Copper has been used in electrical wiring since the invention of the electromagnet and the telegraph in the 1820s. The invention of the telephone in 1876 created further demand for copper wire as an electrical conductor.
61-508: Nepal (with MTNL), BBNL Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (abbreviated as BSNL ) (India Communications Corporation Limited) is an Indian central public sector undertaking , under the ownership of Department of Telecommunications , which is part of the Ministry of Communications, Government of India with its headquarters in New Delhi , India. The central public sector undertaking
122-437: A given conduit than conductors with lower conductivities. This greater wire fill is a special advantage when a system is rewired or expanded. Copper building wire is compatible with brass and quality plated screws. The wire provides connections that will not corrode or creep. It is not, however, compatible with aluminium wire or connectors. If the two metals are joined, a galvanic reaction can occur. Anodic corrosion during
183-515: A group of copper wires braided or twisted together. Stranded wire is more flexible and easier to install than a large single-strand wire of the same cross section. Stranding improves wire life in applications with vibration. A particular cross-section of a stranded conductor gives it essentially the same resistance characteristics as a single-strand conductor, but with added flexibility. A copper cable consists of two or more copper wires running side by side and bonded, twisted or braided together to form
244-494: A high-purity copper that contains oxygen as an alloying agent, represents the bulk of electrical conductor applications because of its high electrical conductivity and improved annealability . ETP copper is used for power transmission , power distribution , and telecommunications . Common applications include building wire, motor windings, electrical cables , and busbars . Oxygen-free coppers are used to resist hydrogen embrittlement when extensive amounts of cold work
305-604: A large number of TV channels at the same time. A star wiring pattern, where the wiring to each jack extends to a central distribution device, facilitates flexibility of services, problem identification, and better signal quality. This pattern has advantages to daisy chain loops. Installation tools, tips, and techniques for networked wiring systems using twisted pairs, coaxial cables, and connectors for each are available. Structured cabling competes with wireless systems in homes. While wireless systems certainly have convenience advantages, they also have drawbacks over copper-wired systems:
366-440: A low coefficient of thermal expansion for an electrical conducting material. Aluminium, an alternate common conductor, expands nearly one third more than copper under increasing temperatures. This higher degree of expansion, along with aluminium's lower ductility, can cause electrical problems when bolted connections are improperly installed. By using proper hardware, such as spring pressure connections and cupped or split washers at
427-864: A profit making organization; under this policy decision the government also merged BBNL with BSNL. In 2012 Nikhil Thakur , a hacker and Internet activist, broke into the Madhya Pradesh BSNL website and later on hacked the India BSNL website. In July 2017, BSNL suffered a cyberattack, in Karnataka , when malware affected the telco's broadband network using modems with default passwords. The virus reportedly affected 60,000 modems and blocked their internet connectivity. Later, BSNL issued an advisory notice to its broadband customers, urging them to change their default router username and passwords. BBNL Too Many Requests If you report this error to
488-594: A single assembly. Electrical cables may be made more flexible by stranding the wires. Copper wires in a cable may be bare or they may be plated to reduce oxidation with a thin layer of another metal, most often tin but sometimes gold or silver . Plating may lengthen wire life and makes soldering easier. Twisted pair and coaxial cables are designed to inhibit electromagnetic interference, prevent radiation of signals, and to provide transmission lines with defined characteristics. Shielded cables are encased in foil or wire mesh. Electrolytic-tough pitch (ETP) copper,
549-703: A trial of the new Direct-to-Device technology for the first time in India in partnership with VIASAT. This technology enables users to communicate without transversing a Base Station or Core Network. This technology is used in direct interaction between 5G -enabled devices to connect seamlessly to both terrestrial and satellite coverage. On 28 May 2013, BSNL launched "Internet Data Centre – Managed Cloud Services". This includes computation, software, data access and storage services for individuals as well as enterprises. Services include: On 16 August 2018, BSNL launched "BSNL Wings Services" in 22 telecom circles , in which there
610-464: Is 106% of that of annealed copper on the IACS scale, and the electrical resistivity of silver = 15.9 nΩ•m at 20 °C. The high cost of silver combined with its low tensile strength limits its use to special applications, such as joint plating and sliding contact surfaces, and plating for the conductors in high-quality coaxial cables used at frequencies above 30 MHz. Tensile strength measures
