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104-468: The blue screen of death (also known as BSoD , blue screen error , blue screen , fatal error or bugcheck , and officially known as a stop error ) is a critical error screen displayed by the Microsoft Windows operating systems. It indicates a system crash , in which the operating system reaches a critical condition where it can no longer operate safely. Possible issues that may cause

208-442: A n c e r | s m o k i n g ) {\displaystyle P(cancer|smoking)} , and interventional probabilities , as in P ( c a n c e r | d o ( s m o k i n g ) ) {\displaystyle P(cancer|do(smoking))} . The former reads: "the probability of finding cancer in a person known to smoke, having started, unforced by

312-508: A MIPS OS box and SlickEdit for programming so that the firmware and editor both displayed white text on a blue background, making it for a more consistent programming experience. BSoDs originally showed silver text on a royal blue background with information about current memory values and register values. Starting with Windows Server 2012 (released in September 2012), Windows adopted a cerulean background. Windows 11 initially used

416-506: A progression of events following one after the other as cause and effect. Incompatibilism holds that determinism is incompatible with free will, so if determinism is true, " free will " does not exist. Compatibilism , on the other hand, holds that determinism is compatible with, or even necessary for, free will. Causes may sometimes be distinguished into two types: necessary and sufficient. A third type of causation, which requires neither necessity nor sufficiency, but which contributes to

520-459: A BSoD include hardware failures, an issue with or without a device driver, viruses , malware , and other factors. Blue error screens have existed since the first beta release of Windows 1.0 ; if Windows found a different DOS version than it expected, the error message "Incorrect DOS version" alongside other text messages detailing what check failed to pass would be appended to the boot screen before starting normally. This function still exists in

624-505: A BSoD when his assistant, Chris Capossela , connected a scanner to the PC to demonstrate Windows 98's support for Plug and Play devices. This event brought thunderous applause from the crowd and Gates replied (after a nervous pause): "That must be why we're not shipping Windows 98 yet." systemd , a software suite providing system components for Linux operating systems, implements a blue screen of death similar to that of Microsoft Windows using

728-561: A black background but later switched to a dark blue background starting with build 22000.348. Preview builds of Windows 10, Windows 11, and Windows Server (available from the Windows Insider program) feature a dark green background instead of a blue one. Windows 3.1, 95, and 98 supports customizing the color of the screen whereas the color is hard-coded in the Windows NT family . Windows 95, 98, and Me render their BSoDs in

832-518: A blue text screen is displayed that contains information about why the error occurred, which is commonly known as a blue screen or bug check screen. The user will only see the blue screen if the system is not configured to automatically restart (which became the default setting in Windows XP SP2). Otherwise, it appears as though the system simply rebooted (though a blue screen may be visible briefly). In Windows, bug checks are only supported by

936-511: A causal ordering. The system of equations must have certain properties, most importantly, if some values are chosen arbitrarily, the remaining values will be determined uniquely through a path of serial discovery that is perfectly causal. They postulate the inherent serialization of such a system of equations may correctly capture causation in all empirical fields, including physics and economics. Some theorists have equated causality with manipulability. Under these theories, x causes y only in

1040-429: A cause is incorrectly identified. Counterfactual theories define causation in terms of a counterfactual relation, and can often be seen as "floating" their account of causality on top of an account of the logic of counterfactual conditionals . Counterfactual theories reduce facts about causation to facts about what would have been true under counterfactual circumstances. The idea is that causal relations can be framed in

1144-416: A cause while an enduring object is its effect. For example, the generative actions of his parents can be regarded as the efficient cause, with Socrates being the effect, Socrates being regarded as an enduring object, in philosophical tradition called a 'substance', as distinct from an action. Since causality is a subtle metaphysical notion, considerable intellectual effort, along with exhibition of evidence,

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1248-595: A condition where it can no longer operate safely ( i.e. where critical data could be lost or the system damaged in other ways). In Microsoft Windows , a fatal system error can be deliberately caused from a kernel-mode driver with either the KeBugCheck or KeBugCheckEx function. However, this should only be done as a last option when a critical driver is corrupted and is impossible to recover. This design parallels that in OpenVMS . The Unix kernel panic concept

1352-466: A crash, which in turn brings up said BSoD. Creating the aforementioned directories within Windows will also not work and may cause the same BSOD to occur. On March 16, 2000, Microsoft released a security update to resolve this issue. One famous instance of a Windows 9x BSoD occurred during a presentation of a Windows 98 beta given by Bill Gates at COMDEX on April 20, 1998: The demo PC crashed with

