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32-562: The BYD K series bus (sometimes just referred to as the BYD ebus or BYD electric bus ) are a line of battery electric buses manufactured by the Chinese automaker BYD , powered with its self-developed lithium iron phosphate battery , featuring a typical operating range of 250 kilometres (160 mi) per charge under urban road conditions. It is available in several different nominal lengths, from 7.0 to 13.7 m (23 to 45 ft) and also as

64-429: A trolleybus . They typically recover braking energy to increase efficiency by a regenerative brake . With energy consumption of about 1.2 kW⋅h/km (4.3 MJ/km; 1.9 kW⋅h/mi), the cost of ownership is lower than diesel buses. As of 2016 battery buses have less range, higher weight, higher procurement costs. The reduced infrastructure for overhead lines is offset by the costs of the infrastructure to recharge

96-536: A 12-meter body length and 18-ton weight with one-step low-floor interior. It is reportedly priced at 2–3 million yuan (S$ 395,000 – S$ 592,600). The K-series bus has been bought to operators in Mainland China , India, Japan, Hong Kong , United States, Colombia, Chile, Spain, Netherlands, Denmark, Aruba, Malaysia and Singapore . The company extended its production base in Tianjin , China at

128-483: A 18 m (60 ft) ( articulated ) bus. The rear axle is powered by two electric traction motors; the battery capacity and motor power of each model varies depending on the nominal length and passenger capacity. The first BYD battery electric K-series bus was manufactured on 30 September 2010 in Changsha city of Hunan province. Previously, BYD had built electric vehicle models like F3DM , F6DM and e6 . K9 has

160-759: A bus production facility in Lancaster, California in 2013 and K7 (2017), K8 (2021), K9 (2014), and K11 (2020) buses have been tested at Altoona. In addition, LADOT and Long Beach Transit have conducted long-term comparison tests between BYD battery-electric buses and similarly sized buses fueled with compressed natural gas. In general, the BEBs were more efficient than the CNG buses, with energy consumption measured approximately 1.12–1.13 kW⋅h/km; 4.0–4.1 MJ/km (1.81–1.82 kW⋅h/mi), equivalent to 20.7 mpg‑e (163 kW⋅h/100 mi) (diesel gallon equivalent);

192-740: A number (designating nominal length; larger numbers indicate longer buses). Various letter suffixes have been applied, including: BYD's official published specifications for its K9 electric bus include: Two or more versions of this bus have been delivered. The two-door version is in service in China's Shenzhen , Changsha , Xi'an and Shaoguan while the 3-door version operates in Shenzhen, Bogota etc. for test and demonstration purposes. The K-series buses are powered by LiFePO4 batteries developed by BYD, which also have been applied to BYD e6 , BYD DESS and other energy storage products. BYD claims that

224-406: A smaller battery on the bus, which reduces the initial investment and subsequent costs. Battery electric buses offer the potential for zero-emissions, in addition to much quieter operation and better acceleration compared to traditional buses. They also eliminate infrastructure needed for a constant grid connection and allow routes to be modified without infrastructure changes, in contrast with

256-487: A truly zero-emission solution if the power grid they rely on for charging is not also free of fossil fuel energy sources. The lithium batteries may also contribute to environmental pollution around the world where lithium mining takes place. NREL publishes zero-emission bus evaluation results from various commercial operators. NREL published following total operating cost per mile: with County Connection , for June 2017 through May 2018, for an 8-vehicle diesel bus fleet,

288-668: Is covered, "the vehicle payment will be entirely offset". BYD also promoted the "Zero Emission" feature of its renewable-energy vehicles by stating that "an e6 electric taxi saves 14,120 litres of fuel per year, with 32 tonnes fewer CO2 emissions", and "169 million litres of fuel could be saved with CO2 emissions reduced by 38.62 million tonnes per year" if all Chinese taxis were to be replaced with its electric vehicles. In both 2011 and 2012, BYD obtained orders from amounting to 1200+ units. More than 200 K9s in service in Shenzhen had accumulated over 9,216,000 km (5,727,000 mi) by

320-579: The Buy America Act ) is a section of the larger STAA that deals with purchases related to rail or road transportation. Unlike the similarly titled Buy American Act (1933), the Buy America Act applies only to purchases related to rail or road transportation, such as the construction of highways, railways, or rapid transit systems. The 1982 provisions also apply to purchases made by third-party agencies, using funds granted by agencies within

