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104-537: It's primarily a single lane highway, historically and economically important for connecting the plateau and western Santa Catarina with the coast. It is the main "artery" of the Itajaí Valley and also one of the main access routes to the Port of Itajaí (the main port in the region, being the second largest in the country in handling containers, acting as a port for export and draining almost all state production, where

208-506: A self-coup with the military to keep himself in power. As of November 2024 , Bolsonaro has been indicted on charges of multiple crimes related to the alleged coup. [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Bolsonaro was born on 21 March 1955 in Glicério , São Paulo, in southeast Brazil, to Percy Geraldo Bolsonaro and Olinda Bonturi. His family is mostly of Italian descent, with German ancestry as well. On his father's side, he

312-535: A "fantasy" created by the media. In August 2020, in the middle of the pandemic, Bolsonaro's approval rating showed signs of recovery, reaching its highest level since his inauguration. In November 2020, he said he would not take a COVID vaccine if it became available, but he later said he would support any possible vaccine if the Brazilian Health Agency deemed it safe. In the same broadcast, he called face masks "the last taboo to fall". In 2020,

416-545: A "serious personality deviation and a professional deformation", "lack of moral courage to leave the Army" and "lied throughout the process" when denying frequent contacts with Veja . The Supreme Military Court then analyzed the case. The general in charge of reporting the case voted to acquit Bolsonaro, arguing that he had already been penalized for the initial Veja article, that there was no testimonial evidence of his plans to plant bombs, and that there were "deep contradictions in

520-517: A 6–5 vote, that the right to life applies only to intrauterine embryos, and that frozen embryos not eligible to a uterus transfer do not hold fundamental rights and may be used for research purposes. In 2012, the Supreme Court also authorized the abortion of anencephalic fetuses. On November 29, 2016, the Supreme Court in Brazil ruled in a non-binding decision that "abortion should not be

624-633: A cabinet of 29 members. Bolsonaro's initial cabinet was composed of 16 ministers, two cabinet-level positions, and four presidential secretaries, including Chief of Staff Onyx Lorenzoni . Bolsonaro's ministers included Operation Car Wash judge Sergio Moro as Justice minister and congresswoman Tereza Cristina as minister of Agriculture. Bolsonaro placed many army officers in key positions in his cabinet. Before his inauguration, he said he would fill positions in his government based only on technical qualifications and skills rather than ideological sympathy; however, many appointees clashed ideologically with

728-776: A campaign to bombard WhatsApp users with fake news about Haddad." The suspicions led to a formal investigation by electoral authorities and the Federal Police; Bolsonaro and allies denied any wrongdoing. Another controversial point was that Taíse Feijó, an adviser in Bolsonaro's government, was among those paid to feed fake news to his supporters. Bolsonaro was stabbed in the abdomen on 6   September 2018 while campaigning and interacting with supporters in Juiz de Fora , Minas Gerais. At first, his son Flávio Bolsonaro stated that his father's wounds were only superficial and he

832-678: A candidate which is banned under the Brazilian law. Former Minister of Defence Walter Braga Netto , who also attended the ceremony, and also ran for vice president on Bolsonaro's ticket, was convicted by the Court and ruled disqualified, like Bolsonaro, to run for any office for the next eight years. In February 2024, the Brazilian Federal Police raided former government officials and ordered Bolsonaro to hand in his passport over accusations that he and his allies tried to overturn

936-437: A crime when performed in the first three months of pregnancy". This ruling was controversial, due to the fact that the Brazilian government had passed a bill earlier in 2016 which aimed to make Brazilian law on abortion even stricter. As of September 2023, the Court is considering a case that could decriminalise abortion up to twelve weeks; in one of her final statements before retiring as the Court's President, Rosa Weber , made

1040-735: A day in advance, and passed by the national congressional building, where lawmakers were due to vote on Bolsonaro's proposed election-related changes hours later. The lawmakers ultimately rejected the changes. On 28 July 2021, Bolsonaro appointed Ciro Noguiera , a senator who was implicated in the Odebrecht corruption case , as his chief of staff . In early August 2021, Bolsonaro threatened to respond with unconstitutional measures to an investigation over his baseless allegations of fraud vulnerabilities in Brazil's electronic voting system, because he deemed that investigation unconstitutional. Brazilian Supreme Court Justice Alexandre de Moraes had approved

1144-403: A document with multiple accusations, such as blaming Bolsonaro for the deaths of 500,000 Brazilians from COVID-19, stating that his government had blatantly turned down expert advice on tackling the virus, and at least 20 other grievances. In July 2021, Bolsonaro claimed on Brazilian radio that his government's greatest achievement was "two and a half years without corruption". In the same month,

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1248-602: A football player for Palmeiras , with whom he shares a birthday. In his final years in high school, Bolsonaro was admitted to the Escola Preparatória de Cadetes do Exército (the prep school of the Brazilian Army ), which he entered in 1973. In 1974, he went to the Military Academy of Agulhas Negras (Brazil's main military academy), graduating in 1977 as an artillery officer. He served in