1456-586: A definite time. Such a process can be regarded as a cause. Causality is not inherently implied in equations of motion , but postulated as an additional constraint that needs to be satisfied (i.e. a cause always precedes its effect). This constraint has mathematical implications such as the Kramers-Kronig relations . Causality is one of the most fundamental and essential notions of physics. Causal efficacy cannot 'propagate' faster than light. Otherwise, reference coordinate systems could be constructed (using

1560-420: A dozen significant sites had included other embellished or invented details in their stories, including incorrectly naming Chen as a Microsoft executive, treating Chen as an "official company spokesperson", and using unrelated images from Windows NT or Windows 95 as illustrations. In addition, he pointed out that a special mention for the worst single distortion belonged to BGR (Boy Genius Report), who "fabricated

1664-413: A free download and can be installed by most users. The Windows DDK is larger and more complicated to install. Cause and effect In general, a process can have multiple causes, which are also said to be causal factors for it, and all lie in its past . An effect can in turn be a cause of, or causal factor for, many other effects, which all lie in its future . Some writers have held that causality

1768-413: A kernel debugger . For Windows, WinDBG or KD debuggers from Debugging Tools for Windows are used. A debugger is necessary to obtain a stack trace, and may be required to ascertain the true cause of the problem; as the information on-screen is limited and thus possibly misleading, it may hide the true source of the error. By default, Windows XP is configured to save only a 64kB minidump when it encounters

1872-408: A known causal effect or to test a causal model than to generate causal hypotheses. For nonexperimental data, causal direction can often be inferred if information about time is available. This is because (according to many, though not all, theories) causes must precede their effects temporally. This can be determined by statistical time series models, for instance, or with a statistical test based on

1976-403: A mathematical definition of "confounding" and helps researchers identify accessible sets of variables worthy of measurement. While derivations in causal calculus rely on the structure of the causal graph, parts of the causal structure can, under certain assumptions, be learned from statistical data. The basic idea goes back to Sewall Wright 's 1921 work on path analysis . A "recovery" algorithm

2080-443: A metaphysical account of what it is for there to be a causal relation between some pair of events. If correct, the analysis has the power to explain certain features of causation. Knowing that causation is a matter of counterfactual dependence, we may reflect on the nature of counterfactual dependence to account for the nature of causation. For example, in his paper "Counterfactual Dependence and Time's Arrow," Lewis sought to account for

2184-411: A process and a pseudo-process . As an example, a ball moving through the air (a process) is contrasted with the motion of a shadow (a pseudo-process). The former is causal in nature while the latter is not. Salmon (1984) claims that causal processes can be identified by their ability to transmit an alteration over space and time. An alteration of the ball (a mark by a pen, perhaps) is carried with it as

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2288-532: A program could not run. Windows 3.1 changed the color of this screen from black to blue. It also displays a blue screen when the user presses the Ctrl+Alt+Delete key combination to bring up a rudimentary task manager , reserved for quitting any unresponsive programs if they are available. As with prior versions, Windows 3.x exits to DOS if an error condition is severe enough. The first Blue Screen of Death appeared in Windows NT 3.1 (the first version of

2392-418: A real number. One has to be careful in the use of the word cause in physics. Properly speaking, the hypothesized cause and the hypothesized effect are each temporally transient processes. For example, force is a useful concept for the explanation of acceleration, but force is not by itself a cause. More is needed. For example, a temporally transient process might be characterized by a definite change of force at

2496-533: A scenario and posited it as real" in a rhetorical question to readers. He also found that several sources had conflated the creation of the BSoD with the fact that they occur, thus inverting cause and effect by implying that the invention of BSoDs caused fatal errors to occur instead of their actual, helpful function of giving the user information about a fatal error after the system has already become unrecoverable (such incorrect sources transitively blamed Ballmer for

2600-425: A staple in contemporary philosophy . The nature of cause and effect is a concern of the subject known as metaphysics . Kant thought that time and space were notions prior to human understanding of the progress or evolution of the world, and he also recognized the priority of causality. But he did not have the understanding that came with knowledge of Minkowski geometry and the special theory of relativity , that

2704-405: A stop error, and to then automatically reboot the computer. Because this process happens very quickly, the blue screen may be seen only for an instant or not at all. Users have sometimes noted this as a random reboot rather than a traditional stop error, and are only aware of an issue after Windows reboots and displays a notification that it has recovered from a serious error. This happens only when

2808-554: A systemd unit called systemd-bsod since August 2023, which was fully added on December 6, 2023 starting with version 255 of systemd. While it does not fully replace the kernel panic featured within Linux (see below), it is used in the event of a boot failure. Stop errors are comparable to kernel panics in macOS , Linux , and other Unix-like systems, and to bugchecks in OpenVMS . ReactOS , an open-source operating system designed to achieve binary compatibility with Windows, implements

