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64-613: The gardens were originally castle grounds for the Archbishop of Cologne, dating to about 1340, which circa 1650 were fashioned into a Renaissance garden. In 1720, the site was reworked as a Baroque garden , setting the basic structure of today's garden, with the rococo Poppelsdorf Palace completed in 1746 by Archbishop Clemens August. When the University of Bonn was founded in 1818, its first garden director, Dr. Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck (1776-1858), began to focus

128-528: A London edition, "R. D." (who is believed to be Robert Dallington ) partially translated the Hypnerotomachia Poliphili . Here, it was given its best known English title, The Strife of Love in a Dream . In 1999, a first complete English translation by musicologist Joscelyn Godwin was published. However his translation uses standard, modern language, rather than following the original text's pattern of coining and borrowing words. Since

192-471: A Dream or The Dream of Poliphilus , is a book said to be by Francesco Colonna . It is a famous example of an incunable (a work of early printing). The work was first published in 1499 in Venice by Aldus Manutius . This first edition has an elegant page layout, with refined woodcut illustrations in an Early Renaissance style. Hypnerotomachia Poliphili presents a mysterious arcane allegory in which

256-519: A canal surrounding the garden and wedge-shaped parterres surrounded by low hedges. Another notable Baroque garden in Germany is the Schlosspark, Brühl (1728), designed by Dominic Girard , who was a pupil of Le Nôtre at Versailles. Like Versailles, it features a central axis flanked by ornamental parterres and circular basins with fountains, all flanked by alleys and geometrically trimmed rows of

320-701: A garden called the Hortus Palatinus at his castle in Heidelberg . The hilltop location, overlooking the Rhine, limited the size and presented difficult terrain, but de Caus succeeded in building a series of parterres with concentric circles of greenery, a circular fountain, and a bosquet of laurel trees, ingeniously linked by stairways and ramps. The style soon appeared in at the castles of other German princes, including Herrenhausen in Hanover , built at

384-580: A large portion of the French army was devoted to digging channels and constructing systems to bring water to the gardens of Versailles. Descriptions of English gardens were first brought to France by Jean-Bernard, abbé Le Blanc , who published accounts of his voyage in 1745 and 1751. A treatise on the English garden, Observations on Modern Gardening , written by Thomas Whately and published in London in 1770,

448-708: A lasting influence of Tessin's garden designs. He again visited France in the 1680s. The gardens at Drottningholm Palace where laid out by him in the Baroque style. Peter the Great visited the Palace of Versailles and the Palace of Fontainebleau in 1717 during his European tour, and upon his return to Russia began constructing a garden at the Peterhof Palace , begun in 1714, in the Versailles style. He brought

512-473: A major conservatory (2,500 m) completed in 1984. Roughly 3,000 species are cultivated in public areas as follows: 50°43′29″N 7°05′30″E  /  50.7247°N 7.0917°E  / 50.7247; 7.0917 Baroque garden The Baroque garden was a style of garden based upon symmetry and the principle of imposing order on nature. The style originated in the late-16th century in Italy, in

576-493: A notable Baroque garden in the Kingdom of Naples , which he ruled. It was located at Caserta , not far from Naples. As at Granja, the garden was surrounded by hills, while the palace was surrounded by canals, fountains, and geometric parterres decorated with low hedges in Baroque designs. The French garden designer André Mollet came to Sweden in the late 1640s and his stay lasted five years, during which he introduced to Sweden

640-409: A number of "secret gardens", small sanctuaries of trees and flowers planted with flowers and fruit trees, and surrounded by rows of oak trees, laurel and cypress trees, and populated with birds and animals. This garden marked the beginning of the transition to the more natural landscape garden, based on the romantic vision of an imaginary Arcadia . All of these gardens underwent extensive redesign in

704-477: A picturesque model village for the amusement of Marie Antoinette . The gardens of Versailles had many royal visitors, including Peter the Great of Russia, and many of its features were imitated in other European palace gardens. The Baroque garden style was first introduced to Germany in 1614 by Frederick V of the Palatinate , who imported a French landscape architect, Salomon de Caus , and began building