671-586: Is a process that uses tensile forces to stretch metal). Copper has a higher ductility than alternate metal conductors with the exception of gold and silver. Because of copper's high ductility, it is easy to draw down to diameters with very close tolerances. Usually, the stronger a metal is, the less pliable it is. This is not the case with copper. A unique combination of high strength and high ductility makes copper ideal for wiring systems. At junction boxes and at terminations, for example, copper can be bent, twisted, and pulled without stretching or breaking. Creep
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#1732791915964732-769: Is a process whereby two or more metals are joined together by a heating process. This is a desirable property in electrical systems. Copper is readily soldered to make durable connections when necessary. The strength, hardness, and flexibility of copper make it very easy to work with. Copper wiring can be installed simply and easily with no special tools, washers, pigtails, or joint compounds. Its flexibility makes it easy to join, while its hardness helps keep connections securely in place. It has good strength for pulling wire through tight places, including conduits. It can be bent or twisted easily without breaking. It can be stripped and terminated during installation or service with far less danger of nicks or breaks. And it can be connected without
793-404: Is about 1% more conductive (i.e., achieves a minimum of 101% IACS). Several electrically conductive metals are less dense than copper, but require larger cross sections to carry the same current and may not be usable when limited space is a major requirement. Aluminium has 61% of the conductivity of copper. The cross sectional area of an aluminium conductor must be 56% larger than copper for
854-780: Is achieved through a thorough series of tests in accordance with Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) or International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards. Coaxial cables were extensively used in mainframe computer systems and were the first type of major cable used for Local Area Networks ( LAN ). Common applications for coaxial cable today include computer network (Internet) and instrumentation data connections, video and CATV distribution, RF and microwave transmission, and feedlines connecting radio transmitters and receivers with their antennas . While coaxial cables can go longer distances and have better protection from EMI than twisted pairs, coaxial cables are harder to work with and more difficult to run from offices to
915-450: Is commonly used for building wire because of its conductivity, strength, and reliability. Over the life of a building wire system, copper can also be the most economical conductor. Copper used in building wire has a conductivity rating of 100% IACS or better. Copper building wire requires less insulation and can be installed in smaller conduits than when lower-conductivity conductors are used. Also, comparatively, more copper wire can fit in
976-430: Is electrolytic-tough pitch (ETP) copper (CW004A or ASTM designation C11040). This copper is at least 99.90% pure and has an electrical conductivity of at least 101% IACS. ETP copper contains a small percentage of oxygen (0.02 to 0.04%). If high conductivity copper needs to be welded or brazed or used in a reducing atmosphere, then specially-pure oxygen-free copper (CW008A or ASTM designation C10100) may be used; it
1037-541: Is headed by a Chief General Manager (CGM) who is an officer of Indian Telecom Service (ITS). The organizational structure of BSNL is as follows: Chief General Manager being the head of the Circle who is the officer of HAG+ level, assisted by three or four Principal General Manager (PGM) who are the officer of grade HAG. The districts over a circle is being headed by the designations as General Manager officer of grade of SAG who looks over around two to four districts, while where
1098-424: Is higher on the galvanic series than other common structural metals, meaning that copper wire is less likely to be corroded in wet conditions. However, any more anodic metals in contact with copper will be corroded since they will essentially be sacrificed to the copper. Metals and other solid materials expand upon heating and contract upon cooling. This is an undesirable occurrence in electrical systems. Copper has
1159-498: Is limited to a few cities and towns. Most of its 4G services are currently available in Southern India. However, BSNL is trying to launch pan India 4G services up to September 2022. The telecom minister said that BSNL will launch its 4G services all over India on the 75th Independence Day of India along with various other projects. BSNL is using 700 MHz and 2100 MHz bands to roll out the 4G services which can be upgraded to 5G in
1220-454: Is much heavier than aluminum for conductors of equal current carrying capacity, so the high tensile strength is offset by its increased weight. Ductility is a material's ability to deform under tensile stress . This is often characterized by the material's ability to be stretched into a wire . Ductility is especially important in metalworking because materials that crack or break under stress cannot be hammered, rolled, or drawn (drawing