352-667: The USMCA ) as well as the World Trade Organization 's Agreement on Government Procurement (GPA), are often eligible to be considered equivalent to US manufacturers, though NAFTA excluded highway and transit grants from its coverage, and while the GPA agreement obliges the governments of 37 US states to treat Canadian products as equivalent to US products, the GPA also excludes highway and transit grants that are Federally funded. The Buy America rules are occasionally amended by

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384-534: The CNG buses and requiring more frequent roadcalls over a shorter distance traveled; the mean distance between roadcalls for the Long Beach BYD evaluation fleet was 6,830 km (4,244 mi), compared to 24,169 km (15,018 mi) for the CNG comparison bus fleet. At a press conference in Beijing on 4 November 2012, BYD announced "Zero vehicle purchase price, Zero costs, Zero emissions", to promote

416-693: The Netherlands, Portugal and Spain in cities such as Bremen and Bonn , Helsinki , Coimbra , Amsterdam , Copenhagen , Milan , Madrid , Barcelona , Athens and Warsaw . North America: Europe: Battery electric bus In 2018, the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) found that total operating costs per mile of an electric bus fleet and a diesel bus fleet in the United States are about equal. The London Electrobus Company started running

448-514: The United States Department of Transportation. Transportation infrastructure projects built with iron, steel, and manufactured products must purchase materials in the United States. This applies to mass-transit related procurements valued over $ 150,000 and funded at least in part by federal grants. This includes highways, bridges, airports and tunnels. Canadian manufacturers, as joint signatories to NAFTA (and its successor,

480-662: The batteries. In addition, the additional weight of batteries in a battery electric bus means that they have a lower passenger capacity than trolleybuses in jurisdictions where there is a legal limit on axle loads on roads. Battery buses are used almost exclusively in urban areas rather than for long-haul transportation. Urban transit features relatively short intervals between charging opportunities. Sufficient recharging can take place within 4 to 5 minutes (250 to 450 kW [340 to 600 hp]) usually by induction or catenary . Finally, as with other electric-powered alternatives to fossil-fueled engines, battery electric buses are not

512-734: The charging can take place only at night, which has the further advantage of mitigating the strain on the power grid since charging is then taking place while power consumption elsewhere is minimal. While this is a safe solution, it is also very costly and not scalable. Another solution is ensuring that the vehicle daily schedule takes into account also the need to charge, keeping the overall schedule as close to optimal as possible. Today, there are various software companies that help bus operators manage their electric bus charging schedule. These solutions ensure that buses continue to operate safely, without any unplanned stops and inconvenience to passengers. Supercapacitors can be charged rapidly, reducing

544-414: The chemical materials contained in the battery can be recycled without any toxins. Battery capacities range from approximately 100 to 600 kWh, depending on the fitted drive axle and bus size. As tested at Altoona for the United States market, consumption and range were 1.36 kWh/mi and 173.62 km (107.88 mi) (K7), 1.74–2.45 kWh/mi and 280 to 394 km (174 to 245 mi), depending on

576-401: The consumption of the CNG buses was measured at an equivalent 9.67 kW⋅h/km; 34.8 MJ/km (15.56 kW⋅h/mi) or 3.49 mpg‑e (970 kW⋅h/100 mi) (diesel gallon equivalent). It was noted that consumption increased during summer months, presumably due to the use of air conditioning systems. In addition, the BEBs were less reliable, being taken out of service more often than

608-410: The country’s entire fleet." Chinese cities are adding 1,900 electric buses per week. Charging electric bus batteries is not as simple as refueling a diesel engine. Special attention, monitoring, and scheduling are required to make optimal use of the charging process, while also ensuring proper battery maintenance and safekeeping. Some operators manage these challenges by purchasing extra buses. This way

640-460: The drive axle. At least three distinct axles are offered: Solar panels fixed on the vehicle were once reported to supplement the onboard batteries. They were included on demo units, but not on units sold commercially. Safety features include unitary construction body, 4-wheel disc brakes, ABS+ASR, one-step easy-pass with special footplates for wheelchair access and non-step inside. The body comes silver, yellow or green (for different markets). In

672-530: The emergence of the mass-produced battery bus, including heavier units such as 12.2-meter (40 ft) standard buses and articulated buses. China was the first country to introduce modern battery electric buses in large scale. In 2009 Shanghai catenary bus lines began switching to battery buses. In September 2010, Chinese automobile company BYD began manufacturing the BYD K9 , one of the most popular electric buses The first city to heavily invest in electric buses