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768-586: A series of precious and elaborate scenes involving the title character, Poliphilo ("friend of many things" from the Greek words poly- meaning "many" and philos meaning "friend"). In these scenes, Poliphilo wanders a bucolic -classical dreamland in search of his love, Polia ("many things"). The author's style is elaborately descriptive and unsparing in its use of superlatives. The text makes frequent references to classical geography and mythology, mostly by way of comparison. The book has long been sought after as one of

832-514: A smaller version of the Versailles gardens at the Château de Marly , located in a more tranquil valley, where he could escape from the crowds of Versailles. After his death in 1715, portions of the Gardens of Versailles were gradually modified to the new style of an English landscape garden, with trees untrimmed and planted in more natural groves, winding paths, and replicas of Greek temples and even

896-467: Is interrupted, and assumed by a second voice, as Polia describes Poliphilo's erotomania from her own point of view. Poliphilo then resumes his narrative (from one-fifth of the way through the book). Polia rejects Poliphilo, but Cupid appears to her in a vision and compels her to return and kiss Poliphilo, who has fallen into a deathlike swoon at her feet. Her kiss revives him. Venus blesses their love, and Poliphilo and Polia are united at last. As Poliphilo

960-456: Is spending a restless dream-filled night because his beloved, Polia, has shunned him. Poliphilo is transported into a wild forest, where he becomes lost, encounters dragons, wolves and maidens and a large variety of architectural forms. He escapes, and falls asleep once more. He then awakens in a second dream, a dream within the first. He is taken by nymphs to meet their queen, and there he is asked to declare his love for Polia, which he does. He

1024-432: Is then directed by two nymphs to three gates. He chooses the third, and there he discovers his beloved. They are taken by some more nymphs to a temple to be engaged. Along the way they come across five triumphal processions celebrating their union. They are then taken to the island of Cythera by barge, on which Cupid is the boatswain . On Cythera, they see another triumphal procession celebrating their union. The narrative

1088-645: The Essonne department, (1784–1786). Even at Versailles, the home of the most classical of all French gardens, a small English landscape park with a Roman temple was built by the Petit Trianon and a mock village, the Hameau de la Reine , Versailles (1783–1789), was created for Marie Antoinette . The new style also spread to Germany. The central English Grounds of Wörlitz , in the Principality of Anhalt ,

1152-571: The Gardens of Versailles created by Le Nôtre between 1662 and 1666. It was built around the original small square park of ninety-three hectares before the château started for Louis XIII by Jacques Boyceau in 1638. In 1662 following the model of Vaux-le-Vicomte, Le Nôtre made the park ten times larger, centered on a grand canal which reached to the horizon. The new park was divided into an elaborate grid of flowerbeds, paths, and alleys, decorated with fountains and sculptures. A third enlargement expanded

1216-568: The Hypnerotomachia were reconstructed with computer graphics and were first published by Esteban A. Cruz in 2006 and in 2012. In 2007, Cruz established a full, design-study project Formas Imaginisque Poliphili , an ongoing independent research project with the objective of reconstructing the content of the Hypnerotomachia Poliphili , through a multi-disciplinary approach, and with the aid of virtual and traditional reconstruction technology and methods. The book begins with Poliphilo, who

1280-479: The Monotype Corporation in 1923 as "Poliphilus". In 1929, Stanley Morison directed another revival of the earlier version of Griffo's type. It was called " Bembo ". The Hypnerotomachia Poliphili is illustrated with 168 exquisite woodcuts showing the scenery, architectural settings, and some of the characters Poliphilo encounters in his dreams. They depict scenes from Poliphilo's adventures and

1344-650: The Vatican Library . The same architect who completed the Cortile del Belvedere, Pirro Ligorio, was commissioned in the same year to design an even more ambitious garden, Villa d'Este , for Cardinal Ippolito II d'Este (1509–1572). This garden was designed on a steep hillside, which could be viewed from the Villa above. The garden was composed of five terraces, elaborately planted in geometric forms and connected with ramps and stairways. Like many Baroque gardens, it