1352-483: A military coup d'état and reinstate Bolsonaro as president. While the riots were going on, President Lula blamed Bolsonaro in a press conference. Bolsonaro condemned the protesters in a tweet on 9 January, and denied responsibility. In February 2023, Bolsonaro announced that he would be returning to Brazil in March. This would be the first time Bolsonaro returned to the country since December 2022. Bolsonaro had entered

1456-812: A much higher number. More recent studies published in the International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics suggest that, despite Brazil's severe legislation, 500,000 illegal abortions are estimated to occur every year among women aged 18–39 years – or one in five Brazilian women. In 2010, it was reported that 200,000 women a year were hospitalized for complications due to abortion (which includes both miscarriages and clandestine abortions). More recent figures estimate that around 250,000 women are hospitalized every year due to illegal abortion complications, or 50% of all illegal abortions estimated per year. Those figures contrast with 2–5% of women requiring medical care after an abortion in countries where abortion

1560-573: A political rally in Brasília; while surrounded by supporters and his own security guards, who were wearing masks, he did not. In June 2021, nationwide protests erupted against Bolsonaro's response to the pandemic; in São Paulo alone there were estimated to be 100,000 protesters on the streets. In July, YouTube removed videos posted by Bolsonaro for spreading false information about the virus. YouTube has reportedly removed 15 videos altogether; one that

1664-546: A process, substance, or object designed to prevent pregnancy or cause an abortion. The number of clandestine abortions taking place in Brazil is a controversial subject which divides anti-abortion and abortion rights activists. A study published by the International Journal of Women's Health in 2014, estimated that in Brazil about 48 thousand clandestine abortions occurs annually. Abortion rights institutes like Anis - Bioethics Institute, however, estimate

1768-399: A public statement stating that motherhood should be a choice and not an obligation. Abortion was criminalized in all circumstances in the penal code from 1890. In 1940, the penal code provisions on abortion waived punishment on abortion in the case of rape or incest, or if the pregnant women's life was in danger. A presidential decree in 1941, as amended in 1979, banned the advertising of

1872-556: A reference to a Navy base at Restinga da Marambaia , in Rio de Janeiro State, where the Brazilian military dictatorship tortured and killed dissidents. The speech was widely condemned by rivals, journalists and politicians. Bolsonaro won the runoff election with 55.13% of the votes, and was elected the 38th president of Brazil. He took office on 1   January 2019. During the campaign, academics repeatedly raised concerns about

1976-493: A runoff presidential election on 30 October, Bolsonaro was defeated by former president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva , who took 50.9% of the votes cast. Lula had won the most votes in the first round of the election on 2 October, receiving 48.43% of the votes cast: Bolsonaro received 43.20%. In a press conference at the Palácio da Alvorada on 1 November, Bolsonaro did not acknowledge his defeat but stated that he would "comply with

2080-455: A scandal dubbed "vaccine-gate" emerged. After months of denying offers of vaccines and bartering the costs, Bolsonaro's government made a deal to buy the unapproved Covaxin vaccine from the Indian company Bharat Biotech at a very high price. It was found that the government allegedly paid ten times the amount agreed by Bharat Biotech for the vaccine and that the irregularities were not found in

2184-564: A second investigation concluded that Bispo is mentally disturbed, having a "permanent paranoid delusional disorder" which, according to Brazilian law, prevents him from being considered legally liable for his actions. In a May 2019 decision, the Federal Court found Bispo not liable. Bolsonaro did not appeal the decision. On 29 September, a month after the attack, Bolsonaro was released from the hospital and returned to his home in Rio de Janeiro. His condition prevented him from returning to

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2288-556: Is anencephalic . In these cases, the Brazilian government provides the abortion procedure free of charge through the Sistema Único de Saúde (Unified Health System). This does not mean that the law regards abortion in these cases as a right, but only that women who receive abortions under these circumstances, and the doctors, will not be punished. The punishment for a woman who performs an abortion on herself or consents to an abortion performed by another outside these legal exceptions

2392-406: Is a crime, with penalties of one to three years of imprisonment for the recipient of the abortion, and one to four years of imprisonment for the doctor or any other person who performs the abortion on someone else. In three specific situations in Brazil, induced abortion is not punishable by law: in cases of risk to the pregnant woman’s life; when the pregnancy is the result of rape ; and if the fetus

2496-741: Is a signatory of the American Human Rights Convention , also called the Pact of San José. The Convention grants the right to life to human embryos, "in general, from the moment of conception ", and has a legal status on a par with the Constitution in Brazilian Law . The Civil Code of Brazil also provides rights to fetuses and embryos. In a 2008 case, however, the Supreme Federal Court ruled, by

2600-529: Is a vocal opponent of same-sex marriage , abortion , affirmative action , drug liberalization , and secularism . In foreign policy, he has advocated closer relations with Israel and with the United States ; later in his presidency, he also made efforts to improve relations with the BRICS countries. Bolsonaro focused on domestic affairs in his first months as president, dealing primarily with

2704-483: Is also followed by the majority of federal deputies, which makes it virtually impossible to attempt to legalize abortion through the Legislative Branch. All of this has led the small group of abortion supporters to appeal to the Supreme Court, claiming that criminalization of abortion, "violates fundamental human precepts". In 2021, a survey conducted by PoderData found that 58% of Brazilians are against