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704-592: The end of August 2012. In 2015, BYD sold about 6,000 of these buses worldwide. BYD became the world leader in the sale of electric vehicles in 2015. In the North American transit bus market, the K-series bus is sold with several different nominal lengths, powertrain options, and battery capacities. BYD electric bus has been tested in European countries including Denmark, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy,

736-816: The end of July, 2012 and may plan to manufacture in Brazil and Windsor , Canada. BYD built and operates an electric bus factory in Lancaster, California , US. The new factory started production in October 2013. Los Angeles has already introduced electric buses for the metro authority and has primarily relied on BYD buses for this plan, which as a company has become the top electric bus manufacturer in North America. In December 2014, another manufacturing plant began operation in Dalian , Liaoning , China. BYD model numbers (e.g., K9 ) include K (designating "transit bus") and

768-419: The first ever service of battery electric buses between London 's Victoria station and Liverpool Street on 15 July 1907. However, the weight and inefficiency of batteries meant that other propulsion technology - such as electric trolleybuses or diesel buses - became commonplace. The first battery buses were mostly small, mini- or midi- buses. The improvement of battery technology from around 2010 led to

800-471: The operating cycle (K8M with 435 kWh battery and the 2×150 kW (200 hp) axle), 1.99 kWh/mi and 208 km (129 mi) (K9 with 324 kWh battery and the 2×90 kW (120 hp) axle), and 2.09 to 3.74 kWh/mi and 254 to 455 km (158 to 283 mi), depending on the operating cycle (K11M with 578 kWh battery and the 2×150 kW (200 hp) axle). The drivetrain uses an in-hub motor and reduction gear for each wheel on

832-495: The ownership model from three different options: The company explained the concept of "Zero Costs" by comparing difference between the five-year cost of running a conventional taxi in Shenzhen , as against its all-electric taxicab . It came to the conclusion that "if the car runs for 5 years, and the total saving over 5 years is deducted from the higher cost of the vehicle and the interest on multiple payments, it can save 326,400 RMB. The company also claimed that if enough distance

864-596: The price for a BYD ebus was € 380,000 Euros, € 100,000 more than a comparable diesel bus. To qualify for federal subsidies in the United States, heavy-duty transit buses must be assembled domestically (under the requirements of the " Buy America Act ") and pass durability testing for an accelerated equivalent 12-year period at the Pennsylvania Transportation Institute in Altoona, Pennsylvania . To meet these requirements, BYD has opened

896-400: The sale of its e6 and K9. The initiative is supported financially by China Development Bank from a fund totalling over 30 Billion RMB ($ 4.6B USD), and allows buyers to finance 100% of the purchase price with no down payment, paying a lease rate that effectively costs less than regular monthly operational expenses. Under the scheme, available in China, public transport operators can choose

928-464: The silver version the front windscreen occupies two-thirds of the front of the bus for maximum visibility. It includes adjustable leather seating for driver and red and black leather seats for passengers. The battery cabins are laid in the bus rear on both sides. While the Battery housing are located at the front. BYD calculates that a BYD ebus over 8 years saves about $ 190,000 in energy costs. In 2012,

960-572: The time needed to prepare to resume operation. The Society of Automotive Engineers has published Recommended Practice SAE J3105 to standardize physical automated connection interfaces for conductive charging systems since 2020. For communication between charger and electric bus the same ISO 15118 protocol is used as for passenger car charging. The only differences are in the charging power, voltage and physical interface. Pantographs and underbody collectors can be integrated in bus stops to quicken electric bus recharge, making it possible to use

992-498: The total operating cost per mile was $ 0.84; for a 4-vehicle electric bus fleet, $ 1.11; with Long Beach Transit , for 2018, for a 10-vehicle electric bus fleet, $ 0.85; and with Foothill Transit , for 2018, for a 12-vehicle electric bus fleet, $ 0.84. Buy America Act Section 165 ( 49 U.S.C.   § 5323(j) ) of the Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1982 (commonly called

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1024-442: Was Shenzhen , China. The city began rolling out electric buses made by BYD in 2011, with the objective of having a fully electric fleet. By 2017, Shenzhen's entire fleet of over 16,300 buses was replaced with electric buses, the largest fleet of electric buses of any city in the world. According to Bloomberg , "China had about 99 percent of the 385,000 electric buses on the roads worldwide in 2017, accounting for 17 percent of

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