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68-688: The Bandra–Worli Sea Link (officially known as Rajiv Gandhi Sea Link ) is a 5.6 km long, 8- lane wide cable-stayed bridge that links Bandra in the Western Suburbs of Mumbai with Worli in South Mumbai . It is the second longest sea bridge after Mumbai Trans Harbour Link , as well as the 5th longest bridge in India after Mumbai Trans Harbour Link , Bhupen Hazarika Setu , Dibang River Bridge and Mahatma Gandhi Setu . It contains pre-stressed concrete-steel viaducts on either side. It

136-427: A 2 in (50.8 mm) diameter rope. The mnemonic "never saddle a dead horse" means that when installing clips, the saddle portion of the assembly is placed on the load-bearing or "live" side, not on the non-load-bearing or "dead" side of the cable. This is to protect the live or stress-bearing end of the rope against crushing and abuse. The flat bearing seat and extended prongs of the body are designed to protect

204-647: A bottleneck and was highly congested at peak hours. The Western Freeway project was proposed to span the entire western coastline of Mumbai to ease congestion. The Bandra–Worli Sea Link, a bridge over Mahim Bay , was proposed as the first phase of this freeway system, offering an alternative route to the Mahim Causeway. The Mujeeb Acharwala Bridge connects the intersection of the Western Express Highway and Swami Vivekanand Road in Bandra to

272-460: A carbon content of 0.4 to 0.95%. The very high strength of the rope wires enables wire ropes to support large tensile forces and to run over sheaves with relatively small diameters. In the so-called cross lay strands, the wires of the different layers cross each other. In the mostly used parallel lay strands, the lay length of all the wire layers is equal and the wires of any two superimposed layers are parallel, resulting in linear contact. The wire of

340-471: A centre with at least one layer of wires being laid in the opposite direction to that of the outer layer. Spiral ropes can be dimensioned in such a way that they are non-rotating which means that under tension the rope torque is nearly zero. The open spiral rope consists only of round wires. The half-locked coil rope and the full-locked coil rope always have a centre made of round wires. The locked coil ropes have one or more outer layers of profile wires. They have

408-532: A length of approximately 1.2 km ( 3 ⁄ 4  mi). This leads to backlogs for southbound traffic, especially during morning peak hours. Although restricted for two and three-wheelers, there have been instances where bicyclists who entered the bridge from the Worli side have been slapped hefty penalties under various sections of the Motor Vehicles Act by traffic police personnel. The action

476-420: A penalty of ₹1200. Despite stringent security measures, there have been instances where bicyclists and pedestrians have entered from Worli side, as there is no toll both present to prevent their entry, despite the presence of signages or warnings against entry of bicyclists and pedestrians. Patrolling is enforced however, to keep a check on such incidents. The exception to allow bicyclists on Bandra Worli Sea Link

544-435: A reference rope length, of cross-section loss, as well as other failures so that the wire rope can be replaced before a dangerous situation occurs. Installations should be designed to facilitate the inspection of the wire ropes. Lifting installations for passenger transportation require that a combination of several methods should be used to prevent a car from plunging downwards. Elevators must have redundant bearing ropes and

612-419: A safety gear. Ropeways and mine hoistings must be permanently supervised by a responsible manager and the rope must be inspected by a magnetic method capable of detecting inner wire breaks. The end of a wire rope tends to fray readily, and cannot be easily connected to plant and equipment. There are different ways of securing the ends of wire ropes to prevent fraying. The common and useful type of end fitting for

680-450: A semi-harp arrangement. Cable spacing is 6.0 metres along the bridge deck. The cable-stayed portion of the Worli channel is 250 metres (820 ft) in length between expansion joints and consists of one 150 metres cable supported main span flanked on each side by two 50 metres conventional approach spans. A centre tower, with an overall height of 55 metres, supports the superstructure above

748-418: A wire rope is to turn the end back to form a loop. The loose end is then fixed back on the wire rope. Termination efficiencies vary from about 70% for a Flemish eye alone; to nearly 90% for a Flemish eye and splice; to 100% for potted ends and swagings. When the wire rope is terminated with a loop, there is a risk that it will bend too tightly, especially when the loop is connected to a device that concentrates

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816-437: Is a fiber core, made up of synthetic material or natural fibers like sisal. Synthetic fibers are stronger and more uniform but cannot absorb much lubricant. Natural fibers can absorb up to 15% of their weight in lubricant and so protect the inner wires much better from corrosion than synthetic fibers do. Fiber cores are the most flexible and elastic, but have the downside of getting crushed easily. The second type, wire strand core,

