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57-691: BR-459 is a federal highway that connects Poços de Caldas , in Minas Gerais , to Lorena , in the state of São Paulo . Its extension is planned to the municipality of Angra dos Reis , in the state of Rio de Janeiro . In the state of Minas Gerais, the BR-459 is 215.4 km (133.8 mi) long and passes through the municipalities of Poços de Caldas, Caldas , Santa Rita de Caldas , Ipuiúna , Senador José Bento , Congonhal , Pouso Alegre , Santa Rita do Sapucaí , Cachoeira de Minas , Piranguinho , Itajubá , Wenceslau Braz e Delfim Moreira , located in

114-518: A latitude at 19'55" in the South tropical zone . Yearly temperatures average between 9 and 35 °C (48 and 95 °F). The Köppen climate classification of the region is tropical savanna climate ( Aw ), milder due to the elevation, with humid/warm summers and dry/mild winters. Belo Horizonte is located about 500 kilometres (310 mi) from the sea. Even though inter-seasonal differences are not as pronounced as they are in temperate places, there

171-593: A commission he got thanks to then-mayor and soon-to-be-president Juscelino Kubitschek . These two men are largely responsible for the wide avenues , large lakes, parks, and jutting skylines that characterize the city today. A 1949 American government film favorably reviewed the planning and building of the city. Belo Horizonte is fast becoming a regional center of commerce. The Latin American research and development center of Google, situated in Belo Horizonte,

228-640: A decade. There is some evidence that these programs have helped support a higher quality of life for the local farmers partnering with the city and that this may be having positive effects on biodiversity in the Atlantic rainforest around the city. The city's development of these policies garnered the first "Future Policy Award" in 2009, awarded by the World Future Council , a group of 50 activists (including Frances Moore Lappé , Vandana Shiva , Wes Jackson , and Youssou N'Dour ) concerned with

285-453: A high plateau formed by mountains, fields and valleys with an area of approximately 750 km . The average elevation is 1200 m (3937 ft), with Cristo Redentor, the highest point, at 1686 m (5531 ft). The topography is highly suggestive of a volcanic crater and, given that the region's rocks are indeed igneous and there are hot springs , this gave rise to a common misconception that Poços de Caldas would be located inside

342-595: A population of around six million inhabitants (as of 2021 , according to Brazil's National Institute of Geography and Statistics ( IBGE )). The intense process of urbanization that is taking place in the metropolitan region has made some of the political boundaries between municipalities in the region obsolete. The city is now composed of a relatively contiguous urban area, centred on Belo Horizonte, which extends out into municipalities such as Contagem , Betim , Nova Lima , Raposos , Ribeirão das Neves , Ibirité , Santa Luzia and Sabará , among others. The municipality

399-552: A region of contact between different geological series of the Proterozoic . The geology largely comprises crystalline rocks , which give rise to the varied morphology of the landscape. It is located in a large geological unit known as the craton of São Francisco , referring to extensive crustal nucleus of central-eastern Brazil, tectonically stable at the end of the Paleoproterozoic and bordering areas that suffered

456-690: A total area of 1.4 million square meters, is located at the Foundation's headquarters and is regarded as one of the most complete in Latin America. It has a collection of close to 900 animals representing 200 species, from Brazil and other parts of the world, as well as the first public butterfly sanctuary in South America. Pampulha Ecological Park is administered by the Zoo-Botanical Foundation of Belo Horizonte and

513-453: Is a contrast between spring and summer, and between fall and winter. The coldest month is generally July, with a lowest recorded temperature of 3.1 °C (38 °F). The hottest month is usually January. With an elevation of 852 m (2,795 ft), Belo Horizonte is cooled considerably by the relatively high elevation, which suppresses high maximum air temperatures experienced in nearby cities at lower altitudes. Belo Horizonte's climate

570-443: Is also an East-West Express Way, which goes from the city to the nearby industrial centres of Contagem and Betim (together having a population of ca. 900,000), and Anel Rodoviário, a kind of "beltway" – indeed it is not circumferential, but connects many highways, such as the federal (BR-ones) so it is not necessary for a large number of cars and trucks to pass through the city centre. Many of these roads are in poor condition, but in

627-607: Is bounded to the north by Vespasiano , to the north east by Santa Luzia, by Sabará to the east, by Nova Lima to the southeast, Brumadinho to the south and Ribeirão das Neves, Contagem and Ibirité to the west. According to the current geographic classification by IBGE, the municipality belongs to the Immediate Geographic Region of Belo Horizonte , in the Intermediate Geographic Region of Belo Horizonte . Belo Horizonte lies on