1281-455: Is needed, and for applications requiring higher ductility (e.g., telecommunications cable ). When hydrogen embrittlement is a concern and low electrical resistivity is not required, phosphorus may be added to copper. For certain applications, copper alloy conductors are preferred instead of pure copper, especially when higher strengths or improved abrasion and corrosion resistance properties are required. However, relative to pure copper,
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#17327919159641342-690: Is no need for a SIM card or FTTH as it is a VoIP service through an app. It offers unlimited free calling for one year throughout India. BSNL is primarily divided into three vertical divisions: Other than these three vertical divisions, there are electrical wings and civil wings, which take care of real estate monetization. Horizontally, BSNL is divided into several administrative units, variously known as telecom circles, metro districts, project circles and specialized units. It has 24 telecom circles, two metro districts, six project circles, four maintenance regions, five telecom factories, three training institutions and four specialized telecom units. Each circle
1403-479: Is required to check terminals periodically and ensure that screws remain tightened to prevent arcing and overheating. Corrosion is the unwanted breakdown and weakening of a material due to chemical reactions. Copper generally resists corrosion from moisture, humidity, industrial pollution, and other atmospheric influences. However, any corrosion oxides, chlorides, and sulfides that do form on copper are somewhat conductive. Under many application conditions copper
1464-864: Is the general term for 21st century On-premises wiring for high-capacity telephone, video, data-transmission, security, control, and entertainment systems. Installations usually include a central distribution panel where all connections are made, as well as outlets with dedicated connections for phone, data, TV and audio jacks. Structured cabling enables computers to communicate with each other error-free and at high speeds while resisting interference among various electrical sources, such as household appliances and external communications signals. Networked computers are able to share high-speed Internet connections simultaneously. Structured cabling can also connect computers with printers , scanners , telephones , fax machines, and even home security systems and home entertainment equipment. Quad-shielded RG-6 coaxial cable can carry
1525-402: Is the gradual deformation of a material from constant expansions and contractions under varying load conditions. This process has adverse effects on electrical systems: terminations can become loose, causing connections to heat up or create dangerous arcing. Copper has excellent creep characteristics that minimizes loosening at connections. For other metal conductors that creep, extra maintenance
1586-541: Is the largest government-owned-wireless telecommunications service provider in India. Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited is an Indian government enterprise and its history can be traced back to British India . The foundation of the telecommunications network in India was laid by the British sometime during the 19th century. During the British era, the first telegraph line was established between Kolkata and Diamond Harbour in 1850. The British East India Company started using
1647-517: Is the most important market for the copper industry. Roughly half of all copper mined is used to manufacture electrical wire and cable conductors. Electrical conductivity is a measure of how well a material transports an electric charge . This is an essential property in electrical wiring systems. Copper has the highest electrical conductivity rating of all non- precious metals : the electrical resistivity of copper = 16.78 nΩ•m at 20 °C. The theory of metals in their solid state helps to explain
1708-408: Is unable to handle communications needs for multiple phone lines, Internet service, video communications, data transmission, fax machines, and security services. Crosstalk , static interference, inaudible signals, and interrupted service are common problems with outdated wiring. Computers connected to old-fashioned communications wiring often experience poor Internet performance. Structured cabling
1769-697: Is used for railroad electrification in North America. In Britain the BPO (later Post Office Telecommunications ) used cadmium copper aerial lines with 1% cadmium for extra strength; for local lines 40 lb/mile (1.3 mm dia) and for toll lines 70 lb/mile (1.7 mm dia). Some of the major application markets for copper conductors are summarized below. Electrical wiring distributes electric power inside residential, commercial, or industrial buildings, mobile homes, recreational vehicles, boats, and substations at voltages up to 600 V. The thickness of