884-469: Is a method of wire rope termination that refers to the installation technique. The purpose of swaging wire rope fittings is to connect two wire rope ends together, or to otherwise terminate one end of wire rope to something else. A mechanical or hydraulic swager is used to compress and deform the fitting, creating a permanent connection. Threaded studs, ferrules, sockets, and sleeves are examples of different swaged terminations. Swaging ropes with fibre cores

952-422: Is an inverted "Y" shape with the inclined legs oriented along the axis of the bridge. Tower cable anchorage recesses are achieved by use of formed pockets and transverse and longitudinal bar post-tensioning is provided in the tower head to resist local cable forces. A total of 160 cable stays are used at Worli channel with cable lengths varying from approximately 30 metres minimum to nearly 80 metres maximum. Like

1020-680: Is deemed unconstitutional and constitutes as a misuse of power and corruption, as bicyclists cannot be penalized under any sections of the Motor Vehicles Act, even for the violation of entering the bridge. Km">km The requested page title contains unsupported characters : ">". Return to Main Page . Wire rope In stricter senses, the term wire rope refers to a diameter larger than 9.5 mm ( 3 ⁄ 8  in), with smaller gauges designated cable or cords. Initially wrought iron wires were used, but today steel

1088-488: Is located near the toll plaza along with the electronic tolling controls. The control system uses fibre-optic cables running the entire span of the BWSL. Toll and advanced traffic management systems were installed. For traffic enforcement, the bridge includes facilities for vehicles to pull over when stopped by enforcement officers or in the event of a breakdown. The bridge uses mobile explosive scanners for vehicles travelling on

1156-403: Is made up of one additional strand of wire, and is typically used for suspension. The third type is independent wire rope core (IWRC), which is the most durable in all types of environments. Most types of stranded ropes only have one strand layer over the core (fibre core or steel core). The lay direction of the strands in the rope can be right (symbol Z) or left (symbol S) and the lay direction of

1224-402: Is not recommended. A wedge socket termination is useful when the fitting needs to be replaced frequently. For example, if the end of a wire rope is in a high-wear region, the rope may be periodically trimmed, requiring the termination hardware to be removed and reapplied. An example of this is on the ends of the drag ropes on a dragline . The end loop of the wire rope enters a tapered opening in

1292-577: Is only on the World Environment Day , where mass cycling is organized every year by Mumbai Police, or on days where permission is granted for various causes. On rest of the days of the year however, bicyclists can be penalized for riding on the Sea Link. However, citing the non provision of bicycles in the Motor Vehicles Act and the non requirement of licenses, riders have refused to pay penalties after being pulled over. The other tactic by

1360-455: Is performed at the completion of the erection of each 50-metre (160 ft) bridge span. The cable-stayed portion of the Bandra channel is 600 metres (2,000 ft) in length between expansion joints and consists of two 250-metre cable supported main spans flanked by 50 metres conventional approach spans. A centre tower, with an overall height of 128 metres above pile cap level, supports the superstructure by means of four planes of cable stay in

1428-404: Is the main material used for wire ropes. Historically, wire rope evolved from wrought iron chains, which had a record of mechanical failure. While flaws in chain links or solid steel bars can lead to catastrophic failure , flaws in the wires making up a steel cable are less critical as the other wires easily take up the load. While friction between the individual wires and strands causes wear over

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1496-433: Is used for erecting the cable supported superstructure as compared to span-by-span construction for the approaches. For every second segment, cable anchorages are provided. A total of 264 cable stays are used at Bandra channel with cable lengths varying from approximately 85 metres to nearly 250 metres. The tower is cast in-situ reinforced concrete using the climbing form method of construction. The overall tower configuration

1564-798: The Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Road in Worli. From Worli Seaface, it connects to Mumbai's arterial Annie Besant Road. The project was commissioned by the Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation Limited (MSRDC). The contract for construction was awarded to the Hindustan Construction Company (HCC), with project management led by the UK offices of Dar Al-Handasah . The foundation stone was laid in 1999 by Basitt Acharwala . The original plan estimated

1632-725: The Lehigh Coal & Navigation Company (LC&N Co.) — as they had with the first blast furnaces in the Lehigh Valley — built a Wire Rope factory in Jim Thorpe, Pennsylvania , in 1848, which provided lift cables for the Ashley Planes project, then the back track planes of the Summit Hill & Mauch Chunk Railroad , improving its attractiveness as a premier tourism destination, and vastly improving

