west, near the town of Kapit . Kapit is the last stop for express boats coming from Sibu , and is inhabited by

1593-472: The Iban language is offered as a minor subject for Iban students majoring in Malay studies. The introduction of Iban language subjects in schools results in the standardisation of Iban language spelling, dialect, and pronunciation from regional variations. In 2003, Malaysian federal authorities banned the Iban-language Bible or Bup Kudus as its use of the word "Allah" for God overlaps with

1652-751: The Iban language section in October 2020. Iban language support was added to Malaysian domain of Google Translate in 2024. The Iban language is allowed in the Sarawak State Legislative Assembly with the special permission from the Speaker and simultaneous interpretations will be provided during the assembly sitting and when written into the Hansard. Rentap 's battle cry while fighting against James Brooke in 1860s “Agi Idup, Agi Ngelaban!” (“I will fight as long I will live!”)

1711-663: The Iban language was included in Google Translate and became a historic moment as the first Borneo language to be registered into Google Translate and as the first Malaysian language to be registered into it other than Malay . Iban comes from the Ibanic language group spoken in Sarawak, West Kalimantan, and Brunei within Borneo island. part of the Malayic subshoot of the Malayo-Polynesian branch in

1770-491: The Iban language was used in government official letters, courts, announcements, and notices. Radio Sarawak, started by the British, offered Iban language programmes. The Iban language, known under the name of "Asian language", was offered as an examination subject in the Sarawak Junior Certificate. The "Asian language" was renamed to "Iban language" in 1963. Borneo Literature Bureau (BLB) was founded by

1829-776: The Iban language. Trades in the Sarawak bazaars are also frequently conducted in the Iban language. Iban has the following consonant inventory: Iban has a six-vowel system, with five cardinal vowels plus schwa : Vowel sounds are nasalized when preceded by a nasal consonant. Lexical roots can be expanded by many affixes in Iban, as exemplified here with the verb gagai . There are four types of affixes in Iban, namely prefixes , suffixes , circumfixes and infixes . Other examples: Iban has separate words for inclusive and exclusive we , and distinguishes singular , dual , and plural . Sample Pronouns are primarily put after subjects. Sample phases: There are three demonstrative determiners in Iban. Tu 'this, these'

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1888-430: The Iban section in 2017. A monthly Iban magazine named Pegari was also published by a small company named PEGARI Iban Production from 2012 to 2018. Borneo Media Solutions, a subsidiary of PEGARI Iban Production, also published several books in Iban language. RTM opened their first Borneo-oriented channel TVi in 2011 which later became TV Okey in 2018 which includes a 30-minute Iban news slot. TV Sarawak started

1947-497: The Iban subjects since 1968. The number of primary schools offering the Iban language subject increased to 1,264 in 2015, while the number of secondary schools reduced to 52 in 2015. Most schools have a significant Iban population in the Kapit, Sibu, Sri Aman, and Sarikei Divisions. The Iban language subject is also offered in undergraduate programmes in two teachers' institutions in Sarawak. In Sultan Idris Education University , Perak ,

2006-525: The Iban word "Sa'ati" (United) as their party slogan. Another Chinese-predominant Sarawak Democratic Action Party has been using the Iban language to garner support from the Iban population. Other words include "Segulai sejalai" (going together) that was selected as the slogan for Malaysian national unity, and "Ngap Sayot" (literally means "eat vegetables") used by Sarawak FA football team battle cry to signify taking down opponents just like eating vegetables. Iban churches in Sarawak conduct services in

2065-567: The Kayan and Kenyah migrated to the Balui river from the present day Indonesian Kalimantan . Meanwhile, the Iban people migrated from West Kalimantan to the lower Rajang valley, moving their agricultural base. Inter-ethnic conflicts followed the introduction of new tribes into the Rajang basin, and some ethnic groups fled to the Balingian and Tatau rivers. In the late 19th century, the government of Charles Brooke began constructing forts along

2124-454: The Rajang River were promoted as an ecotourism project. Crocodiles, which live by the river banks, became the mascot for the event. The town of Sibu can be assessed by oceangoing vessels for 80 miles (130 km), while an additional 100 miles (160 km) of the river can be assessed by shallow-draft craft. The remaining parts of the river, leading into the Sarawak interior, can only be assessed by small canoes. Speedboats and longboats are