2808-419: Is legal. The majority of women admitted at hospital after an illegal abortion are uninsured, representing a government cost of more than US$ 10 million every year. More than 200 women die every year in Brazil, as a direct consequence of unsafe abortions. The prevalence of reproductive complications and other negative health consequences associated with illegal abortion is unknown. In a 2005 survey, one third of

2912-539: Is not there yet. However, things could change quickly if he gains power." Jason Stanley , a Yale philosopher who has published widely on Nazism, said that Bolsonaro "uses more tactics associated to fascism than [the] American president Donald Trump". Harvard 's Steven Levitsky said that Bolsonaro "is clearly authoritarian", but not a fascist. Similar concerns were raised by analysts in Portugal and Brazil. Others, such as Marxist historian Perry Anderson , dismissed

3016-471: Is one to three years of detention. The base penalty for a third party that performs an illegal abortion with the consent of the patient, ranges from one to four years of detention, with the possibility of increase by a third if the woman comes to any physical harm, and can be doubled if she dies. Criminal penalties fixed at four years or less can be converted to non-incarceration punishments, such as community service and compulsory donation to charity. Brazil

3120-482: Is the biggest country in the world to ban abortion in the name of the recognition of the rights of the unborn. In March 2009, after an abortion on a nine-year-old girl raped by her stepfather and pregnant with twins had been performed because of the rape exception clause in Brazil’s Penal Code, Archbishop José Cardoso Sobrinho of Olinda and Recife stated that automatic excommunication had been incurred by

3224-823: Is the great-grandson of Italians from Veneto and Calabria . Bolsonaro's paternal grandfather's family comes from Veneto, more precisely Anguillara Veneta , in the province of Padua . His great-grandfather, Vittorio Bolzonaro (the surname was originally written with a "z"), was born on 12 April 1878. Vittorio's parents immigrated to Brazil when he was ten, together with his siblings, Giovanna and Tranquillo. His German ancestry came from his father's maternal grandfather, Carl "Carlos" Hintze, born in Hamburg around 1876, who immigrated to Brazil in 1883. His maternal grandparents were born in Lucca , in Tuscany , and went to live in Brazil in

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3328-578: The Centrão , a large bloc of parties without consistent ideological orientation that supports different sides of the political spectrum to gain political privileges—PL being one of them. Bolsonaro previously made deals with the Centrão for support in Congress. On 23 June 2022, Bolsonaro defended his former Minister of Education, Milton Ribeiro , after the latter was arrested on corruption charges. In

3432-749: The 2024 elections . On 14 April 2023, Supreme Court judge Alexandre de Moraes ordered Bolsonaro to submit himself for questioning with the Brazilian Federal Police over the storming of the Congress. On 30 June 2023, the Brazilian Superior Electoral Court barred Bolsonaro from running for public office until 2030 as a result of his attempts to undermine the validity of Brazil's 2022 democratic election, as well as for abuse of power with regard to using government channels to promote his campaign. The decision applies to municipal, state and federal elections for

3536-480: The Brazilian Army in 1973 and graduated from the Military Academy of Agulhas Negras in 1977. He rose to publicity in 1986 after he wrote an article for Veja magazine criticizing low wages for military officers, after which he was arrested and detained for fifteen days. He left the army and was elected to the Municipal Chamber of Rio de Janeiro two years later. In 1990, Bolsonaro was first elected to

3640-491: The Christian Democratic Party (PDC). According to the biography by his son Flávio, Bolsonaro "was a candidate for councilor because it happened to be the only option he had at the moment to avoid persecution by some superiors. His entry into politics happened by chance, for his desire was to continue in his military career". Bolsonaro spent only two years in the Municipal Chamber of Rio de Janeiro . He

3744-639: The Ibope (largest research institute in Brazil), in 2018, eight out of ten Brazilians oppose legalization. In a survey conducted in 2018, by the Datafolha Institute , 41% of Brazilians declared themselves in favor of a complete ban on abortion, 34% said they wanted to keep the legislation as it is, 16% said that they wanted to expand it to more situations and 6% said they were in favor of legalizing abortion under any circumstances. The anti-abortion view

3848-579: The Organized Crime and Corruption Reporting Project (OCCRP), an international non-governmental organization that investigates crime and corruption, gave Bolsonaro its Person of the Year Award, which "recognizes the individual who has done the most in the world to advance organized criminal activity and corruption". Bolsonaro received the award for "surrounding himself with corrupt figures, using propaganda to promote his populist agenda, undermining

3952-602: The Pontifical Academy for Life . One of the doctors concerned said the controversy had drawn needed attention to Brazil's restrictive abortion laws. In July 2004, a Brazilian federal judge issued a preliminary ruling that waived the requirement for court authorization for abortions in cases of fetuses with anencephaly . The Brazilian Council of Bishops lobbied against the ruling and the National Confederation of Healthcare Workers wanted to make

4056-537: The Superior Electoral Court for the 2020 Brazilian municipal elections or the 2022 Brazilian general election , leaving Bolsonaro without a party until 2021. Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil , Bolsonaro and his administration were accused of downplaying the crisis while the number of Brazilians infected by the virus climbed exponentially by mid-2020. Bolsonaro claimed that COVID-19