1700-532: The Richter scale . The construction of the bridge's structure presented major engineering challenges. These included the highly variable geotechnical conditions due to the underlying marine geology of the seabed. At times, even for plan area of a single pile had a highly uneven foundation bed. Further complications included the presence of a variable intertidal zone, with parts of the foundation bed exposed in low tide and submerged in high tide. The foundations for

1768-580: The Ruhr Valley . With important patents, and dozens of working systems in Europe, Bleichert dominated the global industry, later licensing its designs and manufacturing techniques to Trenton Iron Works, New Jersey, USA which built systems across America. Adolf Bleichert & Co. went on to build hundreds of aerial tramways around the world: from Alaska to Argentina, Australia and Spitsbergen. The Bleichert company also built hundreds of aerial tramways for both

1836-403: The BWSL's cable-stayed bridges consist of 120 reinforced concrete piles of 2,000 millimetres (6.6 ft) diameter. Those for the viaducts consist of 484 piles of 1,500 millimetres (4.9 ft). These 604 piles were driven between 6m and 34m into the substrate in geotechnical conditions that varied from highly weathered volcanic material to massive high strength rocks. The largest pylons for

1904-437: The Bandra channel, the tower here is also cast in-situ reinforced concrete using the climbing form method of construction but the overall tower configuration is "I" shape with the inclined legs. Similarly, tower cable anchorage recesses are achieved by use of formed pockets. The foundations for the main tower comprise 2-metre-drilled shafts of 25-metre length each. Cofferdam and tremie seal construction have been used to construct

1972-613: The Imperial German Army and the Wehrmacht. In the latter part of the 19th century, wire rope systems were used as a means of transmitting mechanical power including for the new cable cars . Wire rope systems cost one-tenth as much and had lower friction losses than line shafts . Because of these advantages, wire rope systems were used to transmit power for a distance of a few miles or kilometers. Steel wires for wire ropes are normally made of non-alloy carbon steel with

2040-467: The Swiss civil engineering firm Mageba. The viaducts were built utilising pre-cast, post-tensioned, segmental concrete-steel box girder sections. An overhead gantry crane with self-launching capability was custom built on the site to lay the superstructure of the precast segments. The Pre-Cast segments are joined using high strength epoxy glue with nominal pre-stressing initially. The end segments adjacent to

2108-654: The United States as surface deposits in the Anthracite Coal Region north and south dove deeper every year, and even the rich deposits in the Panther Creek Valley required LC&N Co. to drive their first shafts into lower slopes beginning Lansford and its Schuylkill County twin-town Coaldale . The German engineering firm of Adolf Bleichert & Co. was founded in 1874 and began to build bicable aerial tramways for mining in

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2176-451: The advantage that their construction prevents the penetration of dirt and water to a greater extent and it also protects them from loss of lubricant. In addition, they have one further very important advantage as the ends of a broken outer wire cannot leave the rope if it has the proper dimensions. Stranded ropes are an assembly of several strands laid helically in one or more layers around a core. This core can be one of three types. The first

2244-414: The bridge consist of diamond shaped 128 metres (420 ft) high concrete tower featuring flaring lower legs, converging upper legs, a unified tower head housing the stays and a continuously varying cross section along the height of tower. The bridge's pylon towers gradually decrease in cross-section with height. They have horizontal grooves every 3m in height, which permitted inserts. Vertical grooves in

2312-430: The cable-stayed portion, is supported on piers typically spaced 50 metres (160 ft) apart. Each section is designed to support four lanes of traffic with break-down lanes and concrete barriers. Sections also provide for service side-walks on one side. The bridge alignment is defined with vertical and horizontal curves. The bridge consists of three distinct parts: the north end viaduct, the central cable-stayed spans and

2380-449: The circular sections require special form liners, as well as require attention for de-shuttering. The tower legs are inclined in two directions, which presented challenges in alignment and climbing of soldiers. Construction joints were permitted at 3m intervals only. To build the pylons, Doka of Austria was commissioned to build a custom automatic climbing shutter formwork system, based on their SKE-100 automatic climbing shutter system. This