2912-402: A triangle. Nonetheless, even when interpreted counterfactually, the first statement is true. An early version of Aristotle's "four cause" theory is described as recognizing "essential cause". In this version of the theory, that the closed polygon has three sides is said to be the "essential cause" of its being a triangle. This use of the word 'cause' is of course now far obsolete. Nevertheless, it

3016-538: A version of the Blue Screen of Death similar to that used in Windows NT operating systems. Windows 3.1 displays a black screen of death instead of a blue one. Some versions of macOS (notably OS X Lion ) display a black screen of death instead of a kernel panic, usually pointed to a graphics card or sleep/wake issue. The Xbox series of consoles (which includes the original Xbox , Xbox 360 , Xbox One and

3120-404: A window and it breaks. If Alice hadn't thrown the brick, then it still would have broken, suggesting that Alice wasn't a cause; however, intuitively, Alice did cause the window to break. The Halpern-Pearl definitions of causality take account of examples like these. The first and third Halpern-Pearl conditions are easiest to understand: AC1 requires that Alice threw the brick and the window broke in

3224-445: Is metaphysically prior to notions of time and space . Causality is an abstraction that indicates how the world progresses. As such it is a basic concept; it is more apt to be an explanation of other concepts of progression than something to be explained by other more fundamental concepts. The concept is like those of agency and efficacy . For this reason, a leap of intuition may be needed to grasp it. Accordingly, causality

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3328-467: Is a hexadecimal number from 00 to 11 (0 to 17 decimal). The error codes are as follows: Reasons for BSoDs include: In Windows 95 and 98, a BSoD occurs when the system attempts to access the file " c:\con\con ", " c:\aux\aux ", or " c:\prn\prn " on the hard drive. This could be inserted on a website to crash visitors' machines as a prank. In reality, however, they are reserved device names for DOS systems; attempting to access them from Windows causes

3432-439: Is a process that is varied from occasion to occasion. The occurrence or non-occurrence of subsequent bubonic plague is recorded. To establish causality, the experiment must fulfill certain criteria, only one example of which is mentioned here. For example, instances of the hypothesized cause must be set up to occur at a time when the hypothesized effect is relatively unlikely in the absence of the hypothesized cause; such unlikelihood

3536-462: Is a smoker") probabilistically causes B ("The person has now or will have cancer at some time in the future"), if the information that A occurred increases the likelihood of B s occurrence. Formally, P{ B | A }≥ P{ B } where P{ B | A } is the conditional probability that B will occur given the information that A occurred, and P{ B } is the probability that B will occur having no knowledge whether A did or did not occur. This intuitive condition

3640-462: Is implicit in the structure of ordinary language, as well as explicit in the language of scientific causal notation . In English studies of Aristotelian philosophy , the word "cause" is used as a specialized technical term, the translation of Aristotle 's term αἰτία, by which Aristotle meant "explanation" or "answer to a 'why' question". Aristotle categorized the four types of answers as material, formal, efficient, and final "causes". In this case,

3744-459: Is more basic than causal interaction. But describing manipulations in non-causal terms has provided a substantial difficulty. The second criticism centers around concerns of anthropocentrism . It seems to many people that causality is some existing relationship in the world that we can harness for our desires. If causality is identified with our manipulation, then this intuition is lost. In this sense, it makes humans overly central to interactions in

3848-403: Is needed to establish knowledge of it in particular empirical circumstances. According to David Hume , the human mind is unable to perceive causal relations directly. On this ground, the scholar distinguished between the regularity view of causality and the counterfactual notion. According to the counterfactual view , X causes Y if and only if, without X, Y would not exist. Hume interpreted

3952-409: Is no memory dump saved. Since the system is unable to boot from the hard drive in this situation, correction of the problem often requires using the repair tools found on the Windows installation disc. Before Windows Server 2012 , each BSoD displayed an error name in uppercase (e.g. APC_INDEX_MISMATCH), a hexadecimal error number (e.g. 0x00000001) and four parameters. The last two are shown together in

4056-409: Is not adequate as a definition for probabilistic causation because of its being too general and thus not meeting our intuitive notion of cause and effect. For example, if A denotes the event "The person is a smoker," B denotes the event "The person now has or will have cancer at some time in the future" and C denotes the event "The person now has or will have emphysema some time in the future," then