4160-587: The impeachment of former leftist President Dilma Rousseff , A survey of the Instituto Patricia Galvão, in 2017, showed that 62% of Brazilians opposed the idea of the legalization of abortion, while 26% supported the measure, another 10% could not answer. The opinion polls carried out by the Paraná Research Institute in the same year also concluded that 86.5% of Brazilians were against the decriminalization. According to

4264-433: The "fascist" and "populist" labels altogether. Another highly controversial aspect of the campaign was the alleged use of illegal digital communication strategies by some of Bolsonaro's most important financial supporters. According to an investigation by Folha de S.Paulo , one of Brazil's bestselling newspapers, "Bolsonaro has been getting an illegal helping hand from a group of Brazilian entrepreneurs who are bankrolling

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4368-541: The 1890s. On 21 January 2022, his mother Olinda Bonturi Bolsonaro died at age 94. His father Percy Geraldo Bolsonaro died in 1995. Bolsonaro spent most of his childhood moving around São Paulo with his family, living in Ribeira , Jundiaí , and Sete Barras , before settling in Eldorado , in the state's southern region, in 1966, where he grew up with his five brothers. His first name is a tribute to Jair da Rosa Pinto ,

4472-802: The 9th Field Artillery Group, in Nioaque , Mato Grosso do Sul. Later he studied at the Army Physical Training School in Rio de Janeiro and served in the 21st Field Artillery Group and the 8th Paratrooper Field Artillery Group, from the Paratrooper Brigade , both in the same city. His superior officers said he was "aggressive" and had "excessive ambition to get financial and economical gain". The assessment referred to Bolsonaro's attempt to mine gold in Bahia state; according to him,

4576-525: The Brazilian doctors who reported having performed abortions, used dilation and curettage . They have little experience with vacuum aspiration but they are aware of it as a method. They have a general awareness of medical abortion using misoprostol (Cytotec) or other prostaglandins to induce abortion but less experience with it. Few know of newer and more effective regimens using mifepristone or methotrexate . The 2005 survey also found considerable ignorance of Brazil's law on abortion, with only 48% of

4680-596: The COVID-19 pandemic. Without a political party, Bolsonaro began to negotiate his entrance in one in preparation for the 2022 Brazilian general election (as the 1988 Brazilian Constitution does not allow independent politicians ). He negotiated with the Progressistas (PP), of which he was a member from 1995 to 2003 and from 2005 to 2016, and the Social Christian Party (PSC), of which he

4784-657: The Chamber of Deputies as a representative for the state of Rio de Janeiro . During his 27-year tenure as a congressman, he became known for his national conservatism . Bolsonaro entered the 2018 Brazilian presidential election , during which he started to advocate economically liberal and pro-market policies. He led in the 7 October first round results and defeated Fernando Haddad in the 28 October runoff. A polarizing and controversial politician, Bolsonaro's views and comments, which have been described as far-right and populist, have drawn both praise and criticism in Brazil. He

4888-479: The Constitution". Regarding the protests by his supporters, he referred to them as "the fruit of indignation and a sense of injustice of how the electoral process unfolded", while calling on them to remain peaceful and not block roads. Shortly after his speech, the Supreme Court stated that by authorizing the transition of power he had recognized the results, paving the way for the transition two days after Lula

4992-585: The United States being some of the countries women travel to. In a survey made in Ribeirão Preto (SP) in 2004, 70% of the Brazilian doctors responded that they didn't support the decriminalization of abortion in the country. The survey also suggested that 77% of the doctors of this region rejected the opinion that abortion should be carried out solely because of the woman's desire. Furthermore it suggested that 82.5% of these doctors also reject

5096-483: The United States on a diplomatic visa which expired on 31 January, but the family applied for tourist visas to extend their stay in Florida. Bolsonaro returned to Brazil in March 2023 for the first time since his supporters stormed the Supreme Court, Congress, and the presidential palace two months before. Bolsonaro has stated that he returned to the country to help his party and asserted that he intended to campaign for

5200-666: The activity was only a "hobby and mental hygiene". In 1987, he studied in the Officers Improvement School , where he made the Artillery Advanced Course. Bolsonaro first rose to public attention in 1986 when he gave an interview to the news magazine Veja . He complained about low military salaries and claimed that the High Command was dismissing officers due to budgetary cuts, not because they were displaying "deviations of conduct," as

5304-429: The allegation "a fantasy", the magazine published, in its next issue, sketches in which the plan was detailed. The drawings had allegedly been made by Bolsonaro. Official records unearthed by the newspaper O Estado de S. Paulo in 2018 detailed the case. After an investigation by an administrative military bureau named Justification Board, Bolsonaro was unanimously considered guilty. According to this board, Bolsonaro had

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5408-475: The areas where he would make cuts. He also said he would work to diminish the federal government's size and bureaucracy by enacting a wide variety of deregulation measures. Bolsonaro's promises to restore security amid record high crime and to stamp out Brazil's rampant political corruption won him huge popular support. In October, he announced he would name Paulo Guedes , a liberal economist , as his finance minister. On 9 August 2018, Bolsonaro attended