1830-571: The GSM platform. BSNL Mobile is a major provider of GSM network services under the brand names CellOne and BSNL all over India. It has wide network coverage in both urban and rural areas of India. It has over 121.82 million customers across India. BSNL Mobile offers prepaid , postpaid services and value-added services such as Free Phone Service (FPS), India Telephone Card (Prepaid card), Account Card Calling (ACC), Virtual Private Network (VPN), Tele-voting, Premium Rate Service (PRM). It also offers
1891-747: The IPTV which enables customers to watch television through the Internet and Voice and Video Over Internet Protocol (VVoIP). BSNL Landline was launched in the early 1990s. It was the only fixed-line telephone service for the whole country before the New Telecom Policy was announced by the Department of Telecom in 1999. Only the Government-owned BSNL and MTNL were allowed to provide land-line phone services through copper wire in
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1952-528: The International Electrotechnical Commission defined the conductivity of commercially pure copper in its International Annealed Copper Standard, as 100% IACS = 58.0 MS/m at 20 °C, decreasing by 0.393%/°C. Because commercial purity has improved over the last century, copper conductors used in building wire often slightly exceed the 100% IACS standard. The main grade of copper used for electrical applications
2013-409: The mean free path , is inversely proportional to the resistivity of the metal. What is unique about copper is its long mean free path (approximately 100 atomic spacings at room temperature). This mean free path increases rapidly as copper is chilled. Because of its superior conductivity, annealed copper became the international standard to which all other electrical conductors are compared. In 1913,
2074-436: The "Web-Based Telegram Messaging System" which relied on internet connections rather than telex lines (which are more reliable where power outages are more common). This led to a decline in service, and the company applied the title "diminished service" to telegrams in 2010. Finally, on 15 July 2013, the public telegram service was shut down completely. BSNL provides both fixed line telephones and mobile telephony services on
2135-554: The Government of India announced a revival package for BSNL and has given its agreement to an in-principle merger (operational merger, i.e., only the operations of MTNL and BSNL would be merged, and they would be managed by BSNL) for MTNL and BSNL On 27 July 2022, the Government of India announced another revival package for the state-owned BSNL, for providing 4G and 5G services making the PSU more viable and vibrant and turning it into
2196-717: The Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.226 via cp1108 cp1108, Varnish XID 258710527 Upstream caches: cp1108 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 11:05:16 GMT Copper conductor Copper is the electrical conductor in many categories of electrical wiring. Copper wire is used in power generation , power transmission , power distribution , telecommunications , electronics circuitry, and countless types of electrical equipment . Copper and its alloys are also used to make electrical contacts . Electrical wiring in buildings
2257-607: The best balanced-line wires available. However, they are the easiest to tap into. When interference and security are concerns, shielded cable or fiber-optic cable is often considered. UTP cables include: Category 3 cable , now the minimum requirement by the FCC (USA) for every telephone connection; Category 5e cable , 100-MHz enhanced pairs for running Gigabit Ethernet (1000BASE-T); and Category 6 cable , where each pair runs 250 MHz for improved 1000BASE-T performance. In copper twisted pair wire networks, copper cable certification
2318-521: The connections are less and the smaller district is being headed by Telecom District Manager (TDM) Officer of the grade of JAG and Telecom Divisional Engineer (TDE) officer of STS grade, all the officers above the post of TDE (including TDE) are of Group A, and they are the officers of grade of Indian Telecom Service (ITS) directly or promotive. Then the Group B consists of Additional Divisional Engineer, Sub Divisional Engineer and Junior Telecom officer and then
2379-790: The country. BSNL Landline is the largest fixed-line telephony in India. It has over 9.55 million customers and 47.20% market share in the country as of 28 February 2021. BSNL is the fourth-largest ISP in India, having a presence throughout the country. It also has the largest Firebase telecom network in the country, around 7.5 lakh kilometers, among the four operators in the country. BSNL Broadband provides telecom services to enterprise customers including MPLS, P2P and Internet leased lines. It provides fixed-line services and landline using CDMA technology and its own extensive optical fiber network. BSNL provides Internet access services through dial-up connections as prepaid, NetOne as postpaid, and DataOne as BSNL Broadband . BSNL Bharat Fiber ( FTTH )
2440-412: The emergence of the government owned telegraph and telephone enterprise which led to the foundation of BSNL. Until early 2000s, BSNL is the only service provider for Indian Railways to control and administrative communication circuits later, they are separated as Railtel . For 160 years, BSNL had operated the public telegram service. In 2010, the telex network between its 182 offices was replaced with