4160-744: Is specifically characteristic of quantal phenomena that observations defined by incompatible variables always involve important intervention by the experimenter, as described quantitatively by the observer effect . In classical thermodynamics , processes are initiated by interventions called thermodynamic operations . In other branches of science, for example astronomy , the experimenter can often observe with negligible intervention. The theory of "causal calculus" (also known as do-calculus, Judea Pearl 's Causal Calculus, Calculus of Actions) permits one to infer interventional probabilities from conditional probabilities in causal Bayesian networks with unmeasured variables. One very practical result of this theory

4264-718: Is the characterization of confounding variables , namely, a sufficient set of variables that, if adjusted for, would yield the correct causal effect between variables of interest. It can be shown that a sufficient set for estimating the causal effect of X {\displaystyle X} on Y {\displaystyle Y} is any set of non-descendants of X {\displaystyle X} that d {\displaystyle d} -separate X {\displaystyle X} from Y {\displaystyle Y} after removing all arrows emanating from X {\displaystyle X} . This criterion, called "backdoor", provides

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4368-500: Is to be established by empirical evidence. A mere observation of a correlation is not nearly adequate to establish causality. In nearly all cases, establishment of causality relies on repetition of experiments and probabilistic reasoning. Hardly ever is causality established more firmly than as more or less probable. It is most convenient for establishment of causality if the contrasting material states of affairs are precisely matched, except for only one variable factor, perhaps measured by

4472-415: Is to say, it would make good sense grammatically to say either " A is the cause and B the effect" or " B is the cause and A the effect", though only one of those two can be actually true. In this view, one opinion, proposed as a metaphysical principle in process philosophy , is that every cause and every effect is respectively some process, event, becoming, or happening. An example is 'his tripping over

4576-439: Is very similar. When a bug check is issued, a crash dump file will be created if the system is configured to create them. This file contains a "snapshot" of useful low-level information about the system that can be used to debug the root cause of the problem and possibly other things in the background. If the user has enabled it, the system will also write an entry to the system event log. The log entry contains information about

4680-497: Is within the scope of ordinary language to say that it is essential to a triangle that it has three sides. A full grasp of the concept of conditionals is important to understanding the literature on causality. In everyday language, loose conditional statements are often enough made, and need to be interpreted carefully. Fallacies of questionable cause, also known as causal fallacies, non-causa pro causa (Latin for "non-cause for cause"), or false cause, are informal fallacies where

4784-463: The Lorentz transform of special relativity ) in which an observer would see an effect precede its cause (i.e. the postulate of causality would be violated). Causal notions appear in the context of the flow of mass-energy. Any actual process has causal efficacy that can propagate no faster than light. In contrast, an abstraction has no causal efficacy. Its mathematical expression does not propagate in

4888-773: The Windows 9x operating systems, incompatible DLLs or bugs in the operating system kernel could also cause BSoDs. Because of the instability and lack of memory protection in Windows 9x OSes, BSoDs were much more common. The Windows Embedded Compact (formerly known as Windows CE) line of embedded operating systems do not contain a Blue Screen of Death. On September 4, 2014, several online journals such as Business Insider , DailyTech , Engadget , Gizmodo , Lifehacker , Neowin , Softpedia , TechSpot , Boy Genius Report ( BGR ), The Register , and The Verge , as well as print and non-English sources like PC Authority and Austrian tech site FutureZone all attributed

4992-445: The Windows NT family, released in 1993), and later appeared on all Windows operating systems released afterwards. The error screens started with *** STOP: in its earlier iterations, hence it became known as a "stop error." BSoDs can be caused by poorly written device drivers or malfunctioning hardware, such as faulty memory , power supply issues, overheating of components, or hardware running beyond its specification limits. In

5096-567: The Xbox Series X/S ) also display a black screen upon hardware or software error. Beta versions of Windows 98 display a red error screen raised by the Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) when the host computer's BIOS encounters a problem. The bootloader of the first beta version of Windows Vista originally displayed a red screen background in the event of a boot failure. As mentioned earlier,

5200-449: The counterfactual conditional , has a stronger connection with causality, yet even counterfactual statements are not all examples of causality. Consider the following two statements: In the first case, it would be incorrect to say that A's being a triangle caused it to have three sides, since the relationship between triangularity and three-sidedness is that of definition. The property of having three sides actually determines A's state as

5304-440: The insider builds of Windows 10 and later, as well as Windows Server 2016 and later, display a green screen. Windows 10 and later (and Windows Server 2016 and later) also display an orange screen when a driver incompatibility is present. Fatal system error A fatal system error (also known as a system crash , stop error , kernel error , or bug check ) occurs when an operating system halts because it has reached

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5408-415: The skeletons (the graphs stripped of arrows) of these three triplets are identical, the directionality of the arrows is partially identifiable. The same distinction applies when X {\displaystyle X} and Z {\displaystyle Z} have common ancestors, except that one must first condition on those ancestors. Algorithms have been developed to systematically determine