5512-399: The army, air force, and navy all resigned. In April, Bolsonaro declared that the Brazilian armed forces would "go into the streets" if he ordered them. In mid-August, the military conducted a ten-minute tank parade in Brasília, with Bolsonaro in attendance. The parade had been held annually in the last 30 years, but tanks had never been sent to the capital before. The parade was announced only

5616-407: The ascent and descent of Serra Geral, between Pouso Redondo and the access to Otacílio Costa (SC), section known as Serra da Santinha in which many vehicles suffer accidents. In the section that includes Veranópolis and Bento Gonçalves, known as Serra das Antas, there is an intense traffic of slow vehicles (trucks loaded most of the time) that join the few passing points and the precarious conditions of

5720-583: The asphalt end up leaving the slow traffic. There is also a lack of shoulder on this stretch, as the few escape areas that did exist were eventually used to build third lanes, in order to alleviate some of the traffic there. Dilma Rousseff promised in 2011 the doubling of 73 km of the highway, between Indaial and Navegantes, in addition to the concession to the private sector of the Santa Catarina section. The work started only in 2013, and had just over 9 km duplicates delivered, in 2019 alone, under

5824-582: The author of the bill is". In January 2018, Bolsonaro abandoned the Social Christian Party and switched to the Social Liberal Party (PSL). After his arrival, the PSL adopted conservative and right-wing positions, and its social liberal group Livres announced its departure from the PSL. On 22 July 2018, the PSL nominated Bolsonaro for president in the 2018 election . The Brazilian Labour Renewal Party also endorsed him. His coalition name

5928-412: The campaign trail for the remainder of the first round of the presidential election. The first federal police investigation into the attack concluded that the attacker acted alone, but the investigation "leaves out many issues". Bolsonaro said he did not observe "any effort by former minister Sergio Moro to resolve the matter." Joaquim de Carvalho has said that the police left out of their investigation

6032-582: The campaign, taking a less aggressive and confrontational style. Economically, he started to support less government intervention in the economy (in contrast to the past, when he defended developmentalist policies). On the other hand, he maintained his tough stance on crime and his defense of "traditional family values". Bolsonaro also said he planned to cut taxes across the board, particularly on inheritances and businesses, to generate growth and tackle unemployment. He also promised more austerity measures and cuts in government spending, but had difficulty naming

6136-658: The candidate in sixteen states. Bolsonaro was sworn in as President of the Republic on 1   January 2019, succeeding Michel Temer . Bolsonaro began to get his cabinet together before his inauguration, choosing economist Paulo Guedes as his Economy minister and astronaut Marcos Pontes as his Science and Technology minister. Bolsonaro initially said his cabinet would be composed of 15 members; this figure later rose to 22 when he announced his final minister, Ricardo Salles , in December. His predecessor, Michel Temer , had

6240-400: The clean-up will be even greater. This group ["reds"], if they want to stay, will have to abide by our laws   ... These red outlaws will be banned from our homeland. Either they go overseas, or they go to jail   ... Petralhada, you all go to the edge of the beach. It will be a cleaning never seen in the history of Brazil". The "edge of the beach", a Bolsonaro aide later confirmed, was

6344-479: The command had told the press. Despite being reprimanded by his superiors, Bolsonaro received praise from fellow officers and wives of military men, becoming a household name for hardliners and right-wingers who were growing disenchanted with Brazil's new civilian democratic government. In October 1987, Bolsonaro faced a new accusation. Veja reported that, with an Army colleague, he had plans to plant bombs in military units in Rio de Janeiro . After Bolsonaro called

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6448-468: The consequences of Bolsonaro's rise for Brazilian democracy. In the news magazine Foreign Policy , Federico Finchelstein , a historian at the New School for Social Research who specializes in fascism, wrote, "Bolsonaro's vocabulary recalls the rhetoric behind Nazi policies of persecution and victimization. But does sounding like a Nazi make him a Nazi? Insomuch as he believes in holding elections, he

6552-624: The death toll increased rapidly. In the runoff of the 2022 general election , Bolsonaro lost to Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva . On 8 January 2023, his supporters stormed federal government buildings , calling for a coup d'état. On 30 June, the Superior Electoral Court blocked Bolsonaro from seeking office until 2030 for attempting to undermine the validity of the election through his unfounded claims of voter fraud, and for abusing his power by using government communication channels to both promote his campaign and to allege fraud. Testimonies from military officials showed that Bolsonaro had allegedly planned

6656-582: The doctors, he was in an "extremely stable" condition. Police arrested the attacker and identified him as Adélio Bispo de Oliveira, who, according to security agents, claimed he was on "a mission from God". He had been a member of the Socialism and Liberty Party from 2007 to 2014. His social media posts included political criticisms of both Bolsonaro and Temer. But an initial Federal Police investigation concluded that Adélio had no help from political organizations and acted alone. A medical report produced for

6760-417: The exception permanent. In October 2004, the full Brazilian Supreme Court convened and voted 7–4 to suspend the judge's ruling until the full tribunal had the opportunity to deliberate and rule on the matter. A 2005 study found that 53% of doctors had performed an abortion in the case of a severely deformed fetus, even though that was not allowed by Brazilian law without a court order. Doctors who thought that