2501-559: The force required to pull an object such as rope, wire, or a structural beam to the point where it breaks. The tensile strength of a material is the maximum amount of tensile stress it can take before breaking. Copper's higher tensile strength (200–250 N/mm annealed) compared to aluminium (100 N/mm for typical conductor alloys ) is another reason why copper is used extensively in the building industry. Copper's high strength resists stretching, neck-down, creep, nicks and breaks, and thereby also prevents failures and service interruptions. Copper
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2562-564: The future. On behalf of the government of India, the Minister of Communications Ashwini Vaishnaw announced that the State-Owned Telco would start its 5G operations by 15 August 2023. He also added that the 4G and 5G network of the state-owned BSNL would be a completely home-grown indigenous 4G and 5G network technology; thus, emphasizing more on Govt. of India's Atmanirbhar Bharat . In November 2024, BSNL introduced and made
2623-641: The higher bandwidth of systems using Category 5e wiring typically support more than ten times the speeds of wireless systems for faster data applications and more channels for video applications. Alternatively, wireless systems are a security risk as they can transmit sensitive information to unintended users over similar receiver devices. Wireless systems are more susceptible to interference from other devices and systems, which can compromise performance. Certain geographic areas and some buildings may be unsuitable for wireless installations, just as some buildings may present difficulties installing wires. Power distribution
2684-404: The higher strength and corrosion resistance benefits that are offered by copper alloys are offset by their lower electrical conductivities. Design engineers weigh the advantages and disadvantages of the various types of copper and copper alloy conductors when determining which type to specify for a specific electrical application. An example of a copper alloy conductor is cadmium copper wire, which
2745-470: The joint, it may be possible to create aluminium joints that compare in quality to copper joints. Thermal conductivity is the ability of a material to conduct heat. In electrical systems, high thermal conductivity is important for dissipating waste heat, particularly at terminations and connections. Copper has a 60% higher thermal conductivity rating than aluminium, so it is better able to reduce thermal hot spots in electrical wiring systems. Soldering
2806-552: The like), and in dedicated branches serving heavy-load appliances (such as ranges, ovens, clothes dryers and air conditioners). Attempts to replace copper with aluminium in building wire were curtailed in most countries when it was found that aluminium connections gradually loosened due to their inherent slow creep, combined with the high resistivity and heat generation of aluminium oxidation at joints. Spring-loaded contacts have largely alleviated this problem with aluminium conductors in building wire, but some building codes still forbid
2867-512: The most common cable in computer networking cables, especially as patch cables or temporary network connections. They are increasingly used in video applications, primarily in security cameras. UTP plenum cables that run above ceilings and inside walls use a solid copper core for each conductor, which enables the cable to hold its shape when bent. Patch cables, which connect computers to wall plates, use stranded copper wire because they are expected to be flexed during their lifetimes. UTPs are
2928-414: The operating environment of the conductor. Conductors used in areas where cool air is free to circulate around the wires are generally permitted to carry more current than the small sized conductor encased in an underground conduit run with many similar conductors adjacent to it. The practical temperature ratings of insulated copper conductors are mostly due to the limitations of the insulation material or of
2989-436: The organization has Group C and D employees. On 24 October 2019, the Government of India announced a revival package for BSNL and MTNL which includes monetizing assets, raising funds, TD-LTE spectrum, and a voluntary retirement scheme for employees. Apart from the package, the Ministry of Communications has decided to merge MTNL with BSNL. Pending this, MTNL will be a wholly owned subsidiary of BSNL. On 24 October 2019,
3050-456: The reaction can disintegrate the aluminium. This is why most appliance and electrical equipment manufacturers use copper lead wires for connections to building wiring systems. All-copper building wiring refers to buildings in which the inside electrical service is carried exclusively over copper wiring. In all-copper homes, copper conductors are used in circuit breaker panels, branch circuit wiring (to outlets, switches, lighting fixtures and
3111-450: The same current carrying capability. The need to increase the thickness of aluminium wire restricts its use in many applications, such as in small motors and automobiles. However, in some applications such as aerial electric power transmission cables, aluminium predominates, and copper is rarely used. Silver , a precious metal , is the only metal with a higher electrical conductivity than copper. The electrical conductivity of silver