5512-564: The "cause" is the explanans for the explanandum , and failure to recognize that different kinds of "cause" are being considered can lead to futile debate. Of Aristotle's four explanatory modes, the one nearest to the concerns of the present article is the "efficient" one. David Hume , as part of his opposition to rationalism , argued that pure reason alone cannot prove the reality of efficient causality; instead, he appealed to custom and mental habit, observing that all human knowledge derives solely from experience . The topic of causality remains

5616-512: The (mentioned above) regularity, probabilistic , counterfactual, mechanistic , and manipulationist views. The five approaches can be shown to be reductive, i.e., define causality in terms of relations of other types. According to this reading, they define causality in terms of, respectively, empirical regularities (constant conjunctions of events), changes in conditional probabilities , counterfactual conditions, mechanisms underlying causal relations, and invariance under intervention. Causality has

5720-654: The 80×25 text mode with a 720×400 screen resolution. BSoDs in the Windows NT family initially used the 80×50 text mode with a 720×400 screen resolution, but changed to use the 640×480 screen resolution starting with Windows 2000 up to 7. Windows 2000 used its built-in kernel mode font, Windows XP, Vista, and 7 use the Lucida Console font, and Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 used the Segoe UI font. BSoDs on Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 are rendered in higher resolutions than previous versions of Windows, where it uses

5824-424: The BSoD, internally referred to as " _VWIN32_FaultPopup ", gives the user the option either to restart the computer or to continue using Windows, allowing the user to save their work before any data could be lost. Depending on the type of situation it may have occurred, however, the options to either continue or restart may or may not work at all. This is in contrast to the Windows NT version of BSoDs, which prevented

5928-420: The BSoD. The debugger can then be used to examine the contents of memory and determine the source of the problem. A BSoD can also be caused by a critical boot loader error, where the operating system is unable to access the boot partition due to incorrect storage drivers, a damaged file system or similar problems. The error code in this situation is STOP: 0x0000007B (INACCESSIBLE_BOOT_DEVICE). In such cases, there

6032-454: The Windows NT kernel . The corresponding system routine in Windows 9x, named SHELL_SYSMODAL_Message , does not halt the system like bug checks do. Instead, it displays the infamous " blue screen of death " (BSoD) and allows the user to attempt to continue. The Windows DDK and the WinDbg documentation both have reference information about most bug checks. The WinDbg package is available as

6136-404: The absence of firefighters. Together these are unnecessary but sufficient to the house's burning down (since many other collections of events certainly could have led to the house burning down, for example shooting the house with a flamethrower in the presence of oxygen and so forth). Within this collection, the short circuit is an insufficient (since the short circuit by itself would not have caused

6240-473: The actual work. AC3 requires that Alice throwing the brick is a minimal cause (cf. blowing a kiss and throwing a brick). Taking the "updated" version of AC2(a), the basic idea is that we have to find a set of variables and settings thereof such that preventing Alice from throwing a brick also stops the window from breaking. One way to do this is to stop Bob from throwing the brick. Finally, for AC2(b), we have to hold things as per AC2(a) and show that Alice throwing

6344-472: The antecedent to precede or coincide with the consequent in time, whereas conditional statements do not require this temporal order. Confusion commonly arises since many different statements in English may be presented using "If ..., then ..." form (and, arguably, because this form is far more commonly used to make a statement of causality). The two types of statements are distinct, however. For example, all of

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6448-478: The asymmetry of the causal relation is unrelated to the asymmetry of any mode of implication that contraposes. Rather, a causal relation is not a relation between values of variables, but a function of one variable (the cause) on to another (the effect). So, given a system of equations, and a set of variables appearing in these equations, we can introduce an asymmetric relation among individual equations and variables that corresponds perfectly to our commonsense notion of

6552-419: The ball goes through the air. On the other hand, an alteration of the shadow (insofar as it is possible) will not be transmitted by the shadow as it moves along. These theorists claim that the important concept for understanding causality is not causal relationships or causal interactions, but rather identifying causal processes. The former notions can then be defined in terms of causal processes. A subgroup of

6656-434: The brick breaks the window. (The full definition is a little more involved, involving checking all subsets of variables.) Interpreting causation as a deterministic relation means that if A causes B , then A must always be followed by B . In this sense, war does not cause deaths, nor does smoking cause cancer or emphysema . As a result, many turn to a notion of probabilistic causation. Informally, A ("The person

6760-416: The bug check (including the bug check code and its parameters) as well as a link that will report the bug and provide the user with prescriptive suggestions if the cause of the check is definitive and well-known. Next, if a kernel debugger is connected and active when the bug check occurs, the system will break into the debugger where the cause of the crash can be investigated. If no debugger is attached, then