6864-539: The fallout of the 2014 Brazilian economic crisis . The economy recovered slowly, while crime rates fell sharply during the first year. He rolled back protections for Indigenous groups in the Amazon rainforest and facilitated its deforestation . Bolsonaro's response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil was criticized across the political spectrum after he sought to downplay the pandemic and its effects, opposed quarantine measures, and dismissed two health ministers, while

6968-630: The first 59 days, he amassed an average of R$ 17,000 per day. After the Workers' Party candidate Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva was arrested in April 2018, Bolsonaro became the frontrunner according to all major opinion polls. A Datafolha poll from September showed Bolsonaro as the leading candidate in the first round with 28% of vote intentions, though runoff scenarios showed him losing to Geraldo Alckmin , Fernando Haddad , and Ciro Gomes and tying with Marina Silva . Another Datafolha poll, conducted

7072-455: The first presidential debate of the year, organized by the TV network Rede Bandeirantes . A week later, there was another debate at RedeTV! On 28 August, he gave an interview to Jornal Nacional , Brazil's highest-rated primetime news program, at Rede Globo . Bolsonaro was the first presidential candidate to raise over R$ 1 million in donations from the public during the 2018 campaign. In

7176-447: The four graphological exams", two of which failed to conclude that Bolsonaro was the author of the sketches. Bolsonaro was acquitted by the majority of the court (9   v 4   votes). In December 1988, just after this ruling, he left the Army to begin his political career. He served in the military for 15 years, reaching the rank of captain. Bolsonaro entered politics in 1988, elected city councilor in Rio de Janeiro, representing

7280-596: The girl's mother and the medical team. President Lula da Silva and Health Minister José Gomes Temporão decried his statement, and the National Conference of Bishops of Brazil disowned it, saying that the mother was certainly not excommunicated and there was insufficient evidence to show that any member of the medical team was. The statement was criticized also on the Vatican newspaper by the President of

7384-519: The government during his presidency and fell out of favor with Bolsonaro. By June 2020, the ministers of Justice and Education , the Secretary of Government , the head of the postal service and other government officials had already resigned. Early in his administration, Bolsonaro focused primarily on domestic and economic issues, ranging from tax reform to changes in social security, but he faced an uphill battle with Congress. Bolsonaro stripped

7488-540: The government of Jair Bolsonaro . The first 8 km of track were launched in June 2019, from km 22 to km 30, between the municipalities of Ilhota and Gaspar. In August 2019, 1.3 km were delivered between 0.00 and 18.61 km, between Navegantes and Ilhota. The expectation is to deliver the 73 km doubled in 2022. With the delivery of the Mafisa Clover (one of the most complicated and expensive sections of

7592-503: The hospital with severe hypotension (his blood pressure was 10/3, equivalent to 100/30 mmHg), but that he had since stabilized. The attack was condemned by most of the other candidates in the presidential race, and by then president Michel Temer . The day after the attack, Bolsonaro was transferred to the Albert Einstein Israelite Hospital in São Paulo, after a request from his family. According to

7696-412: The indigenous affairs agency FUNAI of the responsibility to identify and demarcate indigenous lands , arguing that those territories have tiny, isolated populations who would be controlled by NPOs, and proposed to integrate them into the larger Brazilian society. Critics feared that such integration would force Brazilian Amerindians to suffer cultural assimilation . Argentine President Mauricio Macri

7800-470: The investigation. In mid-August 2021, Bolsonaro warned of a potential "institutional rupture", while urging the Brazilian Senate to charge de Moraes and another Supreme Court Judge, Luis Roberto Barroso , the leader of the electoral court. On 26 October 2021, a senate committee approved a report calling for Bolsonaro to face criminal charges, including crimes against humanity, for his handling of

7904-490: The justice system, and waging a destructive war against the Amazon region that has enriched some of the country's worst land owners." In early 2021, Bolsonaro's approval ratings fell again, mostly due to the government's response to the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccination controversies, and the concurrent economic crisis that evolved under his watch. Days after Brazil surpassed Russia as the country worst hit by COVID, Bolsonaro held

8008-557: The law should be more liberal were more likely to have correct knowledge of abortion law and to be familiar with the abortion law regarding severe fetal malformations. On April 12, 2012, the Supreme Federal Court ruled by an 8–2 vote to legalize abortion in cases of fetuses with anencephaly, saying that children with anencephaly were biologically alive but that they were not a person, and therefore had no rights. The Catholic Church and Brazilian Pro-Life movements criticized

8112-486: The legalization of abortion due to socioeconomic difficulties. Finally, in the case of a possible legalization, 17.5% of them would agree to carry it out professionally. A March 2007 Datafolha/ Folha de S.Paulo poll found that 65% of Brazilians believe that their country's current law "should not be modified", 16% that it should be expanded "to allow abortion in other cases", 10% that abortion should be "decriminalized", and 5% were "not sure". Another poll on this issue