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684-408: Is built on several hills, and is completely surrounded by mountains. There are several large parks in the surroundings of Belo Horizonte. The Mangabeiras Park (Parque das Mangabeiras), 6 km (4 mi) southeast of the city centre in the hills of Curral Ridge (Serra do Curral), has a broad view of the city. It has an area of 2.35 km (580 acres), of which 0.9 km (220 acres) is covered by

741-494: Is characterized by dry winters and mild summers. The winter is from April to September and has an average temperature of 15 °C and rainfall of 315 mm. The summer is from October to March and has an average temperature of 21 °C with rainfall of 1,430 mm. The annual rainfall is 1,745 mm. The average annual temperature is 17 °C with record low of -6 °C and record high of 31.7 °C. Known principally for its thermal baths, there are several resorts in

798-572: Is home to 16% of the country's biotechnology companies, with annual sales of over R$ 550 million. Projects in these fields are likely to expand because of integration between universities, the oil company Petrobras and the Brazilian Government . One of the largest events that ever took place in the city, the Inter-American Development Bank meeting, occurred in 2005 and attracted people from all over

855-524: Is mild throughout the year. Temperatures vary between 11 and 31 °C (52 and 88 °F), the average being 22 °C (72 °F). Winter is dry and mostly sunny, and summer is rainy. According to the 2022 census , there were 2,315,560 people residing in the city of Belo Horizonte. The census revealed the following numbers: 1,008,878 White people (43.6%), 986,302 Pardo ( Multiracial ) people (42.6%), 312,920 Black people (13.5%), 4,881 Asian people (0.2%), 2,486 Amerindian people (0.1%). In 2010,

912-556: Is the 6th most populous of the country . During the 18th century, Minas Gerais received many Portuguese immigrants, mainly from Northern Portugal as well as many enslaved Africans. Belo Horizonte has a notable Italian influence ; around 30% of the city's population have some Italian origin . The Italian culture is present in the cuisine, dance, and language. People of German , Spanish , French , and Syrian-Lebanese ancestries also make up sizeable groups. Source: IBGE 2010. In 1993, under mayor Patrus Ananias de Souza,

969-653: Is the distribution and processing centre of a rich agricultural and mining region and the nucleus of a burgeoning industrial complex. Production is centred on steel, steel products, automobiles , and textiles. Gold, manganese , and gemstones mined in the surrounding region are processed in the city. The main industrial district of the city was set during the 1940s in Contagem , a part of greater Belo Horizonte. Multinational companies like FIAT (which opened its plant in Betim in 1974), Arcelor , and Toshiba have subsidiaries in

1026-514: Is the main attraction and can be consumed in several fountains and at Thermas Antônio Carlos. There is an aerial tram to get to the Statue of Christ the Redeemer (1,686 m). At the top of the mountain there is a great view of the nearby mountains. The city also offers options such as a Japanese tea garden, a theme park, museums, theaters, and other cultural events, including the yearly Music in

1083-597: The 18th-largest in the Americas. The metropolis is anchor to the Belo Horizonte metropolitan area , ranked as the third most populous metropolitan area in Brazil and the 17th most populous in the Americas. Belo Horizonte is the capital of the state of Minas Gerais , Brazil's second-most populous state . It is the first planned modern city in Brazil. The region was first settled in the early 18th century, but

1140-468: The Brazilian government set a deadline for its completion. The local government encouraged growth through subsidies. It offered free lots and funding for building houses. An interesting feature of Reis' downtown street plan for Belo Horizonte was the inclusion of a symmetrical array of perpendicular and diagonal streets named after Brazilian states and indigenous Brazilian indigenous tribes. In 1906

1197-486: The NYSE -listed electrical company CEMIG . Leading steel product makers Sumitomo Metals of Japan and Vallourec of France also have plans to construct an integrated steel works on the outskirts of the city. There are also a large number of small enterprises in the technology sector with regional to nationwide success, particularly in the fields of computing and biotechnology. Because of both governmental and private funding in

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1254-468: The football tournament during the 2016 Summer Olympics . The metropolis was once a small village, founded by João Leite da Silva Ortiz  [ pt ] , a bandeirante explorer from São Paulo . The explorer settled in the region in 1701, leading a gold rush expedition. He then established a farm called "Curral d'el Rey," archaic Portuguese for the "King's Corral". The farm's wealth and success encouraged people from surrounding places to move into