2448-525: The cockpit. Only aircraft cables have WSC (wire strand core). Also, aircraft cables are available in smaller diameters than wire rope. For example, aircraft cables are available in 1.2 mm ( 3 ⁄ 64  in) diameter while most wire ropes begin at a 6.4 mm ( 1 ⁄ 4  in) diameter. Static wire ropes are used to support structures such as suspension bridges or as guy wires to support towers. An aerial tramway relies on wire rope to support and move cargo overhead. Modern wire rope

2516-502: The control centres feature lightning protection, designed to protect the bridge monitoring, communication and power equipment from possible surges. Due to Safety considerations, the BWSL is not accessible to pedestrians, and was not designed for them, according to the MSRDC's Satish Gavai. Two-wheeled, including motorbikes and pedal bicycles, and three-wheeled vehicles are prohibited as well. If caught, riders of such vehicles are subjected to

2584-418: The cost at ₹ 6.6 billion (US$ 79 million) to be completed in five years. But the project was subject to numerous public interest litigations, with the 5-year delay resulting in the cost escalating to ₹ 16 billion (US$ 190 million), with the additional interest cost alone accounting for ₹ 7 billion (US$ 84 million). The overall project consisted of five parts, contracted separately to accelerate

2652-580: The cost was not the projected ₹3 billion but actually cost ₹16 billion. Second, the project was five years behind schedule. The Financial Express has reported that even eight years after it was thrown open, the daily average traffic on the Bandra–Worli Sea Link — is smaller than a third of the original estimate. In fact, the increase in revenues over the years — ₹ 66.62 crore in 2010–2011 to ₹ 70.28 crore in 2011–2012 and to ₹ 71.04 crore 2012–2013 — has been fairly small. Latest statistics show

2720-502: The daily traffic count on the six-kilometre, predominantly cable-stayed bridge has dropped by over 11% in the past year, from 45,952 vehicles in 2011–2012 to 40,808 in 2012–2013. Over four years from 2009 to 2013, the daily vehicle count has dropped by over 16%. High toll is considered a major contributing factor to people finding the bridge, a less attractive commuting option. Also blamed are congestion towards Pedder Road for south-bound traffic and new flyovers that move north–south traffic on

2788-406: The design of rope drives for cranes, elevators, rope ways and mining installations. Factors that are considered in design include: The calculation of the rope drive limits depends on: The wire ropes are stressed by fluctuating forces, by wear, by corrosion and in seldom cases by extreme forces. The rope life is finite and the safety is only ensured by inspection for the detection of wire breaks on

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2856-427: The eastern flank of the city, especially the 2.6 km Lalbaug flyover. There was also criticism directed at the crumbling road surface on the bridge soon after completion. The capacity of the bridge is restricted due to a bottleneck at the Worli (south) end of the bridge. While the majority of the 4.7 km ( 2 + 7 ⁄ 8  mi) length has four lanes in each direction, the Worli end has only two lanes for

2924-459: The eight lanes of the bridge were opened to the public on 30 June 2009. All eight lanes became operational on 24 March 2010. The sea-link reduces travel time between Bandra and Worli during peak hours from 20 – 30 minutes to 10 minutes. As of 2018, BWSL had an average daily traffic of around 32,312 vehicles. Mahim Causeway was the only road connecting the western suburbs to Mumbai's central business district. This north-southwestern corridor became

2992-624: The individual wires were wrapped around the centers in one direction and the strands were wrapped around the core in the opposite direction. Multi-strand ropes are all more or less resistant to rotation and have at least two layers of strands laid helically around a centre. The direction of the outer strands is opposite to that of the underlying strand layers. Ropes with three strand layers can be nearly non-rotating. Ropes with two strand layers are mostly only low-rotating. Depending on where they are used, wire ropes have to fulfill different requirements. The main uses are: Technical regulations apply to

3060-456: The life of the rope, it also helps to compensate for minor failures in the short run. Wire ropes were developed starting with mining hoist applications in the 1830s. Wire ropes are used dynamically for lifting and hoisting in cranes and elevators , and for transmission of mechanical power . Wire rope is also used to transmit force in mechanisms, such as a Bowden cable or the control surfaces of an airplane connected to levers and pedals in

3128-412: The load on a relatively small area. A thimble can be installed inside the loop to preserve the natural shape of the loop, and protect the cable from pinching and abrading on the inside of the loop. The use of thimbles in loops is industry best practice . The thimble prevents the load from coming into direct contact with the wires. A wire rope clip, sometimes called a clamp, is used to fix the loose end of