8216-463: The legalization of abortion in Brazil; those who are favorable of legalization add up to 31%. Another 11% did not know or did not respond. Another survey conducted in 2021 by Paraná Pesquisas , however, found that 79% of Brazilians remain against the legalization of abortion, and 16.6% are favorable to it. In all the surveys carried out, in general, Brazilians are considered one of the peoples least in favor of legalizing abortion. Currently, Brazil

8320-567: The legitimate ruler of Venezuela, alongside Mauricio Macri from Argentina and Donald Trump from the US, among others. He said that "We will continue doing everything possible to re-establish order, democracy and freedom there". After his first year in power, Bolsonaro's popularity steadily declined. A Datafolha survey, published on 21 May 2019, showed that 34% of respondents described Bolsonaro's administration as "great or good"; 26% as "regular", 36% as "bad or awful", while 4% did not respond. This

8424-500: The main exported products are wood, ceramic floors, machinery, sugar, paper and tobacco, as well as imported products such as wheat, chemical products, motors and textiles) and the Navegantes airport (the largest of the state) Santa Catarina, also of great tourist importance). Currently, 73 km are being duplicated in the most important and busiest section, between the urban centers of Navegantes, Gaspar, Blumenau and Indaial, where

8528-611: The menstrual flow rather than causing an abortion. "Two folk medical conditions, "delayed" (atrasada) and "suspended" (suspendida) menstruation, are described as perceived by poor Brazilian women in Northeast Brazil. Culturally prescribed methods to "regulate" these conditions and induce menstrual bleeding are also described, including ingesting herbal remedies, patent drugs, and modern pharmaceuticals." Some women, if financially able, will travel abroad to have abortions, with Cuba, Mexico, Guyana, Aruba, Curacao, French Guiana, and

8632-627: The next eight years. He was prosecuted for several allegations of fraud in the 2022 Brazilian elections and situations linked to the January 8 attack on federal government buildings. The decision came after a 5–2 vote in favor of conviction. Following the decision, Bolsonaro stated his intentions to appeal. On 31 October 2023, Bolsonaro was again convicted by the Superior Electoral Court over abuse of power for using official Brazil's Independence Day ceremony to promote himself as

8736-758: The path to Bolsanaro losing the election and in the protests and attempted insurrection that followed. On December 30, 2022, one day before Bolsonaro's term ended, he arrived in Florida and resided in Kissimmee for a couple of months. On 8 January 2023, his supporters attacked the buildings of the Supreme Court of Brazil , the National Congress of Brazil and the Planalto Presidential Palace in an attempt to instigate

8840-485: The physicians knowing that it is legal to save a woman's life and widespread confusion about fetal age limits. An earlier survey found that two-thirds of Brazilian OB-GYNs incorrectly believed that a judicial order is required to obtain a legal abortion and only 27% knew that the woman needed to make a written request to obtain a legal abortion. Those doctors cannot give accurate information to their patients. In non-hospital settings, women's folk medicine allegedly brings on

8944-538: The prices of the vaccines, but in a payment of $ 45 million to a company in Singapore. In response, the Brazilian Supreme Court authorized a criminal investigation of Bolsonaro. In March 2021, Bolsonaro replaced Defense Minister Fernando Azevedo e Silva with Walter Souza Braga Netto ; like Bolsonaro, Netto lionized the 1964–1985 military dictatorship in Brazil . A day later, the leaders of

9048-458: The project), 23.8 km of duplications had already been released by August 2020. Jair Bolsonaro Jair Messias Bolsonaro ( Brazilian Portuguese: [ʒaˈiʁ meˈsi.ɐz bowsoˈnaɾu] ; born 21 March 1955) is a Brazilian politician and retired military officer who served as the 38th president of Brazil from 2019 to 2023. He previously served as member of Brazil's Chamber of Deputies from 1991 to 2019. Bolsonaro began serving in

9152-517: The results of the 2022 election and planned a coup d'état . In March 2024, witness documents released by the Superior Electoral Court were made public. According to two military officials, Bolsonaro had plotted to overturn the 2022 results and presented top military officials a plan to carry out a coup with the goal of keeping him in power. Abortion in Brazil Abortion in Brazil

9256-537: The search for information by a mastermind of the attack or even a self-attack. For this, expert medical examination of Bolsonaro and review of the medical records would be needed. Bolsonaro's personal motto , which he established in 2016, is John 8:32: " The truth will set you free ". The same weekend he left the hospital, thousands of people took the streets in dozens of cities in Brazil to protest against Bolsonaro and his political stances, chanting " Ele não " ("Not him"). There were also rallies in support of

9360-486: The second-place finisher, Haddad, in a runoff held on 28 October 2018. After the first round, when his victory looked certain, Bolsonaro gave a speech by videolink to thousands of supporters who gathered at Paulista Avenue, in São Paulo. In the speech, he threatened to arrest, purge or kill "reds" and "petralhas" (a derogatory term for Workers' Party members), and promised that members of the social movements MST and MTST would be treated as "terrorists". He said: "This time,

9464-548: The southwest of Brasilia. He has later admitted that he considers this practice of his "immoral." He has also been accused of engaging in fuel allowance fraud. In his 27 years of service in the Brazilian National Congress , Bolsonaro put forward one constitutional amendment and at least 171 bills, two of which became law. Bolsonaro, who claims to be persecuted by the left-wing parties, said most congressmen do not vote according to their agenda, but "by who