1311-597: The Cataguases Indians, who were expelled from their lands by the Bandeiras Unidas Paulistas during their quest for gold. The place was first called Freguesia de Nossa Senhora da Saúde das Águas de Caldas ("Parish of Our Lady of Health of Caldas Waters"). In 1874 it became a district, then, in 1875, it was elevated to the category of city. It became famous after the discovery of the hot springs , and many important people began to visit

1368-500: The Good Journey." After the construction of Belo Horizonte, the old baroque chapel was replaced by a neo-Gothic church that became the city's cathedral. The previous capital of Minas Gerais, Ouro Preto (meaning "black gold," due to dark rocks with gold inside found on the region), originally called "Vila Rica" ("wealthy village"), was a symbol of both the monarchic Brazilian Empire and the period when most of Brazilian income

1425-649: The Mesoregion of the South and Southwest of Minas. km 0 of the stretch in Minas Gerais is located in Poços de Caldas, while km 215.4 is located on the border with the state of São Paulo. In this state, the highway is part of the Caminhos Gerais, Serras Verdes do Sul de Minas and Caminhos do Sul de Minas tourist circuits. In the state of São Paulo, BR-459 is 32.2 km (20.0 mi) long and crosses

1482-490: The Mountains Festival ( Festival Musica nas Montanhas ). The city is served by Emb. Walther Moreira Salles Airport . Poços de Caldas is twinned with: Belo Horizonte Belo Horizonte is the sixth-largest city in Brazil, with a population of around 2.3 million, and the third largest metropolitan area, containing a population of 6 million. It is the 13th-largest city in South America and

1539-479: The capital into a national hub for this segment of the tourist industry . Several higher education institutions are located in Belo Horizonte, including: Belo Horizonte is served by two airports: The city is connected to the rest of Minas Gerais state and the country by a number of roadways. Minas Gerais has the country's largest federal highway network. The city is also served by other minor roads such as state highways MG-020, MG-050, MG-030, and MG-433. There

1596-625: The city as it is known today was planned and constructed in the 1890s to replace Ouro Preto as the capital of Minas Gerais. The city features a mixture of contemporary and classical buildings and is home to several modern Brazilian architectural icons, most notably the Pampulha Complex . In planning the city, Aarão Reis and Francisco Bicalho sought inspiration in the urban planning of Washington, D.C. The city has employed notable programs in urban revitalization and food security , for which it has been awarded international accolades. The city

1653-414: The city had 428,893 opposite-sex couples and 1,090 same-sex couples . The population of Belo Horizonte was 53.1% female and 46.9% male. The Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte, called Greater Belo Horizonte , is the 3rd most populous of Brazil , after only Greater São Paulo (with 19,672,582 people, first in Brazil and 5th in the world ) and Greater Rio de Janeiro (with 14,387,000 people). The city

1710-417: The city started a series of innovations based on its citizens having the " right to food ." These include, for example, creating farmers' markets in the town to enable direct sales and regularly surveying market prices and posting the results across the city. The city's process of participatory budgeting was linked with these innovations, as a result of which the infant mortality rate was reduced by 50% in

1767-541: The city there are four glass factories: Ca'D'oro, São Marcos, Veneza and Bonora. The local soils are rich in minerals that yield thorium and zirconium . One rare zirconium ore, caldasite , was named for the area. The city has Brazil's first uranium-ore concentration plant, for use in the Angra Nuclear Power Plant in Angra dos Reis . Poços is also the home of one of the largest bauxite mines in

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1824-522: The city. Due to its wealth in hydro-mineral resources, Poços de Caldas is also known for the quality of the soap that it produces. There are four factories in the city: Raízes, Antares, Sarandi and Terra Brasil. Poços is famous for its glass, which is known internationally. The founders of the factories were descendants of the artistic glassmakers who lived on the Island of Murano , near Venice, in Italy. In

1881-524: The city. The service sector plays a very important role in the economy of Belo Horizonte, being responsible for 85% of the city's Gross Domestic Product (GDP), with other industry making up most of the remaining 15%. Belo Horizonte has a developed industrial sector, being traditionally a hub of the Brazilian siderurgical and metallurgical industries, as the state of Minas Gerais has always been very rich in minerals , specifically iron ore. Belo Horizonte

1938-569: The crater of a large extinct volcano. In reality, Poços de Caldas is inside a caldera that was formed by the collapse of a central portion of terrain amid elevated areas, and while the latter have volcanic origin, the process that formed the supposed "crater" had nothing to do with volcanic activity. Poços de Caldas occupies a highly strategic geographical location, due to its proximity to São Paulo (243 km), Belo Horizonte (460 km) and Rio de Janeiro (470 km), whose connections are made with good highways, and due to its integration into