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#17327919159643172-665: The struggling PSU was merged with the Government's special purpose vehicle BBNL . This gave the struggling PSU a boost and an additional advantage of additional 5.67 lakh kilometers of optical fiber wh,ich has been laid across 1.85 lakh village panchayats in the country using the Universal Service Obligation Fund (USOF). Currently, it has an optical fibre erble network of over 6.83 lakh kilometre.er BSNL started 4G service in some parts of India such as Bihar, Jharkhand, and Uttar Pradesh in January 2019, but it
3233-630: The telegraph in 1851 and until 1854 telegraph lines were laid across the country. In 1854, the telegraph service was opened to the public and the first telegram was sent from Mumbai to Pune. In 1885, the Indian Telegraph Act was passed by the British Imperial Legislative Council . After the bifurcation of the Post and Telegraph department in the 1980s, the creation of Department of Telecom eventually led to
3294-436: The temperature rating of the attached equipment. Twisted pair cabling is the most popular network cable and is often used in data networks for short and medium length connections (up to 100 meters or 328 feet). This is due to its relatively lower costs compared to optical fiber and coaxial cable. Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cables are the primary cable type for telephone usage. In the late 20th century, UTPs emerged as
3355-555: The unusually high electrical conductivity of copper. In a copper atom , the outermost 4s energy zone, or conduction band , is only half filled, so many electrons are able to carry electric current . When an electric field is applied to a copper wire, the conduction of electrons accelerates towards the electropositive end, thereby creating a current. These electrons encounter resistance to their passage by colliding with impurity atoms, vacancies, lattice ions, and imperfections. The average distance travelled between collisions, defined as
3416-437: The use of aluminium. For branch-circuit sizes, virtually all basic wiring for lights, outlets and switches is made from copper. The market for aluminium building wire today is mostly confined to larger gauge sizes used in supply circuits. Electrical wiring codes give the allowable current rating for standard sizes of conductors. The current rating of a conductor varies depending on the size, allowable maximum temperature, and
3477-480: The use of special lugs and fittings. The combination of all of these factors makes it easy for electricians to install copper wire. Solid wire consists of one strand of copper metal wire, bare or surrounded by an insulator. Single-strand copper conductors are typically used as magnet wire in motors and transformers. They are relatively rigid, do not bend easily, and are typically installed in permanent, infrequently handled, and low flex applications. Stranded wire has
3538-603: The wire is based on electric current requirements in conjunction with safe operating temperatures. Solid wire is used for smaller diameters; thicker diameters are stranded to provide flexibility. Conductor types include non-metallic/non-metallic corrosion-resistant cable (two or more insulated conductors with a nonmetallic outer sheath), armored or BX cable (cables are surrounded by a flexible metal enclosure), metal clad cable, service entrance cable, underground feeder cable, TC cable, fire resistant cable, and mineral insulated cable, including mineral-insulated copper-clad cable . Copper
3599-647: The wiring closet. For these reasons, it is now generally being replaced with less expensive UTP cables or by fiber-optic cables for more capacity. Today, many CATV companies still use coaxial cables into homes. These cables, however, are increasingly connected to a fiber optic data communications system outside of the home. Most building management systems use proprietary copper cabling, as do paging/audio speaker systems. Security monitoring and entry systems still often depend on copper, although fiber cables are also used. Most telephone lines can share voice and data simultaneously. Pre-digital quad telephone wiring in homes
3660-467: Was established on 1 October 2000 by the Government of India. Its highest official is designated as Chairperson and Managing Director , who is a central civil service group 'A' gazetted officer from Indian Communication Finance Service cadre or central engineering service group 'A' gazetted officer from Indian Telecommunication Service cadre. It provides mobile voice and internet services through its nationwide telecommunications network across India. It
3721-583: Was launched in February 2019. It offers TV over IP (IPTV) , Video On-Demand (VoD), Voice over IP (VoIP), Audio On-Demand (AoD), Bandwidth On-Demand (BoD), remote education , video conferencing services, interactive gaming, and Virtual Private LAN services. BSNL has said that its optic fiber network provides fixed access to deliver high-speed Internet up to 300 Mbit/s. With effect to the government of India's policy decision to provide state-owned BSNL with another revival package worth 1.64 lakh crore rupees,
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