6864-503: The case that one can change x in order to change y . This coincides with commonsense notions of causations, since often we ask causal questions in order to change some feature of the world. For instance, we are interested in knowing the causes of crime so that we might find ways of reducing it. These theories have been criticized on two primary grounds. First, theorists complain that these accounts are circular . Attempting to reduce causal claims to manipulation requires that manipulation

6968-507: The computer has a function called "Auto Restart" enabled, which can be disabled in the Control Panel which in turn shows the stop error. Microsoft Windows can also be configured to send live debugging information to a kernel debugger running on a separate computer . If a stop error is encountered while a live kernel debugger is attached to the system, Windows will halt execution and cause the debugger to break in, rather than displaying

7072-442: The conceptual frame of the scientific method , an investigator sets up several distinct and contrasting temporally transient material processes that have the structure of experiments , and records candidate material responses, normally intending to determine causality in the physical world. For instance, one may want to know whether a high intake of carrots causes humans to develop the bubonic plague . The quantity of carrot intake

7176-485: The creation of the Blue Screen of Death to Steve Ballmer , Microsoft's former CEO . Their articles cited a blog post by Microsoft employee Raymond Chen entitled "Who wrote the text for the Ctrl+Alt+Del dialog in Windows 3.1?", specifically focusing on the creation of the first rudimentary task manager in Windows 3.x. This aforementioned task manager shared some visual similarities with a BSOD, with Ballmer writing

7280-548: The culprit and memory addresses. With the release of Windows Server 2012, the BSoD was changed, removing all of the above in favor of the error name and a concise description. Windows 8 also added a sad emoticon, which is absent on Japanese versions or Server counterparts. The hexadecimal error code and parameters can still be found in the Windows Event Log or in memory dumps , however the "Fatal System Error" BSoDs (which have also changed since Windows Server 2012) had

7384-428: The derivation of a cause-and-effect relationship from observational studies must rest on some qualitative theoretical assumptions, for example, that symptoms do not cause diseases, usually expressed in the form of missing arrows in causal graphs such as Bayesian networks or path diagrams . The theory underlying these derivations relies on the distinction between conditional probabilities , as in P ( c

7488-523: The driver's creation date (as a Unix timestamp ), and the third lists the name of the driver. By default, Windows will create a memory dump file when a stop error occurs. Depending on the OS version, there may be several formats this can be saved in, ranging from a 64kB "minidump" (introduced in Windows 2000) to a "complete dump" which is effectively a copy of the entire contents of physical memory ( RAM ). The resulting memory dump file may be debugged later, using

7592-434: The effect, is called a "contributory cause". J. L. Mackie argues that usual talk of "cause" in fact refers to INUS conditions ( i nsufficient but n on-redundant parts of a condition which is itself u nnecessary but s ufficient for the occurrence of the effect). An example is a short circuit as a cause for a house burning down. Consider the collection of events: the short circuit, the proximity of flammable material, and

7696-457: The existence of all fatal crashes in Windows). Chen then followed this up with a blog post a day after his initial complaint, claiming responsibility for revising the BSoD in Windows 95 . In his post, Chen said in detail that he was the one who "sort of" created the BSoD in its first modern incarnation in Windows 95. The Blue Screen of Death (also known as a Stop error) in the Windows NT family

7800-455: The experimenter, to do so at an unspecified time in the past", while the latter reads: "the probability of finding cancer in a person forced by the experimenter to smoke at a specified time in the past". The former is a statistical notion that can be estimated by observation with negligible intervention by the experimenter, while the latter is a causal notion which is estimated in an experiment with an important controlled randomized intervention. It

7904-493: The final release (version 1.01); however, due to the remaining detailed text messages being removed, the screen mostly prints out random characters instead. This is not a crash screen, however; upon crashing, Windows 1.0 would simply lock up or exit to DOS. This behavior is also present in Windows 2.0 and Windows 2.1 . Windows 3.0 uses a text-mode screen for displaying important system messages, usually from digital device drivers in 386 Enhanced Mode or other situations where

8008-423: The fire) but non-redundant (because the fire would not have happened without it, everything else being equal) part of a condition which is itself unnecessary but sufficient for the occurrence of the effect. So, the short circuit is an INUS condition for the occurrence of the house burning down. Conditional statements are not statements of causality. An important distinction is that statements of causality require