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1408-913: The gardens of the Vatican and the Villa Borghese gardens in Rome and in the gardens of the Villa d'Este in Tivoli , and then spread to France, where it became known as the jardin à la française or French formal garden . The grandest example is found in the Gardens of Versailles designed during the 17th century by the landscape architect André Le Nôtre for Louis XIV . In the 18th century, in imitation of Versailles, very ornate Baroque gardens were built in other parts of Europe, including Germany, Austria, Spain, and in Saint Petersburg, Russia. In

1472-400: The 18th century, turning them into more natural-looking landscape gardens. Except in a few preserved paths and flower beds, it is difficult now to imagine them in their original state. At the end of the 15th century, Charles VIII of France invited Italian architects and garden designers to France to create an Italian garden for his Château d'Amboise . In the 16th century, the development of

1536-447: The 500th anniversary in 1999, several other modern translations have been published. These include a translation into modern Italian as part of the (volume 1: fac-simile; volume 2: translation, introductory essays and more than 700 pages of commentary ) edition by Marco Ariani and Mino Gabriele; into Spanish by Pilar Pedraza Martínez ; into Dutch with one volume of commentary by Ike Cialona; into German, with commentary inserted into

1600-511: The Baroque garden in France was accelerated by Henry IV of France and his Florentine wife, Marie de' Medici . Their first major project in the style was the garden of the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye , near Paris. The new garden, on the bluff above the Seine , featured an extensive belvedere with ramps and stairways, scattered with an assortment of pavilions, grottoes, and theatres. Following

1664-759: The Elder and Jean de la Vallée , with whom Mollet had worked in Holland, together with the eager commissions from Swedish nobles that Mollet received. The results are documented in Erik Dahlbergh 's topographical Suecia Antiqua et Hodierna . Though Mollet left Sweden in 1653, his son Jean Mollet remained in Sweden for the rest of his life, and Médard Gue, one of André Mollet's original French assistants, assumed an independent role in Swedish gardening. Nicodemus Tessin

1728-525: The Elder laid out the gardens at Ekolsund Castle in the new Baroque style in the 1660s, mainly based on the André Le Nôtre 's work at Vaux le Vicomte . Nicodemus Tessin the Elder's son, Nicodemus Tessin the Younger , also became an architect and during the 1670s he spent time in Italy, France and England. During his visit to France in 1677–1678 he spent a great deal of time with Le Nôtre, who had

1792-529: The Elector Palatine Charles Theodore , by architect Nicolas de Pigage and gardener Johann Ludwig Petri. This garden was filled with artificial Roman ruins, a Chinese bridge, a mosque and other picturesque landmarks; it marked the debut of the romantic English landscape garden in Germany. The pupils of Le Nôtre were in demand across Europe, recreating the canals and parterres of French gardens for other European monarchs. One of

1856-536: The French parterres en broderie patterned like Baroque textiles. He modernized the existing gardens linked to the Stockholm Palace and laid out a new garden in the outskirts of Stockholm on the site of a former hop-garden, the Humlegården . The introduction of a Baroque garden style in Sweden dates to this decade, with the encouragement of progressive Francophile architects like Nicodemus Tessin

1920-479: The French architect Jean-Baptiste Alexandre Le Blond to St. Petersburg to design gardens for his new capital city and for his new palace. It was completed in 1728. Peterhof was located on the side of the steep slope overlooking the Gulf of Finland . The new plans called for a formal garden on the upper terrace, and for a grand cascade pouring down the hillside from the palace to a canal, with fountains, leading out to

1984-579: The Gulf. The grand cascade was modeled after that of the Château de Marly , the smaller palace and retreat of Louis XIV near Versailles. The Gardens were laid out in bosquets and alleys of trees in symmetrical patterns, similar to Versailles. A less-known Baroque garden in St. Petersburg is the park of Oranienbaum (1710–27), that was given by Peter to one of his most prominent nobles, Alexander Danilovich Menshikov . The Russian Baroque gardens were much modified in

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2048-486: The Italian language and illustrations which include Arabic and Hebrew words. Moreover, Colonna would invent new forms of language when those available to him were inaccurate. The book also contains some uses of Egyptian hieroglyphs , but they are not authentic. Most of them have been drawn from a late antique text of dubious origin called Hieroglyphica . The Hypnerotomachia Poliphili , set in 1467, consists of