3196-530: The loop back to the wire rope. It usually consists of a U-bolt , a forged saddle, and two nuts. The two layers of wire rope are placed in the U-bolt. The saddle is then fitted to the bolt over the ropes (the saddle includes two holes to fit to the U-bolt). The nuts secure the arrangement in place. Two or more clips are usually used to terminate a wire rope depending on the diameter. As many as eight may be needed for

3264-505: The outer layer is supported by two wires of the inner layer. These wires are neighbors along the whole length of the strand. Parallel lay strands are made in one operation. The endurance of wire ropes with this kind of strand is always much greater than of those (seldom used) with cross lay strands. Parallel lay strands with two wire layers have the construction Filler, Seale or Warrington. In principle, spiral ropes are round strands as they have an assembly of layers of wires laid helically over

3332-895: The overall schedule. Package IV was the main phase, with the other packages providing supporting infrastructure. Surveys of the seabed under the planned route were conducted before the bridge design commenced. The marine geology underneath the bridge consists of basalts, volcanic tuffs and breccias with some intertrappean deposits. These are overlain by completely weathered rocks and residual soil. The strength of these rocks range from extremely weak to extremely strong and their condition range from highly weathered and fractured, to fresh, massive and intact. The weathered rock beds are further overlain by transported soil, calcareous sandstone and thin bed of coarse grained conglomerate. The top of these strata are overlain by marine soil layer up to 9m thick consisting of dark brown clay silt with some fine sand overlying weathered, dark brown basaltic boulders embedded in

3400-457: The pier are short segments "cast-in-situ joints". Geometrical adjustments of the span are made before primary continuous tendons are stressed. Segment types are further defined by the changes in the web thickness and type of diaphragms cast in cell. The segment weights vary from 110 to 140 tonnes (110 to 140 long tons; 120 to 150 short tons) per segment. The segment length varies from 3,000 to 3,200 mm (9.8 to 10.5 ft). Deck post tensioning

3468-426: The pile cap level by means of four planes of cable stay in a semi-harp arrangement. Cable spacing here is also 6.0 metres along the bridge deck. The superstructure comprises twin precast concrete box girders with a fish belly cross sectional shape, identical to the approaches. A typical Pre-Cast segment length is 3.0 metres with the heaviest superstructure segment approaching 140 tonnes. Balanced cantilever construction

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3536-399: The process further. In America wire rope was manufactured by John A. Roebling , starting in 1841 and forming the basis for his success in suspension bridge building. Roebling introduced a number of innovations in the design, materials and manufacture of wire rope. Ever with an ear to technology developments in mining and railroading, Josiah White and Erskine Hazard , principal owners of

3604-405: The rope and are always placed against the live end. The US Navy and most regulatory bodies do not recommend the use of such clips as permanent terminations unless periodically checked and re-tightened. An eye splice may be used to terminate the loose end of a wire rope when forming a loop. The strands of the end of a wire rope are unwound a certain distance, then bent around so that the end of

3672-431: The sea link. Scans take less than 20 seconds for each vehicle with sensors above and below the vehicles. Over 180 cars can be scanned per hour by each scanner. The pillars and the towers supporting the bridge are protected by buoys designed to withstand explosions and collisions. These inflated buoys surround each pillar of the sea link to avoid any damage. The BWSL is insured by New India Assurance. The bridge tower and

3740-416: The silt. BWSL was designed as the first cable-stayed bridge to be constructed in open seas in India. Due to the underlying geology, the pylons have a complex geometry and the main span over the Bandra channel is one of the longest spans of concrete deck attempted. Balancing these engineering complexities with the aesthetics of the bridge presented significant challenges for the project. The superstructure of

3808-862: The six-metre deep foundation in the dry. The Bandra end of the toll plaza has 16 approach lanes. The toll plaza is equipped with an electronic toll collection system. At both ends, the toll collection options include: The bridge has a reliable and redundant power supply, backed up by diesel generators and auto mains failure panels for critical loads, such as monitoring, surveillance, emergency equipment and communication services including aviation and obstruction indicators. BWSL exclusively uses energy saving illumination systems. An intelligent bridge management system (IBS) provides traffic information, surveillance , monitoring and control systems. It comprises CCTVs, automatic traffic counters and vehicle classification system, variable message signs, remote weather information system and emergency telephones. The control centre

3876-403: The socket, wrapped around a separate component called the wedge. The arrangement is knocked in place, and load gradually eased onto the rope. As the load increases on the wire rope, the wedge become more secure, gripping the rope tighter. Poured sockets are used to make a high strength, permanent termination; they are created by inserting the wire rope into the narrow end of a conical cavity which