8112-509: The following definition of the notion of causal dependence : Causation is then analyzed in terms of counterfactual dependence. That is, C causes E if and only if there exists a sequence of events C, D 1 , D 2 , ... D k , E such that each event in the sequence counterfactually depends on the previous. This chain of causal dependence may be called a mechanism . Note that the analysis does not purport to explain how we make causal judgements or how we reason about causation, but rather to give

8216-410: The following format: error code (parameter 1, parameter 2, parameter 3, parameter 4) error name Depending on the error number and its nature, all, some, or even none of the parameters contain data pertaining to what went wrong, and/or where it happened. In addition, the error screens showed four paragraphs of general explanation and advice and may have included other technical data such the file name of

8320-417: The following statements are true when interpreting "If ..., then ..." as the material conditional: The first is true since both the antecedent and the consequent are true. The second is true in sentential logic and indeterminate in natural language, regardless of the consequent statement that follows, because the antecedent is false. The ordinary indicative conditional has somewhat more structure than

8424-410: The following three relationships hold: P{ B | A } ≥ P{ B }, P{ C | A } ≥ P{ C } and P{ B | C } ≥ P{ B }. The last relationship states that knowing that the person has emphysema increases the likelihood that he will have cancer. The reason for this is that having the information that the person has emphysema increases the likelihood that the person is a smoker, thus indirectly increasing the likelihood that

8528-494: The form of "Had C not occurred, E would not have occurred." This approach can be traced back to David Hume 's definition of the causal relation as that "where, if the first object had not been, the second never had existed." More full-fledged analysis of causation in terms of counterfactual conditionals only came in the 20th century after development of the possible world semantics for the evaluation of counterfactual conditionals. In his 1973 paper "Causation," David Lewis proposed

8632-405: The hexadecimal error code "0xc000021a" in place of the error name. Since Windows 10 build 14316, the screen features a QR code for quick troubleshooting, and from Windows 10 v2004 onwards, the references to "PC" are changed to "device". The Windows 9x line of operating systems used the Blue Screen of Death as the main way for virtual device drivers to report errors to the user. This version of

8736-510: The highest screen resolution available on UEFI machines. On legacy BIOS machines, they use the 1024×768 resolution by default, but they can also be configured to use the highest resolution available (via the ' highestmode ' parameter in Boot Configuration Data ). Windows 10 builds 14316 and up uses the same format as Windows 8, but has a QR code which leads to a Microsoft Support web page that tries to help users troubleshoot

8840-498: The idea of Granger causality , or by direct experimental manipulation. The use of temporal data can permit statistical tests of a pre-existing theory of causal direction. For instance, our degree of confidence in the direction and nature of causality is much greater when supported by cross-correlations , ARIMA models, or cross-spectral analysis using vector time series data than by cross-sectional data . Nobel laureate Herbert A. Simon and philosopher Nicholas Rescher claim that

8944-450: The issue step-by-step. This format was retained in Windows 11. In the Windows NT family of operating systems, the blue screen of death (referred to as " bug check " in the Windows software development kit and driver development kit documentation) occurs when the kernel or a driver running in kernel mode encounters an error from which it cannot recover. This is usually caused by an illegal operation being performed. The only safe action

9048-548: The latter as an ontological view, i.e., as a description of the nature of causality but, given the limitations of the human mind, advised using the former (stating, roughly, that X causes Y if and only if the two events are spatiotemporally conjoined, and X precedes Y ) as an epistemic definition of causality. We need an epistemic concept of causality in order to distinguish between causal and noncausal relations. The contemporary philosophical literature on causality can be divided into five big approaches to causality. These include

9152-410: The material conditional. For instance, although the first is the closest, neither of the preceding two statements seems true as an ordinary indicative reading. But the sentence: intuitively seems to be true, even though there is no straightforward causal relation in this hypothetical situation between Shakespeare's not writing Macbeth and someone else's actually writing it. Another sort of conditional,

9256-423: The messages that appeared on the screen. Chen complained about this widespread mistake in a follow-up post on September 9, 2014. In his blog post, he was scathing on his evaluation of major tech news sites that had picked up on the incorrect story and performed poor or non-existent research that demonstrated complete ignorance of his original account. He indicated that, in addition to the faulty base story, over half

9360-410: The notion of causality can be used as a prior foundation from which to construct notions of time and space. A general metaphysical question about cause and effect is: "what kind of entity can be a cause, and what kind of entity can be an effect?" One viewpoint on this question is that cause and effect are of one and the same kind of entity, causality being an asymmetric relation between them. That

9464-430: The notion of causality is metaphysically prior to the notions of time and space. In practical terms, this is because use of the relation of causality is necessary for the interpretation of empirical experiments. Interpretation of experiments is needed to establish the physical and geometrical notions of time and space. The deterministic world-view holds that the history of the universe can be exhaustively represented as