2112-555: The architectural features over which the author rhapsodizes, in a simultaneously stark and ornate line art style. This integrates perfectly with the type, an example of typographic art. The illustrations are interesting because they shed light on the Renaissance man's taste in the æsthetic qualities of Greek and Roman antiquities. In the United States, a book on the life and works of Aldus Manutius by Helen Barolini

2176-510: The assassination of the King, his widow built a palace and a garden of her own, now called the Jardin du Luxembourg . She planted groves of full-grown trees and laid out parterres , alleys and fountains on the model of the gardens of her native Florence. The French Baroque garden reached its summit under Louis XIV , due to his garden designer, André Le Nôtre . Le Nôtre's first large-scale project

2240-473: The book has also been attributed to Leon Battista Alberti , and earlier, to Lorenzo de' Medici . Manutius himself claimed that the author was a different Francesco Colonna, a wealthy Roman governor . The identity of the illustrator has at times been attributed to Benedetto Montagna , and Sandro Botticelli . The subject matter of the book lies within the tradition (or genre ) of the Romance . It follows

2304-523: The conventions of courtly love , which in 1499 continued to provide engaging thematic matter for the Quattrocento aristocrats. The Hypnerotomachia Poliphili also draws from Renaissance humanism where arcane writings are a demonstration of classical thought. The text of the book is written in a bizarre Latinate Italian . Without explanation, the text is full of words based on Latin and Greek roots . The book, however, also includes words from

2368-611: The design of the Jardin du Luxembourg and designed the Tuileries Gardens in Paris. The upper garden of Het Loo was primarily inspired by Versailles, with paths radiating from a central alley, while the lower garden, in front of the palace, showed a Dutch influence, divided into independent sections, each different, and divided by alleys lined with the characteristic hedges and trees of the Dutch countryside. Philip V of Spain ,

2432-509: The early 18th century. Begun in 1717, the garden connected the two palaces of the Prince. The upper palace and garden was used for grand ceremonies, while the lower garden, by his residence, was arranged with groves of trees and crisscrossed by paths. A large water basin on the upper terrace was connected by stairs and cascades, filled with statues of nymphs and goddesses to the lower garden. The parterres were destroyed and replaced with grass in

2496-696: The eighteenth century, but have recently been restored to their original appearance. A portion of the Netherlands , the United Provinces , had won its independence from the Spanish Netherlands , and in 1684–86 its ruler William III , the future king of England, constructed the Het Loo Palace with a magnificent Baroque garden. The garden was designed by Claude Desgots , who was the nephew of Le Nôtre; he earlier had reworked

2560-520: The end of the 17th century. Its designer, Martin Charbonnier, was French, and he included the classic Versailles elements, including a central axis aligned with the castle, a circular pond at the far end of the axis, bouquets of trees, and "secret gardens", small gardens enclosed by trees, places for reading or quiet conversation, at the edges of the garden. He also borrowed some features of Dutch gardens , which he had visited in his research, including

2624-634: The first printed novels, the Dominican priest and author Francesco Colonna described a garden composed of carefully designed ornamental flowerbeds and rows of trees shaped in geometric forms. The Cortile del Belvedere or courtyard of the Belvedere at the Vatican in Rome was one of the first gardens in Europe which adopted these geometric principles, and was a model for many later Baroque gardens. It

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2688-752: The garden on scientific botany . By 1900 the garden was second only to Berlin 's within Germany, but it was utterly destroyed in World War II . Reconstruction began after the war and was completed in 1979–1984 with the construction of two conservatories. Today the garden cultivates about 8,000 plant species , ranging from endangered local species from the Rhineland such as Lady's Slipper Orchids to protected species such as Sophora toromiro from Easter Island . Its outdoor gardens, containing about 3,000 species, are organized as follows: The garden also contains about 0.5 hectares of greenhouse area, including

2752-513: The grandson of Louis XIV, who had spent his childhood at Versailles, was responsible for introducing the Baroque garden to Spain. At the beginning of the 18th century, he created a garden modelled after Versailles at the Royal Palace of La Granja de San Ildefonso , not far from Segovia . The uneven landscape, a thousand meters in altitude, made it difficult to have extensive parterres, but it provided an abundance of water. The garden designer