1995-529: The development and recognition of policies to promote a just and sustainable future. The city has undertaken an internationally heralded project called Vila Viva ("Living Village" in Portuguese) that promises to "urbanize" the poorest areas ( favelas ), relocating families from areas with high risk of floods and landslides but keeping them in the same neighborhood, paving main avenues to allow public transportation, police and postal service to have access. All

2052-604: The diversification of its economy, the city has become an international reference in Information Technology and Biotechnology , and is also cited because of the advanced corporate and university research in Biodiesel fuel. The number of jobs in the Information sector has been growing at annual rates above 50%. The Belo Horizonte Metropolitan Area, composed of 33 cities under the capital's direct influence,

2109-561: The general direction northwest–southeast and dip to the southeast. The hills of Belo Horizonte are part of the Espinhaço Mountains and belong to the larger Itacolomi mountain chain. The highest point in the municipality is in the Serra do Curral , reaching 1,538 metres (5,046 ft). A centre for conservation and preservation of animals and plants it has also developed environmental education projects. The Zoo, which encompasses

2166-424: The last years many revitalization and rebuilding projects have been started. The bus system has a large number of bus lines going through all parts in the city, and is administered by BHTRANS . Among the upcoming projects are the expansion of the integration between bus lines and the metro , with integrated stations, many already in use. And the construction of bus corridors, with lanes and bus stops exclusively for

2223-527: The market demand for ferroalloys, refractories, pigments, metallurgy, chemicals, explosives and solid fuel for rockets. The facility began production of hydrated aluminas and hard-burned calcined aluminas in 1985. The city gets most of its electricity from hydroelectric power plants, built and administrated with local resources ( dimethyl ether ), leading to independence from the state's power system. The city has parks, squares, gardens, and São Domingos mountain, which has trails for walking. The sulphurous water

2280-519: The municipalities of Piquete and Lorena, located in the Mesoregion of Vale do Paraíba Paulista. km 0 of the São Paulo stretch is located on the border with Minas Gerais and km 32.2 at the junction with BR-116 . The planned extension for BR-459 passes through the states of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. In São Paulo, the layout of this extension includes a stretch that coincides with the BR-116 in

2337-599: The municipalities of Lorena and Guaratinguetá and the entire SP-171 highway, passing through Cunha. In the state of Rio de Janeiro, the extension coincides with the RJ-165 , in Paraty, and with a stretch of the BR-101 to Angra dos Reis, thus incorporating approximately 212 kilometers between the municipalities of Lorena and Angra dos Reis. Po%C3%A7os de Caldas Poços was founded in 1872. The region had been inhabited by

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2394-513: The name of the trendy neighbourhood "Funcionários"), and bringing about an accelerated occupation outside the city's area well provided with infrastructure since its very beginning. Obviously, the city's original planners did not count on its ongoing population growth, which proved especially intense in the last 20 years of the 20th century. In the 1940s a young Oscar Niemeyer designed the Pampulha Neighbourhood to great acclaim,

2451-415: The name was changed to Belo Horizonte. At that time, the city was experiencing a considerable industrial expansion that increased its commercial and service sectors. From its very beginning, the city's original plan prohibited workers from living inside the urban area, which was defined by Avenida do Contorno (a long avenue that goes around the city's central areas). Reserved for government workers (hence

2508-483: The native forest. The Jambreiro Woods (Mata do Jambreiro) nature reserve extends over 912 hectares (2,250 acres), with vegetation typical of the Atlantic Forest . More than 100 species of birds inhabit the reserve, as well as 10 species of mammals. Belo Horizonte was one of the host cities of the 1950 and the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Additionally, the city shared as host of the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup and

2565-590: The regeneration at the Neoproterozoic . The archean rocks members of Belo Horizonte complex and supracrustal sequences of the Paleoproterozoic is predominant. The area of Belo Horizonte complex includes the geomorphological unit called Depression of Belo Horizonte , which represents about 70% of the municipality area and has its greatest expression in the northern Ribeirão Arrudas pipeline. The metasedimentary rocks has its area of occurrence on