2183-409: The Rajang basin by a study of 2004. The mouth of the river is the only place where the dolphins can be sighted. Totally protected mammals include gibbon , langurs , black giant squirrel , slow loris , and tarsier . Civets , otters , bats , treeshrew , and primates are also included under the Sarawak Wildlife Protection Ordinance 1998. Wild pigs and deer are the animals most frequently hunted by

2242-479: The Rajang basin was very low in the 19th century during the Bruneian Empire . The people living along the river's banks traded with Malays from Brunei. At that time, the Melanau, Kanowit and Rajang ethnic groups lived downriver; Bhuket, Punan Bah , Lugat, Sihan and Kejaman ethnic groups lived at the middle section of the river, with Penan and Seping tribes living in the upriver area. After the 19th century,

2301-436: The Rajang basin. Trading of Engkabang fruits ("illipe nuts") were commonly traded in the 1960s and 1970s, with the trade centred on Sibu. The fruits are also a food for fish such as empurau that populate the river. Other agricultural activities in the Rajang basin include the cultivation of rubber, pepper and vegetables, and poultry domestication. The Rajang Port Authority (RPA) is the main regulatory body for coordinating

2360-416: The Rajang in an attempt to achieve political stability in the Rajang basin. The Chinese then started to move inland and settle near the forts and trade various forest products with the natives. In 1884, Fort Vyner was constructed, and Belaga soon became the political and economic centre of the district. Subsequently, government offices, schools, a bank, a police station, a mosque, and churches were built around

2419-512: The Rajang river from May to December 2004 found that the main channel of the Rajang river was turbid except for smaller tributaries. The water transparency was about 4 cm to 5 cm at that time. Based on Taxonomic richness index , the stretch of upstream river between Kanowit and Belaga river is recovering from logging 15 to 20 years ago with the exception of Penaan river because the local community uses toxic chemicals to capture fish. The stretch of river downstream from Lebaan to Selalang river

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2478-410: The communists' activities in the Rajang basin. The magazine stopped publication after the cessation of the communist insurgency in Sarawak in 1990. The state government's information department published another magazine named Pembrita and aimed to provide developmental news to the rural Iban populace, such as exemplary longhouses, lucrative cash crops, and animal husbandry. The magazine also called on

2537-474: The demonstrative pronouns are the adverbs such as kitu ('going here'), kia ('going there') and kin ('going there (farthest)') equivalent adverbs corresponding to the demonstrative pronoun this are tu , nya and nyin . Examples: Examples: Iban also has a set of adverbs referring to manner. They are a combination of baka (ke) ('like/as') and the abbreviated determiner forms tu , nya and nyin . Examples: Iban also has

2596-532: The fort. During the Brooke era, the sago processing industry was an important economic activity amongst the Melanaus, and it provided an important revenue for the Sarawak government. The sago products were sent to the port of Sibu for export overseas. The Ibans in the Rajang basin exchanged jungle produce with Chinese and Malay businessmen for salt, beads, metal, porcelain utensils, earthen jars, and coins. Seeing

2655-480: The government's authority there. As a result of this policy, several minority ethnic groups such as Bukitans living along the Batang Lupar River were assimilated into the Iban people, thus contributing to the growth of Iban tribe and the expansion of the Iban language in the state. The Iban language was taught in schools in the 1940s during the Brooke era. During the period of Crown Colony of Sarawak ,

2714-559: The largest ethnic group in Sarawak. Fearing that the Iban tribes outnumbered the pre-existing local tribes with detrimental environmental effects on lands intended for shifting cultivation, the Brooke government restricted the Iban people from further migration to other river systems such as the Baleh river. However, the Brooke government allowed the Ibans to settle in other areas such as Lundu, Balingian, Bintulu, Limbang and Baram to consolidate

2773-453: The locals. A total of 122 species of bird was recorded by the 2004 study, with 21 species along the mouth of the river, 96 species in the Hose Mountains , and 88 species at Lanjak Entimau in the interior of Sarawak. The only endemic species of bird found in the Rajang basin was the Dusky munia , found abundantly in paddy fields. Other species of bird commonly found along the Rajang basin are

2832-517: The locals. the Empurau is still found breeding near the upper tributaries of Rajang such as the Balleh River , and also near the Bakun Dam . The major economic activity in the upper reaches of the Rajang River is logging. Among the types of wood that are extracted for exports are Ramin , plywood , Kapur , Meranti , Keruing , and Belian . Rice is the dominant crop along the middle section of