9568-440: The operating system can take in this situation is to restart the computer . Because of this, data loss may occur since the restart is unplanned, and the user is not given an opportunity to save their work. The text on the error screen contains the code of the error and its symbolic name (e.g. "0x0000001E, KMODE_EXCEPTION_NOT_HANDLED") along with four error-dependent values in parentheses that are there to help software engineers fix

9672-426: The ordinary sense of the word, though it may refer to virtual or nominal 'velocities' with magnitudes greater than that of light. For example, wave packets are mathematical objects that have group velocity and phase velocity . The energy of a wave packet travels at the group velocity (under normal circumstances); since energy has causal efficacy, the group velocity cannot be faster than the speed of light. The phase of

9776-415: The person will have cancer. However, we would not want to conclude that having emphysema causes cancer. Thus, we need additional conditions such as temporal relationship of A to B and a rational explanation as to the mechanism of action. It is hard to quantify this last requirement and thus different authors prefer somewhat different definitions. When experimental interventions are infeasible or illegal,

9880-414: The problem that occurred. Depending on the error code, it may display the address where the problem occurred, along with the driver which is loaded at that address. Under Windows NT, the second and third sections of the screen may contain information on all loaded drivers and a stack dump, respectively. The driver information is in three columns; the first lists the base address of the driver, the second lists

9984-441: The process theories is the mechanistic view on causality. It states that causal relations supervene on mechanisms. While the notion of mechanism is understood differently, the definition put forward by the group of philosophers referred to as the 'New Mechanists' dominate the literature. For the scientific investigation of efficient causality, the cause and effect are each best conceived of as temporally transient processes. Within

10088-478: The properties of antecedence and contiguity. These are topological, and are ingredients for space-time geometry. As developed by Alfred Robb , these properties allow the derivation of the notions of time and space. Max Jammer writes "the Einstein postulate ... opens the way to a straightforward construction of the causal topology ... of Minkowski space." Causal efficacy propagates no faster than light. Thus,

10192-664: The skeleton of the underlying graph and, then, orient all arrows whose directionality is dictated by the conditional independencies observed. Alternative methods of structure learning search through the many possible causal structures among the variables, and remove ones which are strongly incompatible with the observed correlations . In general this leaves a set of possible causal relations, which should then be tested by analyzing time series data or, preferably, designing appropriately controlled experiments . In contrast with Bayesian Networks, path analysis (and its generalization, structural equation modeling ), serve better to estimate

10296-486: The step was the cause, and his breaking his ankle the effect'. Another view is that causes and effects are 'states of affairs', with the exact natures of those entities being more loosely defined than in process philosophy. Another viewpoint on this question is the more classical one, that a cause and its effect can be of different kinds of entity. For example, in Aristotle's efficient causal explanation, an action can be

10400-428: The time-directedness of counterfactual dependence in terms of the semantics of the counterfactual conditional. If correct, this theory can serve to explain a fundamental part of our experience, which is that we can causally affect the future but not the past. One challenge for the counterfactual account is overdetermination , whereby an effect has multiple causes. For instance, suppose Alice and Bob both throw bricks at

10504-406: The user from using the computer until it has been powered off or restarted (usually automatic for the latter). The most common BSoD is displayed on an 80×25 text-mode screen, which is the operating system's way of reporting an interrupt caused by a processor exception; it is a more serious form of the general protection fault dialog boxes. The memory address of the error is given and the error type

10608-455: The world. Some attempts to defend manipulability theories are recent accounts that do not claim to reduce causality to manipulation. These accounts use manipulation as a sign or feature in causation without claiming that manipulation is more fundamental than causation. Some theorists are interested in distinguishing between causal processes and non-causal processes (Russell 1948; Salmon 1984). These theorists often want to distinguish between

10712-712: Was developed by Rebane and Pearl (1987) which rests on Wright's distinction between the three possible types of causal substructures allowed in a directed acyclic graph (DAG): Type 1 and type 2 represent the same statistical dependencies (i.e., X {\displaystyle X} and Z {\displaystyle Z} are independent given Y {\displaystyle Y} ) and are, therefore, indistinguishable within purely cross-sectional data . Type 3, however, can be uniquely identified, since X {\displaystyle X} and Z {\displaystyle Z} are marginally independent and all other pairs are dependent. Thus, while

10816-399: Was not based on the rudimentary task manager screen of Windows 3.x and was actually designed by Microsoft developer John Vert, according to former Microsoft employee Dave Plummer . Additionally, Vert has also stated the reason why Stop error screens were assigned the color blue was because the universal color palette of the video hardware at that time was very rudimentary and he personally used

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