3944-460: The south end viaduct. Both the viaducts used precast segmental construction. The cable-stayed bridge on the Bandra channel has a 50m-250m-250m-50m span arrangement and on the Worli channel it has a 50m-50m-150m-50m-50m span arrangement. The viaducts on either side of the central cable-stayed spans are arranged in 300-metre (980 ft) units consisting of six continuous spans of 50 metres (160 ft) each. Expansion joints are provided at each end of

4012-530: The throughput of the coal capacity since return of cars dropped from nearly four hours to less than 20 minutes. The following decades featured a burgeoning increase in deep shaft mining in both Europe and North America as surface mineral deposits were exhausted and miners had to chase layers along inclined layers. The era was early in railroad development and steam engines lacked sufficient tractive effort to climb steep slopes, so inclined plane railways were common. This pushed development of cable hoists rapidly in

4080-414: The traffic cops to deter bicyclists from entering is seizing and impounding of bicycles as well as to deflate their tires along with detention of riders, which has earned criticism and ire, as it constitutes an act of misconduct by police personnel and violation of rights of those owning non-motorized vehicles. The Economic Times criticized the delays and shoddy construction of Bandra–Worli Sea Link. First,

4148-455: The units. The superstructure and substructure are designed in accordance with IRC codes. Specifications conform to the IRC standard with supplementary specifications covering special items. The foundation consists of 1.5 metres (4 ft 11 in) diameter drilled piles (four for each pier) with pile caps. Bridge bearings are of disc type. The modular expansion joints for the bridge were provided by

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4216-410: The unwrapped length forms an eye. The unwrapped strands are then plaited back into the wire rope, forming the loop, or an eye, called an eye splice. A Flemish eye, or Dutch Splice, involves unwrapping three strands (the strands need to be next to each other, not alternates) of the wire and keeping them off to one side. The remaining strands are bent around, until the end of the wire meets the "V" where

4284-422: The unwrapping finished, to form the eye. The strands kept to one side are now re-wrapped by wrapping from the end of the wire back to the "V" of the eye. These strands are effectively rewrapped along the wire in the opposite direction to their original lay. When this type of rope splice is used specifically on wire rope, it is called a "Molly Hogan", and, by some, a "Dutch" eye instead of a "Flemish" eye. Swaging

4352-561: The viaducts were the heaviest precast segments to be built in India. They were built using a span-by-span method using overhead gantry through a series of vertical and horizontal curves. The 20,000 tonne Bandra-end span of the bridge deck is supported by stay cables within a very close tolerance of deviations in plan and elevation. The Bandra–Worli Sea Link was the first infrastructure project in Mumbai to use seismic arresters. These will enable it to withstand earthquakes measuring up to 7.0 on

4420-479: The wires can be right (symbol z) or left (symbol s). This kind of rope is called ordinary lay rope if the lay direction of the wires in the outer strands is in the opposite direction to the lay of the outer strands themselves. If both the wires in the outer strands and the outer strands themselves have the same lay direction, the rope is called a lang lay rope (from Dutch langslag contrary to kruisslag , formerly Albert's lay or langs lay). Regular lay means

4488-548: Was fabricated on site and employed to execute all tower leg lifts below deck level. The pre-cast yard was located on reclaimed land. The yard catered to casting, storing and handling of 2342 concrete-steel pre-cast segments for the project. The storage capacity requirement of the yard was about 470 precast segments. As the area available was limited, the segments were stored in stacks of up to three layers. BWSL consists of twin continuous concrete box girder bridge sections for traffic in each direction. Each bridge section, except at

4556-634: Was invented by the German mining engineer Wilhelm Albert in the years between 1831 and 1834 for use in mining in the Harz Mountains in Clausthal , Lower Saxony , Germany . It was quickly accepted because it proved superior strength from ropes made of hemp or of metal chains , such as had been used before. Wilhelm Albert's first ropes consisted of three strands consisting of four wires each. In 1840, Scotsman Robert Stirling Newall improved

4624-725: Was planned as a part of the proposed Western Freeway that would link the Western Suburbs to Nariman Point in Mumbai's main business district, but is now planned to become part of the Coastal Road to Kandivali . The 5.6 km (3.5 mi) bridge was commissioned by the Maharashtra State Road Development Corporation (MSRDC), and built by the Hindustan Construction Company . The first four of

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