2622-653: The region, along with textiles like Group Rachelle Textil, Ematex and Cedro Textil, cosmetic , food, chemicals , pharmaceuticals , furnishing and refractory companies. Among the companies headquartered in the city are steel producer Açominas (held by Gerdau , one of the largest multinationals originated in Brazil); Usiminas ; Belgo-Mineira (held by Arcelor ); Acesita (partially held by Arcelor); mobile communication Vivo ; and Telecom Italia Mobile , Dasein Executive Search, executive coaching company, as well as

2679-529: The region, and Curral del Rey became a village surrounded by farms. Another important factor contributing to the growth of the village was people immigrating from the São Francisco River region, who had to pass through Curral d'el Rey to reach southern parts of Brazil. Travelers usually visited a small wooden chapel, where they prayed for a safe trip, so the chapel was named Capela da Nossa Senhora da Boa Viagem, which means "Chapel of Our Lady of

2736-438: The routes of the hydro-mineral spas of Serra Negra , Águas de Lindóia , Socorro , Monte Alegre do Sul , Águas da Prata , Caldas (Pocinhos do Rio Verde), Cambuquira , Lambari , Caxambu and São Lourenço . Poços de Caldas is also close to the most developed regions of the interior of the state of São Paulo, such as Ribeirão Preto (240 km), Campinas (160 km) and São José dos Campos (315 km). The climate

2793-465: The south of Ribeirão Arrudas pipeline, constituting about 30% of the area of Belo Horizonte. The characteristics of this area are lithological diversities and rugged topography, which has its maximum expression in the Serra do Curral (Corral Ridge), the southern boundary of the municipality. Its soil comprises a succession of layers of rocks of varied composition, represented by itabirite , dolomite , quartzite , phyllites and schists different from

2850-405: The spa in search of cures provided by the water. The name comes from Caldas da Rainha , a spa town in central Portugal . It lies on the boundary of the state of São Paulo at 1186 meters elevation and is the main socio-economic nucleus of its region, having an area of 547 km (85 km urban and 459 km rural) in the municipality. The physical area is made up for the most part of

2907-481: The work is done with 80% of locals, reducing unemployment and increasing family income. Former mayor Fernando da Mata Pimentel was nominated for World Mayor in 2005 on the strength of these and other programs. Belo Horizonte receives large numbers of visitors, as it is in the Brazilian main economic axis, exerting influence even on other states. Multinational and Brazilian companies, such as Google, Deloitte , Thoughtworks , Localiza and Oi , maintain offices in

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2964-426: The world, owned by Alcoa . Bauxite is an ore that contains at least 45% alumina, which is extracted to make aluminum . The smelting operations at Poços de Caldas have an annual capacity of 90,000 tons/year of primary aluminum. The facility is the largest aluminum-powder production facility in Latin America, and the second largest in the world. The plant has a capacity of 14,000 tonnes/year of aluminum powder and meets

3021-407: The world. For a long time it was marked by the predominance of its industrial sector , but from the 1990s there has been a constant expansion of the service sector economy, particularly in computer science , biotechnology , business tourism , fashion and the jewelry-making. The city is considered to be a strategic leader in the Brazilian economy . The move towards business tourism transformed

3078-533: Was from the mining industry. That never pleased the members of the Inconfidência Mineira , republican intellectuals who conspired against the Portuguese dominion of Brazil. In 1889 Brazil became a republic, and it was agreed that a new state capital, in tune with a modern and prosperous Minas Gerais, had to be established. In 1893 due to the climatic and topographic conditions, Curral Del Rey

3135-453: Was inaugurated on May 21, 2004. It is 30 acres (12 ha) of green area that offers to the population and the tourists a permanent programming of environmental , cultural and patrimonial education. The city contains the 102 hectares (250 acres) Baleia State Park , created in 1988 but still not implemented as of 2014. It contains part of the 3,941 hectares (9,740 acres) Serra do Rola-Moça State Park , created in 1994. Belo Horizonte's has

3192-469: Was responsible for the management and operation of the former social networking website Orkut . It continues to be a trendsetter in the arts, particularly where music, literature, architecture, and the avant garde are concerned. The term "Grande BH" ("Greater Belo Horizonte") denotes any of various definitions for the metropolitan area of Belo Horizonte. The legally defined Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte consists of 34 municipalities in total, and

3249-421: Was selected by Minas Gerais governor Afonso Pena among other cities as the location for the new economic and cultural center of the state, under the new name of Cidade de Minas , or City of Minas. Aarão Reis  [ pt ] , an urbanist from Pará , was then chosen to design the second planned city of Brazil after Teresina . Cidade de Minas was inaugurated in 1897, with many unfinished buildings as

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