9568-703: The state's textile, glass, porcelain and metalworking industries are concentrated. The completion of the duplication will have to do with a large increase in the logistics and economic capacity of the cities, the Port of Itajaí, the Navegantes Airport and in the flow of production from the west of the state and part of the Serra Catarinense. It has winding and poorly marked sections in the state of Santa Catarina, as well as unpaved or non-existent areas in Rio Grande do Sul. There are also risks in

9672-414: The week before election day, showed a considerable surge for Bolsonaro, who had 40% of vote intentions, or 36% when null or blank vote intentions were included. Haddad came in second with 25% and Gomes third with 15%. The first round of the election occurred on 7   October 2018. Bolsonaro finished in first place with 46% of the popular vote (49.2 million). Since he failed to win over 50%, he faced

9776-479: The years. In 2014, he was the congressman who gained the most votes in Rio de Janeiro, with 465,000. Bolsonaro's name was listed on the " Lista de Furnas  [ pt ] ", a list detailing a corruption and money laundering scheme involving the state-owned electricity company, Eletrobras Furnas . He received housing assistance for deputies who do not have residences in Brasilia despite having an apartment in

9880-431: Was "Brazil above everything, God above everyone" ( Brasil acima de tudo, Deus acima de todos ). Though contested by two lawsuits, the Superior Electoral Court of Brazil deferred them and his candidacy was made official on 6   August. In August, Bolsonaro announced that Antônio Hamilton Mourão , a retired army general, would be his running mate. According to political pundits, Bolsonaro moderated his tone early in

9984-620: Was a member from 2016 to 2018, the Brazilian Labour Party (PTB), Brazilian Woman's Party (PMB), Christian Democracy (DC), Party of National Mobilization (PMN), the Republicans and Patriot (PATRI). On 30 November 2021, Bolsonaro and his son Senator Flávio Bolsonaro joined the Liberal Party (PL). According to political analysts, the choice represents the consolidation of the alliance of Bolsonaro with

10088-534: Was described as a quiet, discreet and conservative councilor, and showed little participation. His term as councilor was used mainly to give visibility to military causes, such as retirement benefits for former officers. In the 1990 elections, Bolsonaro was elected a federal deputy for the Christian Democratic Party. He served seven consecutive terms, from 1991 to 2018. He has been affiliated with several other Brazilian political parties over

10192-405: Was made in December 2010, by the polling institute Vox Populi . This study revealed that 82% of Brazilians consider that the current law on abortion should not be modified, while 14% consider that abortion should be decriminalized, and 4% declare to have no position on the matter. In case of fetuses with microcephaly caused by Zika virus, 58% of the population expressed opposition. Following

10296-420: Was no deadlier than " the flu " and that his priority was the nation's economic recovery rather than the health crisis. In fact, as of early 2021, the Brazilian economy was bouncing back, albeit somewhat slowly and inconsistently, as the pandemic was still threatening to undo any economic recovery. Bolsonaro continually accused political opponents and the press of exaggerating the threat of the virus and called it

10400-464: Was recognized as the winner. Bolsonaro left for the United States on 30 December to avoid taking part in the swearing-in ceremony of Lula, leaving Vice President Hamilton Mourão as the acting President. The documentary Apocalypse in the Tropics (2024) shows how evangelical pastor Silas Malafaia had a defining influence on Bolsanaro, while mustering support from Brasil's evangelical movement, in

10504-411: Was recovering in the hospital, but he later said the wounds seemed worse than initially thought and his father most likely would not be able to start campaigning personally before the end of the first round. He tweeted about his father's condition, explaining that the perforation had reached parts of the liver, lung, and intestine. He also said that Bolsonaro had lost a large amount of blood, arriving at

10608-410: Was removed had shown Brazil's former health minister, Eduardo Pazuello , comparing the virus to HIV. In other videos, Bolsonaro criticized efforts to stop the spread of the virus, such as wearing masks or taking the vaccine. By the end of June 2021, more members of the opposition started to call for his impeachment over his handling of the pandemic and spreading misinformation . The opposition signed

10712-763: Was the first foreign leader Bolsonaro received on a state visit to Brasília after he became president. The second inauguration of Nicolás Maduro in Venezuela took place nine days after Bolsonaro's inauguration . The disputed results of the 2018 Venezuelan presidential election led to the Venezuelan presidential crisis , as the National Assembly rejected the results, considered Maduro an illegitimate ruler since his first term of office ended, and appointed Juan Guaidó as acting president. Bolsonaro did not attend Maduro's inauguration and recognized Guaidó as

10816-660: Was the first time more Brazilians rejected the politics of Bolsonaro than affirmed it. Meanwhile, after allegations of campaign-finance fraud, Bolsonaro fired Gustavo Bebianno , a top adviser and general secretary for the president. His party was accused of diverting public campaign funds to candidates who did not run for office. In November 2019, Bolsonaro left the Social Liberal Party due to conflicts with its leadership. He attempted to form his own party, Alliance for Brazil ( Portuguese : Aliança pelo Brasil ), but it failed to gather enough signatures to register at

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