2891-578: The low-lying areas of Kapit, Song, Kanowit and Sibu. On 6 October 2010, heavy rain have caused a massive landslide that brought logs and debris down into the Balleh river, tributaries above Kapit, and then into the Rajang river. It was estimated that the volume of the logs and debris had exceeded 300,000m in length. The logjam also affected the Igan river . The log debris, stretching 50 km, reached Sibu on 8 October, causing transportation difficulties for

2950-501: The major form of transport between Kapit and Belaga. Transportation above Belaga to the Balui River requires longboats. The Rajang River is also used for transporting logs. During the monsoon season, some areas of the interior are accessible only by river. Meanwhile, in the towns downriver, market traders are often affected by floods. Logging operations are rampant on the upstream of the Rajang river. A major study conducted along

3009-615: The midst of these Mixed Zone Lands, 105 miles (169 km) miles from the sea, is the town of Kanowit ; the river here is 0.5 miles (0.80 km) wide. The biggest town on the banks of the river is Sibu , some 65 miles (105 km) upriver from the mouth of the Rajang. It can be reached by ocean-going vessels, and is the political, economic, cultural, and education centre of the central region of Sarawak. Other towns located further downriver are Sarikei (24 miles (39 km) from Rajang town) and Bintangor (11 miles (18 km) from Sarikei). These two towns have been mainly settled by

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3068-522: The people living alongside the river and killed many fish. On 2 November 2012, Global Witness claimed that the logging operations of Interglobal Empire, a subsidiary of the WTK group of companies, owners of the logging concession T/3476, were responsible for the landslide into the Melatai River which subsequently blocked the Rajang River. Similar logjam occurred in early 2017 at the upper reaches of

3127-582: The period of the Communist insurgency , the Sarawak government set up the "Rajang Special Security Area", and Rajang Security Command (RASCOM) was formed as a result of co-operation of civil, military, and police command headquarters, to clamp down on communist activities in the Rajang delta. Construction of the Bakun Dam on the upper Balui River, from 1997, resulted in the Sungai Asap resettlement scheme. Thirty species of mammals were recorded along

3186-451: The rural Ibans to modernise their ways of farming. There were no Iban newspapers in the 1990s and early 2000s. The high cost of imported paper materials and low advertising revenues contributed to the difficulties of Iban newspaper publishing. The Tun Jugah Foundation was established in 1985 after the death of Jugah Barieng , paramount chief of the Iban, to record the oral history of the Iban people, producing Iban dictionaries and surveys of

3245-478: The rural-urban migration of the Iban people. Radio Televisyen Malaysia (RTM) expanded their Iban radio broadcasts to 10 hours on Sundays and 9 hours on rest of the week by the 1980s as WaiFM Cats FM is the first commercial radio station to broadcast in Iban opening in 1997. The Iban language was included in the primary school curriculum in 1968 and a few secondary schools in 1988. From 1968-9, teachers' training colleges offered Iban as an elective subject. It

3304-522: The success of Chinese planting rubber trees and pepper vines, the Ibans also started to grow these cash crops. Later, when the Chinese ventured into the logging industry, urban migration of the Ibans occurred, whilst the Kayans and Kenyahs grew rice, cash crops such as rubber, coffee, and groundnuts. The Penans and Punans maintained a nomadic way of life, bringing jungle produce, woven items, and handicrafts for sale at local markets. On 25 March 1973, during

3363-484: The trade activities of all five river ports along the Rajang River. RPA serves to provide maintenance, adequate and efficient port services for all users of the ports. It is located at the Sibu port operation centre Sibu and Sungai Merah can be assessed via a shorter route through the Paloh river where the distances from the mouth of the river can be shortened to 82 km and 92 km respectively. In 2012, RPA recorded

3422-573: The use of Allah as the name of God in Islam . While Christianity is the majority faith of the Iban, Islam has official federal status , which the government argues can "confuse" the Muslim populace in the state. The ban was lifted by the then deputy prime minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi after persistent protests. Newspapers The Borneo Post and Utusan Borneo started Iban language sections in 2010 and 2014 respectively. The Borneo Post stopped

3481-606: Was only in 1988 that Iban was formalised as part of the Malaysian national curriculum. There are no Iban-medium schools in Sarawak. In 2008, Iban was taught as an elective language subject in Malaysian Form 5 secondary schools for the Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia (SPM) certificate examination. A survey done in Sarawak in 2008 showed that a total of 367 primary schools and 55 secondary schools have taught

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