2816-578: The ideals of Jean Jacques Rousseau , who was buried within the park. Rousseau and the garden's founder had visited Stowe a few years earlier. Other early examples were the Désert de Retz , Yvelines (1774–1782); the Gardens of the Château de Bagatelle , in the Bois de Boulogne , west of Paris (1777–1784); The Folie Saint James , in Neuilly-sur-Seine , (1777–1780); and the Château de Méréville , in

2880-403: The late Renaissance. In the late 15th century, the architect, artist and writer Leon Battista Alberti proposed that the house and garden were both sanctuaries from the confusion of the outside world and that they both should be designed with architectural forms, geometric rooms, and corridors. In a very popular allegorical story, Hypnerotomachia Poliphili ( The Song of Poliphile ) (1499), one of

2944-510: The later 18th century to the more natural English landscape garden style; the trees and flower beds were not trimmed, and more natural flowerbeds and winding paths replaced the original parterres. In recent years, some of the parterres have been restored to their original Baroque appearance. Baroque gardens were extremely expensive to build and to maintain; they required large numbers of gardeners and continual trimming and upkeep, as well as intricate systems of irrigation to provide water. At times

3008-464: The left and right, to lead the eye on the long perspective to the last fountain and grotto below. The garden was meant to be seen from the château, which overlooked it like the box of a theater. The young Louis XIV had Fouquet imprisoned for his extravagance, but greatly admired the garden he created. He commissioned Le Nôtre to design a similar, but vastly larger, garden, for his own projected Palace of Versailles . The most famous Baroque gardens were

3072-597: The main protagonist , Poliphilo, pursues his love, Polia, through a dreamlike landscape. In the end, he is reconciled with her by the "Fountain of Venus". The Hypnerotomachia Poliphili was printed by Aldus Manutius in Venice in December 1499. The author of the book is anonymous . However, an acrostic formed by the first, elaborately decorated letter in each chapter in the original Italian reads "POLIAM FRATER FRANCISCVS COLVMNA PERAMAVIT", which means "Brother Francesco Colonna has dearly loved Polia". Despite this clue,

3136-534: The meeting points of the lanes often marked by fountains or statues. Flower beds were designed like tapestries, with bands of shrubbery and flowers forming the designs. Larger bushes and trees were sculpted into conical or dome-like shapes, and trees were grouped in bosquets , or orderly clusters. Water was usually present in the form of long rectangular ponds, aligned with the terraces of the house, or circular ponds with fountains. The gardens usually included one more small pavilion , where visitors could take shelter from

3200-418: The mid-18th century the style was replaced by the less geometric and more natural English landscape garden . Baroque gardens were intended to illustrate the mastery of man over nature. They were often designed to be seen from above and from a little distance, usually from the salons or terraces of a château. They were laid out like rooms in a house, in geometric patterns, divided by gravel alleys or lanes, with

3264-521: The most beautiful incunabula ever printed. The typography is famous for its quality and clarity. Its roman typeface, cut by Francesco Griffo , is a revised version of a type which Aldus had first used in 1496 for the De Aetna of Pietro Bembo . The type is thought to be one of the first examples of the roman typeface, and in incunabula, it is unique to the Aldine Press. The type was revived by

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3328-566: The most prolific and successful designers was Dominique Girard , who designed the elegant curling patterns of the parterres of the Belvedere Palace in Vienna for Prince Eugene of Savoy . This garden was largely influenced by Le Nôtre, but also by the more modern ideas of Antoine-Joseph Dezallier d'Argenvilles , whose book Treatise on the practice and theory of gardening (1709), became the most influential manual of landscape design in

3392-456: The park by another six thousand five hundred hectares, including forests for hunting and several nearby villages, surrounded by a wall forty-three kilometres long with twenty-two gates. The centrepiece of the garden was the Fountain of Apollo , the symbol of Louis XIV, the sun king himself, surrounded by a network of paths, basins, colonnades, theaters, and monuments. The King himself designed

3456-443: The route that visitors should follow, with twenty-five different mythological scenes, stations, and panoramas. The garden became an outdoor theatre for pageants, promenades, theatre performances, and fireworks shows. Its greatest deficiency was insufficient water for all of the fountains; only a few fountains could work at the same time; they were turned on only when the King was approaching them. Between 1676 and 1686, Louis XIV built

3520-451: The sun or rain. Over time, the style evolved, and became more natural. Grottoes and "secret gardens" enclosed by trees appeared, to illustrate the literary ideals of Arcadia and other popular stories of the time; these were usually placed in the outer corners of the garden, to give suitable places for quiet reading or conversation. The ideas that inspired the Baroque garden, like those of Baroque architecture, first appeared in Italy in

3584-409: The text, by Thomas Reiser ; and partly into Polish by Anna Klimkiewicz. A complete Russian translation by the art historian Boris Sokolov is now in progress, of which the "Cythera Island" part was published in 2005 and is available online. The book is planned as a precise reconstruction of the original layout, with Cyrillic types and typography by Sergei Egorov. Ten of the monuments described in

3648-586: The trees. Other notable Baroque gardens in Germany include the Großer Garten in Dresden , Bergpark Wilhelmshöhe near Kassel , the garden of Weikersheim Castle (1707–1725), and the gardens of Nymphenburg Palace (1715–1720), which rivaled the Gardens of Versailles in size. The Baroque age in German gardens came to an end with the construction of the garden of Schwetzingen Palace , made in 1753–58 for

3712-423: Was René Carlier, who had worked under Robert de Cotte , one of the leading French royal architects. He used the natural slope of the site in the palace grounds design, for enhancing axial visual perspectives, and to provide sufficient head for water to shoot out/up from the twenty-six sculptural fountains in the formal gardens and the later landscape park . Philip's successor, Charles III of Spain , also created

3776-412: Was begun in 1506, constructed for Pope Julius II , in connected his residence on a nearby hillside with the Vatican. The garden was three hundred meters long, filled with orderly flower beds and gardens geometrically divided by alleys and hedges, with fountains at the intersections of the paths. It was finished in 1565 by Pirro Ligorio . The original garden was drastically modified by the later addition of

3840-413: Was best viewed from above and from a distance, to get the full effect. This architectural form for gardens continued to dominate in Italy until the construction of Villa Borghese gardens in Rome by Cardinal Scipione Borghese in 1605. In this very large garden, the regular and geometric alleys, flowerbeds and groves of aligned trees were joined by other parts of the garden in asymmetrical forms, and by

3904-430: Was for Vaux-le-Vicomte , the château of the King's Superintendent of Finances , Nicolas Fouquet , built between 1656 and 1661. The central feature of this garden was a main axis descending from the château, composed of a series of terraces decorated with parterres of low hedges in ornamental designs. Large basins with jeux d'eau were placed along the central axis, and the garden was set between rows of trimmed trees on

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3968-857: Was laid out between 1769 and 1773 by Leopold III , based on the models of Claremont , Stourhead , and Stowe landscape gardens. Another notable example was The Englischer Garten in Munich , Germany , created in 1789 by Sir Benjamin Thompson (1753–1814). These marked the transition and soon the end of the baroque garden in Europe. Hypnerotomachia Poliphili Hypnerotomachia Poliphili ( / h iː p ˌ n ɛər oʊ t ə ˈ m ɑː k iː ə p ə ˈ l iː f ə ˌ l iː / ; from Ancient Greek ὕπνος hýpnos  'sleep' ἔρως érōs  'love' and μάχη máchē  'fight'), called in English Poliphilo's Strife of Love in

4032-454: Was set within pages that reproduce all the illustrations and many of the full pages from the original work, reconstructing the original layout. The psychologist Carl Jung admired the book, believing the dream images presaged his theory of archetypes . The style of the woodcut illustrations had a great influence on late nineteenth century English illustrators, such as Aubrey Beardsley , Walter Crane , and Robert Anning Bell . In 1592, in

4096-558: Was translated into French in 1771. After the end of the Seven Years' War in 1763, French noblemen were able to voyage to England and see the gardens for themselves, and the style began to be adapted in French gardens. The new style also had the advantage of requiring fewer gardeners, and was easier to maintain, than the French garden. One of the first English gardens on the continent was at Ermenonville , in France, built by marquis René Louis de Girardin from 1763 to 1776 and based on

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